Crowning the King: Harry Potter and the Construction of Authority

Author(s): Farah Mendlesohn

Source: Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts , 2001, Vol. 12, No. 3 (47) (2001), pp. 287-
308
Published by: International Association for the Fantastic in the Arts

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/43308531

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 Crowning the King: Harry Potter
and the Construction of

Farah Mendlesohn

Children's texts are not supposed to be ideological. Open espousal of id

ology is more often linked to the children's books of Red China than it is to th
mainstream work of Western Europe. In reality, most of the major classics
western children's literature, and specifically of children's fantasy, have be
rooted in and have propounded systems of authority and belief. Char
Kingsley's The Water-Babies (1863) or C. S. Lewis' Chronicles ofNarn
(The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, 1950) are unabashedly Christian;
Frank Baum's The Wizard of Oz (1900) outraged much of the American p
lic for its anarchic and populist values, while E. Nesbit's The Story of the A
ulet (1906) flaunts its author's socialism.
Superficially, J. K. Rowling stands apart from these classics. There is n
obvious political or evangelical intent other than relaying an oft-told tal
about the battle of good against evil. She is not an authoritarian writer wit
message to be propounded via the morality tale, nor is she seeking to crea
society or world which can, through its mere depiction, inspire us to chan
To demand that she do any of these would clearly be an unacceptable impo
tion from critic upon author. However, while Rowling clearly does not inte
to engage with ideology, its role in her work is inescapable. Rowling is e
gaged in a form of mythopoeic consolatory fantasy (Moorcock, 124-6) roo
in a distinctively English liberalism which is marked as much by its incons
tencies and contradictions as by its insistence that it is not ideological, b
only "fair" (Veldman, 71), producing a nebulous and non-existent impart
ity. It leads to a rejection of the subversive opportunities available to the fanta
sist: if a world is fundamentally fair and rational, subversion is political
unnecessary.
While writers such as Baum have sought to base leadership on displayed,
rather than inherent characteristics, within the European tradition of fairytale,
leadership is intrinsic, heroism born in the blood, and self-interest simply the
manifestation of those powers which ensure a return to order. It is this struc-
ture which is encoded throughout the Potter texts (Zipes, 1 83). There are two
fairy tale narratives of interest to us here. In the first, the youngest prince fol-
lows his two brothers on a quest in which they have already failed. His "fit-
ness" is shown by his kindness to the poor, unwashed and unwanted, and by

Vol. 12, No. 3, Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts 287

Copyright © 2001, Florida Atlantic University

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Crowning the King

his bravery, wh
ond narrative
demonstrates h
on the essentia
first place. On
Wynne Jones
Ingary...it is qu
you are the one
your fortune"
McKinley and
ern genre fant
More importan
shift from fair
ing provided th
and the provin
the soldier's jo
but the advent
the adventure
place at the en
played out, bit
the focus of th
a hero. While m
sumptions, it h
of blood right
ments the assum
narrative powe
structure in w
the structures
rather heated d
Potter is a Ret
mtics"(Fiction
ter as a blow f
entire articulat
ridiculousness
The main plot
that of the ret
tions of a usurp
age of happine
manipulating a
modern fanta
heroes and her
century have
with any othe

288 Journal of the Fantastic

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mind (Dahl, 19
ces Hodgson B
black-haired a
money. Here s
until her true
Harry to the
Dursleys' insis
make him the m
likely given th
However, desp
ploying is tha
'wounded child
Harry, unlike
him, have half
clear whether
Garden (Burne
bred into the
children's nov
and Matilda, 1
ally be rewarde
but the hidden
either born w
Eva Ibbotson'
brought up in
represented by
ing obesity as
Crabbe and Go
termination of
properly broug
doubt that thi
From the beg
most powerfu
evidence (Harr
greater succes
stead of demon
sense. In the fi
ability and th
polo, is a game
of Secrets, his
the third, The
book, he has "
all, he has "inh
helps him to w

In the Arts 289

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Crowning the King

does Harry act

work and appl
Taran ( Chron
use a sword, to
of endless hour
the willingnes
(Davis, 158). N
self-developme
result, as Wag
"knows that ...
cause he can se
punishment of
to approve. This
tale and fantas
Where Harry'
genetic), it rest
Potter books, i
but his compan
less and incred
incidence, nor
friendship ma
rounded the h
The Goblet of
has been twofo
specific things
(Clute, Encyc
The second ro
panion has bee
teaching him n
their applicati
best modern ex
a range of char
lend their own
two books, inc
selves acting.
found in Lloy
share their wea
dom from this.
However, Row
of this trope i
plication that
Hermione' s ad
cloak of invisi

290 Journal of the Fantastic

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"companion"
Hermione fin
cluded from t
second book a
with the secr
Hagrid and Do
in competition
look at the dr
both cases, if H
takes and sim
far, developed
oped for his n
Gurgi functio
not a figure of
hero, not mer
The structure
these compan
prince's talen
tions of this t
ing Glory, 19
the hereditar
passive hero t
rarely proceed
does he willin
shining princ
110) and then
Secrets (82-83
Goblet of Fire
advice or, as tw
warded for h
mean that he h
But then, Har
always be the
Muggle doma
may be bent
the nice boy.
authority arou
Hagrid's posit
of the book. H
the preference
or successes u
any other cha
and shapes th

In the Arts 291

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 Crowning the King

presentations.
the naval offic
ries, Journey I
status but seco
and he generally
hero's decisions
ably fits this r
ally of margin
distinctly lowe
group (he is a h
friend. If we lo
Digby or to Je
and Digby, he
egregious portr
tence can be tr
intelligence. Mo
from which Ha
where, is conti
what Hagrid w
learned there, f
in smoothing o
an accent rather more than a few social notches below that of his
school-mates, his ex-school mates, and the teachers around whom he has
spent over twenty five years. Whatever his social origins, association with the
school would have changed that to some degree, at the very least, removing
the most obvious class markers, but it is more in keeping with the structures of
the novel that Hagrid's social origins (and the focus of much prejudice) are
demonstrated with every word he speaks, that his lack of intelligence and self
control actually fulfill the stereotypes associated with his ethnicity, thus per-
mitting Harry and his friends to demonstrate their "tolerance" and to show
Harry as a "good chap".
J.K. Rowling's books have received praise precisely because they are
compounded of anachronisms. The old Englishness of wizardry is a source of
humour, from Mr. Weasley's obsession with newfangled Muggle inventions
to the befuddled wizard of Book Four in his mismatched clothes: it is a form
of humour that ranges from the affectionate to the derisory. In terms of the
authoritarian structures of the book, however, this old Englishness places
Rowling in the company of Tolkien and of Lewis in constructing their fantasy
worlds as a lament for old England, for the values of the shires and for a
"greener" and simpler world. Rowling's wizards, anxious to preserve the
power of magic over a rather more competent non-magical world, reiterate
Tolkien and Lewis' clarion cry for "resistance against secular, industrial soci-
ety" (Veldman, 37-38).

292 Journal of the Fantastic

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 One way in w
ing structures
lined by Moor
of the fantast
"real" world b
endings are m
are nostalgic.
Some of this
ample which s
artefacts but
school story, co
shared in old
Reading to Wa
antly nostalgi
books is betwe
conservatism.
hierarchies. W
this is a battle
tics. On the on
and bigoted. O
type of aspira
described by
Dumbledores a
thus claim for
The Dursleys'
confining to t
Eustace Grub
Tolkien and L
cally an/i-con
and feudal due
socialism of th
etarianism are
use of this tro
are the aristoc
Superficially,
the aristocrat,
vative tradition
fore her, simp
egalitarianism
force the stat
and the Wease
are quick to po
the oldest mag

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Crowning the King

cial to this aris

tell - and in th
openly - Hog
since British "
to confuse the
first book Har
by Hagrid that
ucation is a gi
of its cost, no
makes this clea
to compete wit
tions" such as
makes itself lu
able sin of vul
However, if
Hermione is p
off (they are
fees, which in
cost of a mediu
Hermione's sto
sense it is, sinc
new social mili
treasured pupi
Hermione who
scholarship pu
tellect. On a nu
the school is u
that she is una
intelligence pr
helps Harry to
The Chamber o
extra coaching
opportunity to
rather than ex
could defend h
failed most of h
gests that you
enough to com
In contrast, al
school appears
sured both by h
derstanding w
Rowling has ad

294 Journal of the Fantastic

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been a given
room are not
working stude
Hermione); an
not succeed w
gentleman sch
through, but
pied by Herm
is bright becau
ural" in both
whether in th
himself. The
may disguise
his talents an
Although the
is, as has alre
on their bad
goes to great l
ideas with wh
her Thatcheri
ture in the b
allies, the new
sions of aristo
cratic Dumbl
line of magic
are presente
Rowling prese
nineteenth ce
(only this wa
and scrupulou
hallmarks of a
as Crouch: a m
Azkaban (Mie
Quidditch, a
with the class
lish school tr
sports agility
a vision of fan
care of the in
nice and toler
the cooking a
accepted but
cause they ar

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 Crowning the King

finally, is wher
thority structu
The visibly art
magical family
acter. Potter, t
we are invited
puncture the s
"squib" we mee
have over-rate
measurement o
and un-magical
hart, understand
to better himse
The role of the
has been discus
heart of the sch
of fairness, pla
himself honour
understands th
malevolence, is
according to th
Quidditch game
miscarriages of
The Philospher
should be their
Harry, Ron and
points have usu
and tens; this i
for releasing a
221). And frank
Harry by the w
ents. A very p
here, requiring
somehow natural.

The hereditarian assumptions of Rowling's novels are also bolstered by

the ever present destinarianism of Hogwarts and its world. Although Albus
Dumbledore and other good people preach moral freedom, the evidence is all
around Harry that very little is about personal choice. The visible illustration
of this sits in front of him once a year: the sorting hat. The role of the sorting
hat is to tell people what they are and what they may become. That Harry gets
a choice is entirely due, as we later learn, to his contamination by Voldemort,
so that his "choice" is actually between two heredities or destinies. It is not a
free choice.

296 Journal of the Fantastic

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The extent to
depicted by H
mentality of th
tions of Tory
(Veldman, 86
Sayers) or Tum
fantasy author
kick is definit
the loyal batm
being 'chums',
not slaves they
its subservienc
nied in heredi
equal, are, acco
never be leade
fectly accept
Quidditch team
order to allow
The Goblet of
the Hufflepuff
ation with tho
And to add to
Hufflepuff bec
should be in R
will always fin
to ensure Harr
moulds. And f
able that the H
and expel on th
A more subt
Quidditch. A
Quidditch is a
participation
players with o
latest technolo
tention and co
new brooms, t
new, high-pow
a perceived in
peting seekers.
universe make
seems to be, h

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Crowning the King

This equation i
the Dursleys an
Dursleys is fran
for example, w
nice but their m
the ridiculous
rather unpleasa
amounts of mo
portion of that
ards and their g
tives who are e
The moral issue
looked after by
the impression
can be exchange
port of their ch
prince implies t
are vile, the wiz
Harry is not ba
that they have t
placed with the
ardize his safety
having already
him makes him
Hagrid and Pr
well-being rend
need to trace ba
finalbooks, his
The second iss
this should be s
servant, the eq
well in Britain.
ment. Does he
ple? Perhaps his
is simplistic. L
complex cast of
not dictate thei
used as a short h
positively starv
less the issue th
trasted by the lo
Clearly the We
comfortable iss

298 Journal of the Fantastic

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his money to
would be quit
presents whic
stead, while w
he gives to oth
cozy, liberal d
another inter
Britain. Only
either discuss
as Meija Maki
poverty with
regard the pr
e-mail, 10/26
Throughout t
him. Both He
wait upon Ha
cally, by the
the competin
and for the ri
must in reali
world of frien
tionship with
courtiers, but
bully, it is ea
same. This is c
Hermione is g
than Malfoy's
that Harry d
Dobby all seek
hero worship
friends. Dobb
gued, Harry's
his batman, t
nineteenth- a
out of scrap
(Moorcock, 76)
because, as I w
But deferenc
which it crea
tions to creat
both Hermion
cratic world,
which their s

In the Arts 299

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Crowning the King

to speak to eith
isolated by the
need) which en
Malfoy sees thi
tor in the moral
sions between H
in the construct
nence in the sc
The situation w
anxious to mak
on the social h
social structure
is entirely an is
doomed to be d
when she choo
other than a s
Hermione achie
The attention s
tic surgery ( G
cuss here but o
attention paid t
Potter, Viktor
Hermione gains
earlier comment
rided), the poin
world of wizar
all of his insid
enough. The st
School stories,
criticize Rowlin
pointed out tha
table. That arch
British writer
pupil run demo
sive to this day.
mative in that
fantastical struc
At Hogwarts, D
not the final a
owes deference
though there ar
are told that Du
pear to be in a

300 Journal of the Fantastic

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was Merlin; t
tance of this
Dumbledore p
he is champio
tactics: first,
master, and
Dumbledore' s
ably taught, b
least his willin
ingly, either
The second t
extremely co
but who is sh
is flexible, an
be fair, at lea
parallel to Har
ity, but both
moral victors
clearer than
Hermione tha
n't understan
of Dobby, ma
because his fo
hinted at. He
balance which
evil and appar
question wor
Hermione to
held in check
Because Dum
sented as chil
tonomy, cuttin
children to
Dumbledore is
ture of the mo
Harry and, at
That Dumbled
still significan
and consolato
detract from t
the books pro
concerns. In
centre of a gl

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Crowning the King

Cooper's The Da
heart of a glob
ingly without
around himse
Dumbledore, S
Harry to do any
Harry is assiste
ately see this be
than the range
a sign of great
what he did. He
asked to give u
but resistance h
knew that Harr
choice and Harr
truly brave in T
his parents but w
Rowling's worl
and wonder of
the non-magica
bate between go
egalitarianism.
all Muggles, are
ternity, but by
to be protected
magical "sport"
or house pet sta
0 CoS , 40-41).
The most tolera
Muggles, and th
but who refus
cause they do n
over Muggle ac
Muggles live alo
only one compl
most inconceiva
life-styles. This
segregated and
regard themselv
the madam in S
these people fe
shown to Mugg
ment: no one s

302 Journal of the Fantastic

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wiped. While
excuse the se
fectly accepta
in book three.
cedence over
The position
but by the end
Muggles is c
Dumbledore (w
the evidence s
treatment of
on very dange
what I sugges
Although t
equal. In reali
creatures oth
guilty of a cr
explain Madam
in which som
"de-gnoming"
guage), and in
The issue of
house elf, serv
the fourth bo
leave of his ow
easy to see th
1 83). They are
the way to m
tions the act
Charm and gr
(GoF, 329) are
and their very
Dobby is fre
him with a so
only if they a
garments mus
bondage that
16, 132-3). Se
other incons
not produce a
tance of a Wi
on the reluctan

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Crowning the King

with the excep

station" ( GoF
Of the all the s
which I find m
not yet complet
the elves will b
be won morall
imply this (Go
prove to be a
win - which w
however, we ar
pear to approv
simple souls wh
ity. No one wh
(1936) could fa
Scarlett O'Ha
593-4). Much of
elf - a mammy
expected to ha
to their maste
Thus the house
is reinforced b
jokes, causing
stories of elf r
survived from
Winky neatly
Sambo complex
and remakes f
1959; Apthek
When Dobby r
free house elf,
dred and fifty
man is an unw
to be paid for
is correct. The
the case, some
house elf (CoS
elf labour. In th
ity case. Furth
elves and by t
are more trivi
heaped on th
"pickanninies"

304 Journal of the Fantastic

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was available
masters (GoF
be worse for
If it is in the
Why can they
tion (GoF, 23
elves do not r
freedom. She
ness and drun
servants shou
cannot cope
freedom, the
he might be e
mad. When th
things are abo
elves think D
Hermione, d
and determin
system of sla
yet, whatever
ery turn with
argues that t
bossed around
is not the tim
son, Percy, w
swervingly lo
elves as it wil
sition as a hal
Dobby with "
kind to liberat
we know that
and condition
Ron right and
like Jefferson
the slave. Fur
198), while Ro
seems to be t
elves are brai
ment (211). W
opposition to
unhappy slav
Hermione, his
(GoF, 327). W

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 Crowning the King

a hypocrite whe
(GoF, 362).
The only indic
Ron's casual co
197). It is obvio
ing slavery - b
help but use the
lationship in th
ever much the
never take away
acter of Winky
in Alexander's
manity. And to
dren on the ini
free themselves
justice must be

Conclusion
The structure of J.K. Rowling's books accepts a status quo and a formal
understanding of authority in which hierarchal structures are a given. What is
at stake, and potentially vulnerable, is never the hierarchy itself, but only he
who occupies its upper reaches. Justice, in Rowling's world, rests first on
"niceness": as long as the "proper" people are in charge, justice will be
achieved without social upheaval or divisiveness. Radicalism, as embodied in
Hermione, is both irrational, ignorant and essentially transient. Stasis and a
conformity to a certain status quo bolster success, justice and peace, whereas
positive action to change matters is always ascribed as best to foolishness and
at worse to evil intent. Thus the hierarchical structures actually support heroic
passivity and deny the characters agency. But the second support for justice in
the Potter books is "entitlement": those who are entitled through heredity ap-
pear to receive the greatest level of "justice" whether this be assistance in the
House Cup, excusai from punishment, or survival through the death of others
This is disguised both by consolatory rhetoric and through the extension of
"entitlement" to the friends of those entitled in a line of patronage clothed as
friendship. The result is a muddled morality which cheats the reader: while
the books argue superficially for fairness, they actually portray privilege and
exceptionalism, not in the sense of "elitism" but in a specifically hereditarian
context which protects some while exposing others; they argue for social mo-
bility while making such mobility contingent on social connections; and they
argue for tolerance and kindness towards the inferior while denying the op-
pressed the agency to change their own lives. In this they embody inherently

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 conservative
mythopeic fa

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