Manual for Senior High School Practical Research 2

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Chapter 2 includes the conceptual literature, related studies and summary.

Learning Competencies

The learner…
1. selects relevant literature; (CS_RS12-If-j-1)
2. synthesizes information from relevant literature; (CS_RS12-If-j-3)
3. writes coherent review of literature; (CS_RS12-If-j-4)
4. follows ethical standards in writing related literature; (CS_RS12-If—j-5)
5. cites related literature using standard style (APA, MLA, or Chicago Manual of
Style); (CS_RS12-If-j-2)
6. illustrates and explains theoretical framework; (CS_RS12-If-j-4)
7. presents written theoretical framework; (CS_RS12-If-j-5)
8. illustrates and explains conceptual framework; (CS_RS12-If-j-6) and
9. presents written conceptual framework. (CS_RS12-IIa-c-1)

Read to Understand

According to Prieto et al. (2017) literature review provides an overview

of what has been written about a specific topic.

A Literature Review is an evaluative report of information found in the

literature related to your selected area of study. The review should describe,
summarize, evaluate and clarify this literature. It should give a theoretical base for the
research and help you (the author) determine the nature of your research. Works

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which are irrelevant should be discarded and those which are peripheral should be
looked at critically (Libguide.com).

Three Parts of Literature Review

Prieto (2017) presented three parts of literature review as follows:

1. Conceptual Literature
Conceptual Literature pertains to articles or books written by authorities giving
their opinions, experience, theories, ideas, what is good or bad. Specifically, conceptual
literature is taken from books, journal, literary materials as they are sources of
information that are relevant to your study. Readings from these materials can help you
“conceptualize” what is written in books or journals about your study. 
2. Related Studies
Related studies, on the other hand, are researches, inquires or investigations
already conducted to which the proposed study are related or has some bearing or
similarity. Related Studies comes from the modern technology such as internet and
other researches such as students’ graduate thesis or dissertations. 
3. Summary
It is an important thing that you summarize the important concepts you
have reviewed. This will provide your readers a recap of the important information or
facts related to your study.

Selecting Relevant Literature

In selecting relevant literature, there are three important skills that you

have to learn and these are:

1. Search

According to Trinidad (2018) the first skill is to know how to search for research
papers, books, manuscripts, reports and journal articles. All these are found in libraries.
Consequently, there are some schools have no libraries or when there are libraries,
these documents are unavailable. You may resort to technologies and avenues to
search for these sources. One of the commonly used is through the World Wide

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Web specifically Google. However, you should be cautious in using it because some
online sources give wrong information. For instance, the Wikipedia may provide in-depth
discussion but then, anyone can edit it. To benefit from Wikipedia, you may look for the
topic and get the references from the bottom. You may then look for those references
and cite those (instead of Wikipedia) in your paper. You may also get information from
YouTube and Ted Talk videos, interviews with scholars and even sociologically
significant social media posts found in Twitter or Facebook.
2. Read

You need to learn how to read these papers. As pointed out by Trinidad (2018),
oftentimes you do not have to read the whole book. Since you have a focus for your
research, you may read specific sections that you wish to incorporate in your own study.

3. Evaluate

You should be able to evaluate your source: its credibility, significance,

relevance to the current situation, and contribution to your present study. Trinidad
(2018) suggests that you need to master critical evaluation. For instance, if three papers
argue that stress could negatively affect academic performance and one argues that it
actually affects it positively, you will have to evaluate the evidence by asking these
questions: Did the author refer to other authors? Were there solid theories to back up
the claims?

Selecting literature for a study is critical. Prieto et al. (2017) enumerated the
characteristics of a good literature review which can serve as criteria in selecting
materials for literature review. These are as follows:

1. Materials to be chosen for a study must be recent as possible, preferably within the
last five years. Reviewed materials be fresh and relevant because of the inevitable
changes in modern technology, socio-economic level, scientific and human
advancement.

2. Materials must be objective and unbiased. Articles which offer a one-sided point of
view must not be included in the review.
3. Materials must be relevant to the study.

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4. Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original and true facts or
data to make them valid and reliable.

5. Materials must not be too few or too many.

Synthesizing Information from Relevant Literature

In this stage, you have already gathered a number of sources that you
want to include in your study. In the literature review, you do not only
summarize what you have read from papers but you also synthesize key
points. You need to indicate how the old and new information connect with each other.

Therefore, when you synthesize you need to organize your thoughts and all the
information that you have gathered so that you can point out to your readers how your
study contributes to the ideas and concepts that have already been said. You can share
the methods that other researchers have used and the evidences they have to support
their studies. In short, you have a point of comparison.

Trinidad (2018) advances that there are various types of literature review but as
a beginner, it is good to focus on the most common one which is studies with similar
topics. For instance, if you study the effect of a reading intervention on the
achievement of students, you need to inform your readers about previous studies on
different reading interventions. You should search for studies that worked and those
that did not work. This practice can inform your readers what factors affect success of
different programs. In this type, you are interested to know what other researchers
have found and how you could provide additional insights on the same topic.

On the other hand, Prieto et al. (2017) stresses that there are basically two types
of synthesis- the explanatory and the argument synthesis. Explanatory synthesis aims to
explain to the readers the facts in an objective manner. Argument synthesis on the
other hand is written to present the author’s own point of view with the support
relevant facts drawn from others and presented in a logical manner.

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How to Synthesize Articles:

A. Suppose you are writing a paper about canine aggression.

B. You read three articles about aggressive dogs.

C. One thing you are interested in is how aggression in dogs has been assessed,
and you want your reader to understand that there is variation in assessment.

D. So, you synthesize what you have read to reflect this focus.

E. Do not include information that are not relevant to your topic.

Example:

Research indicates that there are a number of approaches to assessing canine

aggression. One study (Reisner, Shofer & Nance, 2007) of dog aggression towards
children used retrospective review of aggressive incidents reported to a veterinary clinic,
and included a systematic categorization of the types and circumstances of the
incidents. A study specifically focusing on comparing variation in aggression across
several different breeds employed a standardized survey measure of general aggressive
behaviors, which is based on owner report of canine aggression (Duffy, Hsu & Serpel,
2008). Another study reported the use of a standardized assessment of very specific
aggressive behavior (food guarding), using an assessment method that can be used by
either owners or professionals (Mohan-Gibbons, Weiss & Slater, 2012). All the methods
yielded valid results as noted by each study, but the standardized measures appeared to
be more efficient and easier to use with non-professionals.

Writing Coherent Review of Literature

You should remember that do not simply copy and paste in your literature
review the information you got in any order. According to Trinidad (2018),
the discussion of the studies should move logically from one idea to the
next. As a rule of thumb, you should start with old information or information that is
widely accepted by people. Then, you slowly introduce new information or information
that add to the understanding of an old idea. Just like most academic papers,

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literature reviews also must contain at least three basic elements. According to
(Calderon (2012), these include:
1. Introduction

This part gives a quick idea of the topic of the literature review, such as
the central theme or organizational pattern. The purpose of introduction is to
explain the focus and establish the importance of the subject. Your introduction
should provide the framework, selection criteria, or parameters of your literature
review, provide background or history, outline what kind of work has been done
on the topic, briefly identify any controversies within the field or any recent
research that has raised questions about earlier assumptions.

2. Body
The body of the review depends on how you organize your key points.
Literature reviews should be evaluative and not merely descriptive. For example,
possible reasons for similarities or differences between studies are considered
rather than a mere identification of them. It contains your discussion of sources
and is organized through either of the three ways:

A. Chronologically
If your review follows the chronological method, you could write
about the materials according to when they were published. This
approach should only be followed if a clear path of research building on
previous research can be identified and that these trends follow a clear
chronological order of development. For example, a literature review that
focuses on continuing research about the emergence of German economic
power after the fall of the Soviet Union.
B. Thematically
Thematic reviews of literature are organized around a topic or
issue, rather than the progression of time. However, progression of time
may still be an important factor in a thematic review. For example, a
review of the Internet’s impact on American presidential politics could
focus on the development of online political satire. While the study

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focuses on one topic, the Internet’s impact on American presidential

politics, it will still be organized chronologically reflecting technological
developments in media. The only difference here between a
"chronological" and a "thematic" approach is what is emphasized the
most: the role of the Internet in presidential politics. Note however that
more authentic thematic reviews tend to break away from chronological
order. A review organized in this manner would shift between time
periods within each section according to the point made.
C. Methodologically
A methodological approach focuses on the methods utilized by
the researcher. For the Internet in American presidential politics project,
one methodological approach would be to look at cultural differences
between the portrayal of American presidents on American, British, and
French websites. Or the review might focus on the fundraising impact of
the Internet on a particular political party. A methodological scope will
influence either the types of documents in the review or the way in which
these documents are discussed.

3. Conclusions/Recommendations
In this portion, you discuss what you have drawn from reviewing
literature so far. The conclusion of the review needs to sum up the main
findings of your research into the literature. The findings can be related to the
aims of the study you are proposing to do. The reader is thus provided with a
coherent background to the current study.

Example:
This research review’s purpose is to help the reader understand different
aspects posed by the research on the Deaf community’s rejection to cochlear
implants. This is significant because many hearing people have a different approach
to cochlear implants than the Deaf do, often not realizing there are other points of
view. There has been much research and discussion conducted on these opinions
of the Deaf community, including culture, eugenics resulting in cultural

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genocide, and conflicts with a lack of identity. Most of the research found was on
the Deaf culture and its components. More research and testing is required to gain
a better understanding of why those who undergo cochlear implants are facing the
confusion and struggle of not identifying with either group. It is important to
conduct more studies on the results and reasons they feel left out of a group and
have low self-esteem.

Ethical Standards in Writing Related Literature

One reason why ethics is an important consideration in systematic and literature

reviews is that it may not always be possible for the reviewer to identify the
study being reviewed. When you are carrying out a literature review or
systematic review, consider the following key ethics questions: 

 How will you ensure you treat the work of existing researchers accurately and fairly? 

 Does the research you are reviewing raise ethics questions that you need to address?

If you are using the findings of existing research in a systematic review, there
are a number of questions you should ask yourself, and - as appropriate - discuss with
your supervisor and/or research team.

 Will you limit yourself to reports and information that is already in the public domain? 
Or will you contact the researchers for more detail?
 If you ask a study author for more detail, how will you ensure that any exchange
respects ethics principles?  For example, will it affect the confidentiality originally
promised to study participants?
 How will you incorporate ideas about respecting participants’ consent when deciding

whether or not to use an existing study’s data? You need to weigh up any risk that
participants’ data will be used or presented in a way they did not agree to,
against any likely potential benefits from further use of their data.  Is it sufficient to
consider that they gave permission for activities that were similar in purpose to your
review, even if they did not consent specifically to your review (The Research Ethics
Guidebook, n.d.).

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Citing Related Literature Using Standard Style

(APA, MLA, or Chicago Manual of Style)

As researchers, you get information from various sources. It is but proper

for you to acknowledge authors who own the ideas or theories otherwise
you can be accused of plagiarism. Plagiarism is the process or practice of
using another person's ideas or work and pretending that it is your own (Cambridge
Dictionary, n.d.).

There are three citation styles namely:

1. APA (American Psychological Association) Style is a set of rules developed to

assist reading comprehension in the social and behavioural sciences. Designed to ensure
clarity of communication, the rules are intended to “move the idea forward with a
minimum of distraction and a maximum of precision.” The Publication Manual of the
American Psychological Association contains the rules for every aspect of writing,
especially in the social sciences from determining authorship to constructing a table to
avoiding plagiarism and constructing accurate reference citations (American
Psychological Association [APA], n.d.).

2. MLA, which stands for Modern Language Association, is defined as a style for
preparing scholarly manuscripts and student research papers. It concerns itself with the
mechanics of writing, such as punctuation, quotation, and documentation of
sources. MLA style has been widely used by schools, academic departments, and
instructors for nearly half a century. MLA style provides writers with a system for cross-
referencing their sources from their parenthetical references to their “works cited” page.
This cross-referencing system allows readers to locate the publication information of
source material. All guidelines for MLA style are in the MLA Handbook for Writers of
Research Papers and in the MLA website (Dictionary.com, n.d.).

3. The Chicago Manual of Style is another way of citing references which could be
done in two ways as cited in Trinidad (2018):

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a. using notes either at the bottom of the page or end of the document to show
where the quotation or ideas come from, and

b. using the author’s family name and date of publication within the text rather
than below the document.

As our division institutional format, you will use the APA. For this reason, APA is
discussed in detail in the upcoming pages.

In-text Citations

One of the ethical standards that you must consider in writing your research is to
acknowledge the ideas of authors and cite sources of information. According to Orbich
(2013), attempting to present another person’s work as your own is plagiarism.

In-text citation is one of the many ways to acknowledge the ideas of authors.

There are two types of in-text citations:

1. Paraphrase
2. Direct Quotation
This can either be a short quote or long quote.

Paraphrase
A Paraphrase is material from a source which has been summarized in your own
words. All paraphrases must be cited, using the author’s last name and year of
publication. No page number is required.

The foregoing discussions illustrate how in-text citation is done when paraphrasing:
1. If the author’s name is a part of the sentence structure, the year follows the
author’s names in parenthesis. Quotation marks are not included.
Example:
Levine (2016) found out that 78% of the millenials in Calgary, Canada are
involved in social media use.

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2. When the author’s name is not part of the sentence structure (parenthetical
citation), the author’s name and year of publication are included at the end of
the citation, in parenthesis. Quotation marks are not included.
Example:
Here in the Philippines, millenials are discovered to have been using the
social media daily (Pamiliar, 2015).

Shown below are examples of paraphrase.

Example 1:
Original: However, although humans are comparatively poor sprinters, they also
engage in a different types of running. Endurance running (ER) is defined
as running many kilometres over extended time periods using aerobic
metabolism (Bramble DM, Lieberman DE. 2004, Endurance running and
the evolution of Homo. Nature 438:345-352)
Paraphrase: Having limited success in sprinting compared to other mammals, humans
perform better in endurance running, which is a form of aerobic running
over extended distances and periods of time (Bramble & Lieberman,
2002).

Example 2:

Original: In the current paper, we will be examining responses to a particular type

impostors - vegetarian who eats meat. We chose this example because
the core norm of the vegetarian is very clear (not to eat meat) and
violation of the norm is easily recognized. (Hornsey, M.J. & Jetten, J.,
2003). Not being what you claim to be, impostors are sources of group
threat. [Electronic version] European Journal of social Psychology, 639-
657.)

Paraphrase: Hornsey and Jetten (2003) investigated group responses to impostors.

For the purpose of their study, the impostors were defined as
vegetarians who go against the norm by eating meat. The “violation of
the norm” in this particular situation is easily noticed.

Direct Quotation

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A Direct Quotation is a report of the exact words of an author or speaker and

is placed inside quotation marks in a written work (Nordquist, 2018).
It should be noted that this will only be used when the exact words of the author
are what you wish to convey to your readers. You are advised to use direct quotations
sparingly. Discussed below are the formats of direct quotations which are either short
quotes or long quotes.

Short Quotes

Short quotes have less than 40 words. They are cited using the author’s last
name, year of publication, and page number (or paragraph number, if page number is
not available). Use quotation marks “___” to indicate that these are someone else
words.

Example:

DepEd also added that the program “aims to enhance the ability of the learners
to engage in meaningful interaction in a linguistically and culturally diverse global
workplace. The program expanded to include Nihongo, French, German, Mandarin, and
the latest in the 2017.”

Long Quotes

Long quotes have 40 words and above. Quotation marks are not used. They
must be blocked formatted. The entire block quote is indented five spaces and double
spaced.

Example:

Lingren (1995) cited some interesting facts about peer relations. These facts may
help adults better understand the potential foundation of some peer group behaviours
during adolescence.
First, during adolescence, parents and their children are more
physically and psychologically distant from each other. This is a
normal process. Second, increases in family strains, such as
economic pressures and divorce, have prompted teenagers to
depend more on peers for emotional support. Third, parents

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and adolescents are in distressed relationships characterized by

emotional coldness and frequent outbursts of anger/conflict. All of
these factors have the potential for creating greater peer influence
in or outside of school, and sometimes have the consequence of
generating increased pressures on adolescents to engage in
problematic behaviours.

Ways of Citing Related Literature and Studies

The following are the ways of citing related literature and studies:

1. By author or writer. In this method, the ideas, facts, or principles, although they

have the same meaning, are explained or discussed separately with their respective
authors or writers (Academia, n.d.).
Examples:
a. According to Enriquez (1981), praise helps much in learning…
b. Maglaque (1984) found out that praise is an important factor in learning…

2. By topic. In this case, if different authors or writers have the same opinion about the
same topic, the topic is discussed and cited under the names of the authors or writers.
This is a summary of their opinions. This is to avoid separate and long discussions of the
same topic.
Example:
a. It has been found out that praise is an important aid in learning of children
(Enriquez, 1981).

What to Cite

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It should be emphasized that the only major findings, ideas, generalizations, principles
or conclusions relevant to the problem under investigation should be discussed.
Generally such findings, ideas, generalizations or principles are summarized,
paraphrased or synthesized.

Below are excerpts of the Conceptual Literature and Related Studies

of the two sample researches.

Sample 1: Clients’ Satisfaction on the Wellness Massage Provided by

TESDA-trained Therapists in Nueva Valencia, Guimaras

Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature

Wellness massage has been widely performed all over the world and its effectiveness
has been proven in any other countries including Philippines. Aside from the benefit of
healing, it also gives relaxation and peace of mind. That is the reason why lots of people
want to avail this kind of service. According to Ng and Cohen (2011), massage can be defined
as “manual soft tissue manipulation, and includes holding, causing movement, and/or
applying pressure to the body.” Rubbing, holding, pressing and any kinds of applied pressure
into the body done by a massage therapist is basically what massage is all about. Rubbing
helps blood to flow back into the muscles that feels stiff and tight. Massage can give
relaxation to the body of the clients specifically to the muscles and will make the client feel
even better.
Massage promotes good circulation and allows blood to flow more freely through
congested knots of muscle. The pushing and pulling of massage flushes out harmful lactic
acid and improves the flow of lymph fluid, which carries waste away from muscles and
internal organs. A recent study performed by the American Massage Therapy Association
showed that therapy patients developed fewer migraines and had better sleep during the
weeks they received the massage.

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 Massage also benefits pregnant women to reduce the pain caused by the pressure
around the knee area. It eliminates headaches and the pain associated with the weight gain.
Manual for Senior High School Practical Research 2
As we know that most medications are contraindicated for pregnant women due to the
possible side effects and hence the physicians recommend alternative pain relievers such as
massage.
Related Studies

Customer satisfaction is one of the most important issues concerning business

The studyof ofallBoulanger
organization (2012)
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is justified thehigh satisfaction
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oriented influencedand
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of continues improvement in modern is needed to (Arokiasamy,
enterprise understand the influence
2013). Mittal of
andclient
expectations beingdefined
Carlys (2010) met oncustomer
satisfaction. Initially as
satisfaction high educationalpost-consumption
a customers’ expectations, exceeded educational
evaluation of a
expectations,
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if the perceived interpersonal
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of a product or servicewere
related to orless
meets pain customers’
exceeds following massage. In conclusion,
prior expectations”. this research
Thus, overall customerdemonstrated thata client
satisfaction with
expectations and massage therapist interpersonal attractiveness are important constructs to consider
whencompany’s
evaluatingofferings
the effects
is of massage therapy.
determined by comparisons between customers’ expectations of the
company’s products or services and their perceptions of the products’ or services’
Felix (2017) mentioned in his study that many researchers conceptualize customer
performance.
satisfaction as an individual’s feeling of pleasure (or disappointment) resulting from comparing the
perceived performance or outcome in relation to the expectation (Suda & Sarunya, 2001).There are
two general conceptualizations of satisfaction here, namely, the transaction-specific satisfaction and
the cumulative satisfaction. Transaction-specific satisfaction is the customer’s very own valuation of
his or her experience and reaction towards a particular service encounter. This reaction is expressed
by the customer who experiences a product or service for the first time. Meanwhile, cumulative
satisfaction refers to the customer’s overall evaluation of the consumption experience to date; an
own accumulation of contacts with services provided them from day-to-day. It is from this
accumulation that customers establish a personal standard which is used to gauge service quality.
However, in general, it is agreed that customer satisfaction measurement is a post-consumption
assessment by the user about the products or services gained.

Sample 2: Daily Allowance and Its Relationship to Academic Performance of

Grade 12 Students in Nueva Valencia National High School
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 Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Manual for Senior High School Practical Research 2
Conceptual Literature

Countless factors have been analyzed by educational researchers to explain why

some students perform better on standardized tests or attain higher levels of academic
achievement than other students. As a result, data have been gathered from myriad
sources and analyzed by hundreds of individuals to confirm or refute a relationship between
students’ socioeconomic standing and their subsequent academic achievement. Although
the issue is shrouded in emotion, an informed perspective is required to debate the matter
effectively (Betson & Michael, 2012).
Children reared by economically disadvantaged parents present a challenge for
public educators and administrators. Students who darken schoolhouse doorways not yet
ready to learn for whatever reasons confront challenges throughout their lifetime (Rouse,
Brooks-Gunn, & McLanahan, 2012). Socioeconomic status negatively influenced school
readiness, academic achievement test scores, overall school success, and parental
involvement. School readiness is developed long before the official start of the child’s
formal education and previous learning environments are varied across social lines
(Duncan, Ludwig, & Magnuson, 2013).

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Related Studies

The impact of socioeconomic status on school readiness did not fade or disappear once
formal education began. After they were enrolled, low-income children suffered every year
because of the academic school calendar. Even when academic progress was made,
economically disadvantaged children showed greater intellectual loss during summer breaks
than did their more affluent counterparts (Cooper, Nye, Charlton, Lindsay, &Greathouse, 2012;
Reardon, 2013).
Alexander,Entwisle, and Olson (2013) found that children in the middle and upper
socioeconomic brackets made educational gains even during the months of summer vacation;
however, students on the opposite end of the socioeconomic scale tended to have no
educational gain when not academically engaged in the school setting. Even when educators
could make progress with students, the impact of social standing counteracted growth.
Caldas and Bankston (2012) reported that socioeconomic status as determined by a
student’s participation in the school free and reduced price meals program negatively affected
achievement. Other research confirmed that economically disadvantaged students averaged
lower scores on achievement tests regardless of the subject matter (Arnold &Doctoroff, 2012;
Boloz&Varrati, 2012; Cooper &Crosnoe, 2012; Duncan, Yeung, Brooks-Gunn, & Smith, 1998;
Flores, 2007; Taylor, 2012).
For reasons beyond their control, low socioeconomic children faced an increased risk of
failing mandated standardized achievement tests. Such failure could have devastating effects
for the students, the school system, the family, and society at large (Cooper & Crosnoe, 2012).

Time to Practice

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Make a synthesis of the related literature gathered for the

study on Level of Involvement in Social Media among Grade 10
Students of Agsanayan National High School in SY 2017-2018 below.

According to Lisa Griffin (2017), making new friends, staying connected and
satisfaction of social needs are the primary reasons why people consider using social
networking. She further cited that the modern world has turned into a small global
village where the connection between individuals is simplified through the networks
that are internet generated. The social media network has also illuminated the lives
of people by sharing knowledge worldwide making turning them into global citizens.
The impact of social media on youth especially students has been more evident as
compared to the elderly above the age of 35 years. Students can now communicate
and share thoughts through the various social media websites platforms such as
Facebook in real time regardless of the geographical locations or distance.

Time to Apply

Gather conceptual literature and related studies to come up with the

Review of Related Literature of your study.

Illustrating Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks

Read to Understand

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A Theoretical Framework consists of concepts and, together with their

definitions and reference to relevant scholarly literature, existing theory
that is used for your particular study. The theoretical framework must
demonstrate an understanding of theories and concepts that are relevant to the topic of
your research paper and that relate to the broader areas of knowledge being
considered. The theoretical framework is most often not something readily found within
the literature. You must review course readings and pertinent research studies for
theories and analytic models that are relevant to the research problem you are
investigating. The selection of a theory should depend on its appropriateness, ease of
application, and explanatory power (Field, 2005).

Sample 1: Clients’ Satisfaction on the Wellness Massage Provided by

TESDA-trained Therapists in Nueva Valencia, Guimaras

Theoretical Framework
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Sample 2: Daily Allowance and Its Relationship to Academic Performance of

Theoretical Framework
Grade 12 Students in Nueva Valencia National High School

This study is anchored on the Abraham Maslow’s (1943) hierarchy of needs. This
Theory organizes human needs from basic to sophisticated levels. In order of increasing
importance, the clusters of needs included in Maslow’s hierarchy are physiological needs,

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safety needs belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, and the need for self-actualization.
Maslow (1943) describes the body’s physiological need for food, especially in terms of
maintaining homeostasis of water, salt, macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and temperature
within the bloodstream. He elaborates, “Undoubtedly these physiological needs are the most
pre-potent of all needs…If all the needs are unsatisfied, and the organism is then dominated by
the physiological needs, all other needs may become simply non-existent or be pushed into the
background…for consciousness is almost completely preempted by hunger. For the chronically
and extremely hungry man…life itself tends to be defined in terms of eating. Anything else will
be defined as unimportant” (p. 373-374). In contrast to the directive authority of food,
achievement is among the least potent of needs. According to Maslow, “all people in our
society…have a need or desire for self-esteem …that is soundly based upon real capacity,
achievement, and respect from others” (p. 381, italics added). It is important to note Maslow’s
postulation that once needs on one level are satisfied, needs at higher levels emerge and
dominate the organism’s thoughts and behaviors. Therefore, according to Maslow’s hierarchy,
the need or desire for achievement will not drive a person’s thoughts and behaviors until needs
on the lower levels have been satisfied. As a result, the cognitive processes and behaviors
associated with the more sophisticated levels on the hierarchy cannot be achieved; great
academic performance cannot be expected from students experiencing basic needs deprivation.

A Conceptual Framework is a bit like a recipe or a blueprint. It provides an

outline of how you plan to conduct the research for your thesis, but it
goes further than that by also positioning your work within the larger field of
research. Writing a conceptual framework can not only help to guide your
thesis to ensure that your research stays on track, but it also helps to guide fellow
researchers (McGaghie,2001). The conceptual framework “sets the stage” for the
presentation of the particular research question that drives the investigation being
reported based on the problem statement. The problem statement of a thesis presents
the context and the issues that caused the researcher to conduct the study.

The conceptual framework explains in more detail the:

 variables to be observed in the study; and

 assumed connection between the independent and the dependent variables.

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The conceptual framework is summarized in a paradigm or schematic diagram

identifying the hypothesized link between the independent and dependent variables,
independent and intervening variables (if any), and intervening variables and dependent
variables or between an independent variable and a dependent variable, controlling for
the effect of another variable.

Sample 1: Clients’ Satisfaction on the Wellness Massage Provided by

TESDA-trained Therapists in Nueva Valencia, Guimaras

Conceptual Framework
Research Paradigm

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Sex Level of Satisfaction on

Socio-economic the Effectiveness of
Status Wellness Massage on
Clients

Figure 1. A schematic diagram showing sex and socio-economic status as the independent
variables and the level of satisfaction on the effectiveness of wellness massage on clients of
Nueva Valencia, Guimaras as the dependent variable

Sample 2: Daily Allowance and Its Relationship to Academic Performance of

Grade 12 Students in Nueva Valencia National High School
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Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Daily Allowance
Sex

Economic-Status Academic Performance

Figure 1. A schematic diagram showing the relationship between the independent variables:
sex and economic status. The dependent variables are the daily allowance and academic
performance

Summary

A Summary is written in your own words to briefly state

main points. A summary, synopsis, or recap is a shorter version of the
original. Summary simplification highlights the major points from the
much longer subject, such as text, speech, film, or event. The purpose is
to help the audience get the gist in a short period of time. A written summary starts
with lead, including the title, author, text type, and the main idea of the text. It has a
clearly arranged structure and is written in a logical, chronological, and traceable
manner. In contrast to a resume or a review, a summary contains neither interpretation
nor rating. Only the opinion of the original writer is reflected and paraphrased with new
words without quotations from the text. Unlike a retelling, a summary has no dramatic
structure and is written in present tense or historic present. In summaries only indirect
speech is used and depictions are avoided. Summaries of books or dissertations present
the major facts in common scientific language.

Sample 1: Clients’ Satisfaction on the Wellness Massage Provided by

TESDA-trained Therapists in Nueva Valencia, Guimaras

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Summary

Among the related studies mentioned, it is clear that socioeconomic status

impacts every aspect of a child’s life from diapers to diploma. Research shows that
there are a variety of variables that contribute to a student’s academic performance.
The way that finances affect academic performance is not a well-studied area, leading
to the current study. Significant relationship between financial responsibility,
motivation, and academic success were not found, although the current literature
suggests that there could be a relationship between these variables. If such
relationship existed, it would be important to use those findings in practical ways that
result in students becoming motivated to perform to their best ability in school, as it
would help them greatly in their future careers.

Sample 2: Daily Allowance and Its Relationship to Academic Performance of

Grade 12 Students in Nueva Valencia National High School

Summary

The effectiveness of wellness massage had been proven and was studied over
the years. Wellness massage is defined generally as the manual soft tissue
manipulation, and includes holding, causing movement, and/or applying pressure to the
body. Wellness massage is not only for the purpose of relaxation but also for treatment.
Massage is beneficial in proper blood circulation, gives better sleep, lowers heart rate
and helps relieve body pains.
Several studies define customers’ satisfaction differently. Researchers also used
different factors to identify the relationship and differences of these factors in giving
service to customers. Some studies need a deeper investigation to identify the
significance of customers’ satisfaction being met on customers’ expectation. A study
also mentioned that customers’ satisfaction has two different types. These two types
are transaction specific satisfaction and cumulative satisfaction. Studies identify
different factors to determine specifically what greatly affects satisfaction. These
studies used different factors in order to identify what greatly affects the customers’ 73
satisfaction.
 Manual for Senior High School Practical Research 2

Key Points
 Review of Related Literature is the systematic identification, location and analysis
of documents containing information related to the research problem.
 Conceptual Literature refers to related topics that originate from the books and
journals.
 Theoretical Framework demonstrates an understanding of theories and concepts that
are relevant to the topic of your research paper and that relate to the broader areas
of knowledge\ being considered.

 Conceptual Framework is summarized in a paradigm or schematic diagram

identifying the hypothesized link between the independent and dependent
variables.

 Related studies are researches, inquires or investigations already conducted

that has some bearing or similarity with the current study which may be
taken from the internet and other researches such as students’
graduate thesis or dissertations. 
 Summary simplification highlights the major points from the much longer
subject

Time to Practice
Make a Conceptual Framework of the study you explored in Chapter 1
entitled: Level of Involvement in Social Media among Grade 10 Students
of Agsanayan National High School in SY 2017-2018.

Time to Apply
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Work on the Theoretical and Conceptual Framework of your

own research.

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