Grade

12
Self-Learning Module in Inquiries, Investigations and Immersion
Lesson: Citation of Review of Related Literature
Quarter: 3 Week: 5 Day and Time: See Class program
Learning Competencies:
After this module, you are expected to:
1. define what citation is;
2. enumerate importance of citation in Review of Related Literature (RRL);
3. differentiate each of the styles of citation with one another; and
4. craft the RRL Chapter following the formatting guidelines for citation and referencing
page using the American Psychological Association (APA) style

Learning Tasks:
Study Notebook (self-checking) Activity Sheet (for submission)
✓ What I Know, pp.1-2 ✓ Activity 1, p.4
✓ Assessment, p.8 ✓ Activity 2, p.7
Worksheet (for submission)
✓ Exercises 1 – 3, pp. 9-10

I. INTRODUCTION
As a researcher, everyone is responsible in taking into consideration different aspects
of crafting her academic paper. A student-researcher must take into mind that ethical
considerations must be done in order to avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is unethical practice of
using words or ideas (either planned and accidental) of another author/ researcher or your own
previous works without proper acknowledgement.

II. WHAT I KNOW?

Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the correct letter of the
best answer. Write your answers on your study notebook.

1. If the researcher failed to cite the source of the information he/she have put on her
manuscript, the researcher will be charged of ______.
a. Citation b. Referencing c. Ethical Considerations d. Plagiarism
2. In the field of education, business, and communication, what citation style will they use?
a. Modern Language Association c. Chicago Style
b. American Psychological Association d. Turabian Style
3. This is where the researcher tells to her target readers that the information that are in his
manuscript came from another author or another source.
a. Citation b. Referencing c. Ethical Considerations d. Plagiarism
4. What citation style can we use if we belong in the field of Humanities?
a. Modern Language Association c. Chicago Style
b. American Psychological Association d. Turabian Style

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5. In what citation style, do the notes and bibliography style belong?
a. Modern Language Association c. Chicago Style
b. American Psychological Association d. Turabian Style

III. DISCUSSION OF CONCEPTS

Definition of Citation
Citations are set of rules on how to cite sources in an academic writing. Whenever you
refer to someone else’s work, a citation is required in order to avoid plagiarism (Swaen,2015).
In addition, citation is referred to as, the way you tell your readers that a certain material in
your work came from another source. It will give the readers the information necessary to find
that source again (Turnitin, 2017).
As you are writing your study’s review of related literature chapter, it is just and right
to give credits to the original author/authors in order for you to avoid plagiarism.
Below are the other reasons that you need to bear in mind while crafting and completing
your Chapter II.

The Importance of Citation

1. It is helpful for anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where they
came from.
2. Citing sources shows the amount of research you’ve done.
3. Citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas.
4. It is a basis of authenticity of one’s study.
5. It ensures the ethical and academic honesty of someone’s work.
6. It reveals the sources of information and knowledge.
7. It served as a legal basis in crafting the body of your study.

Remember!
A simple mention of other’s work, or even a part of their work may be paraphrased or
may directly copied on the body of your academic paper is very important.

Styles of Citation used in an Academic Paper

1. Modern Language Association (MLA). It is widely used in the Humanities such as
in the fields of English, Literatures, Arts, and Philosophy. It uses brief parenthetical citations
in the text that refers to an alphabetical list of work cited appearing at the end of the work.
1.1 When the author’s name and his work is cited in the paragraph, the citation using
MLA style is this:

1.2 When the author’s work needs to be identified in the paragraph, see the example
below.

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 1.3 When the author’s work is not identified and not revealed in the text, this is its
citation format in MLA:

2. American Psychological Association (APA). This citation style uses an author-date

system. It is widely used in the Social Sciences field such as Anthropology, Business,
Communication, Education, Political Science, and Psychology. It uses in-text citation in the
text that refer to an alphabetical list of references appearing the end of the work.
The following are the examples of citation in APA style:
2.1 Place the author’s name and year of publication in parentheses and separate
it using a comma.

2.2 If the name of the author appears in the text, cite only the year in
parentheses.

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 3. Chicago. It is a citation style that was introduced and published by the Chicago
University. This style supports two styles:
3.1 Notes and Bibliography; and
3.2 Author-Date.

Activity 1. Below are given set of citation styles that are usually used by researcher.
On your Activity Sheet, identify whether the given citation is an APA, MLA, or
CHICAGO.

1. According to Volery and Lord (2000) they stated that there are three different
success factors in an online learning delivery, namely: technology, the instructor, and the
previous use of technology from a student’s perspective.
2. As per the research paper entitled, “Online Formative Assessment in Higher
Education: A Review of the Literature” noted that “effective online formative assessment
can foster a learner and assessment-centered focus through formative feedback and
enhanced learner engagement with valuable learning experiences” (Gikandi,
Morrow,Davis 1).
3. Gikandi et.al. (2011) stated that an effective formative assessment can foster a
learner and assessment-centered focus through formative feedback and enhanced learner
engagement with valuable learning experiences.
4. It was noted in the study that there are three different success factors in an online
delivery which comprises of the following: technology, the instructor, and the previous
use of technology from student’s perspective (Volery & Lord, 2000).
5. In the study entitled, “Integrating Computer-Based and Teacher-Based Scaffolds
in Science Inquiry”, appeared that students who used continuous computer-based
procedural scaffolding with early teacher-based metacognitive scaffolding performed
best in acquiring scientific inquiry skills (Wu & Pedersen, 2011).

The American Psychological Association (APA) Format of Referencing

In crafting your research paper, you are going to follow the APA format of referencing
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and citation because you are in the education sector and you are under the umbrella of Field
of Social Sciences. The referencing always goes together whenever you cited new sources of
ideas, facts, and concepts on your research paper.

Read and observe the given example below where the researcher cited two
different studies about,

The Online Distance Learning: An Impact to Students Performance. According to

Panigrahi et.al. (2018) proposed that the integration of virtual communities to online learning
platforms may cause a better outcome and engagement. Also, Picciano (2002) found out in
his study that the success of many online course is dependent upon the nature of student to
student and student to faculty interaction. Moreover, in the study of Salamat et.al. (2018) they
highlighted that e-learning provides time flexibility to the students and it motivates students
to do their work without the help of others. Furthermore, through their study they have found
out that the students feel more comfortable when they are using the internet. Salamat et.al
(2018) concluded the e-learning system in education is effective for students.

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows some citations that are in the American Psychological Association (APA)
style. There are three different sources that were included in the manuscript which entitled, The
Online Distance Learning: An Impact to Students Performance.

Always be reminded that citation and reference list always go together. Below is where
you will able to see the list of references that the researcher used.
Panigrahi, R.,Srivastava, S.R., Sharma, D. (2018). Online learning: adaptation, continuance,
and learning outcome. International Journal of Information 43, 1-14.doi:
10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.05.005
Picciano, A.G. (2002). Beyond students’ perception: issues of interaction, presence and
performance in an online course. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks,
6(1),33.doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.11.007
Salamat, L., Ahmad,G., Bakht,I., & Saifi,I.L. (2018). Effects of e-learning on students’
academic learning at university level. Asian Innovative Journal of Social Sciences and
Humanities, 2(2),1-12
Figure 2
After reading and observing the information noted in Figure 1 and 2, it shows that the
arrangement of the list of references in Figure 2 follows the author-date citations found at Figure
1. For example, in Figure 1 it is noticeable that Panighari et.al. (2018) was the first source of
the researcher. Then, it was followed by Picciano (2002) and lastly, Salamat et.al. (2018).
Moreover, as it is gleaned on Figure 2 that the entries in the list of references follows the
arrangement on how the researcher of The Online Distance Learning: An Impact to Students
Performance cited all of her sources.
What is a reference page and a bibliography?
The reference page lists all the sources you have cited in your paper or manuscript. It
is commonly has its four main components such as: the author’s name, date, title, and source.
It also allows the researcher recognized the contribution of other writers and researchers in
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your manuscript.
Meanwhile, a bibliography helps the researcher keep track of the sources they consulted
or cited for their written material and gives readers a framework of how the writer’s arguments
were formed.

How will I craft my list of references using the APA style of referencing?

Below are the various ways on how you will craft the reference list of your research paper.
1. Books. This is the pattern that the researcher may follow.
Pattern: Author’s last name, Initial of First Name (Year of Publication). Book Title. City of
Publication: Name of Publication.
Example:
Allen, T. (1974). Vanishing Wildlife of North America. Washichton,D.C.: National
Geographic Society.

2. Encyclopedia and Dictionary. Below is the pattern and example of how will you reference
a source coming from this.
Pattern: Author’s Last Name, Initial of the First Name (Year of Publication).Title of the
Article. Title of Encyclopedia (volume, pages). City of Publication. Name of
Publication.
Example:
Bergmann,P.G.(1993). Relativity. In the New Encyclopedia Britannica (v.26,pp.501-
508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Example:
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam-
Webster’s.

3. Magazines and Newspaper Articles. Below is the given pattern of referencing for a source
that may came from here.
Pattern: Author’s Last Name, Initial of the First Name. (Year of Publication). Article title.
Periodical title, volume number (issue number if available).inclusive pages.

Note: Do not enclose the title with quotation marks and put a perios after the title. If a
periodical includes a volume number, italized it and then give the page range (in regular type)
without “pp.” . If the periodical does not use volume numbers, as in newspapers, use “p.” or
“pp.” for page numbers.
Example:
Harlow,H.F. (1983). Fundamentals of preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of
Physiological ad Psychology, 55.893-896.
4. Website or Webpage. The standard pattern for it are written below. Pattern for an Online
Periodical:
Author’s Name (Date of Publication). Title of article. Title of periodical, volume number,
Retrieved month day, year, from full URL.
Example:
Devitt, T. (2001,August 2). Lightning injuries for at music festival. The Why/Files.
Retrieved January 23, 2002, from http://whyfiles.org./137 lightning /index.html
Pattern for an Online Document:
Author’s Name. (Date of Publication). Title of Work. Retrieved Month day, year from
full URL.

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Examples:
Dove, R. (1998). Lady freedom among us. The Electronic Arts Center. Retrieved June
19, 1998 from Alderman Library, University of Virginia.
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/subjects/afam.html

Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize health and
well-being. Preventions and treatment,3. Article 0001a. Retrieved November
20,2000, from http://journals.apa.org /prevention/volume3 /pre003000Ia .html

GVU’s 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved August 8,2000, from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/usersurveys/survey1997-10

Note: When citing an internet source, refer to the specific website of the document. If the
document is undated, use “n.d.” (for no date) immediately after the document title. Break a
lengthy URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Continually, check your
references to online documents. There is NO PERIOD following the URL. Also, if you cannot
find any of the information given above, cite an information that are readily available on the
document you are citing. Consequently, if the document is contained within a large and
complex website (such as for the university or a government agency), just identify the host
organization and the relevant program or department before giving the URL for the document
itself.

Activity 2. Write DEAL if the item given is essential in referencing and NO DEAL if
otherwise. Write your answers on your study notebook.
1. It is important to know the different useful information on the book, website, or even
on the article that you are reading.
2. Having a note about the information of the materials cited on the researcher’s
manuscript is essential.
3. It is not right to get all the necessary information on a material that you would like to
cite such the author’s name, date of publication, title of the article or of the book, city of
publication, name of the publication, and website.
4. Citation and referencing in APA format always not go together in a researcher’s
manuscript.
5. Referencing and Bibliography are a fundamental factor in order for the researcher
track down and list down all of their references.
6. Referencing gives the readers the idea that not all the contents of your manuscript
came from your own but instead a collection of ideas from various sources.
7. Writing a reference list on a researcher’s study is crucial and necessary.
8. It is not essential that a researcher must know the correct pattern of writing a reference
and bibliography on his own manuscript.
9. The researcher don’t need a relevant and accurate reference for his study.
10.The researcher must look for a literature that is objective in nature.

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IV. ASSESSMENT

Directions: Read the statements carefully and choose the letter of the best answer.
Write your answers on your study notebook.

1. This refers to unethical practice of using words or ideas (either planned or accidental) of
another author/ researcher or your own previous works without proper acknowledgement.
A. Citation C. Ethical Consideration
B. Referencing D. Plagiarism
2. This is the process by which a researcher will tell to her target that a certain material in
his work came from another source.
A. Citation C. Ethical Consideration
B. Referencing D. Plagiarism
3. What citation style is commonly used in the field of Humanities?
A. MLA C. Chicago Style
B. APA D. Turabian Style
4. What style of citation is widely used in the field of education, businesses, and
communication?
A. MLA C. Chicago Style
B. APA D. Turabian Style
5. What style of citation does the given example on the box show?

According to Wu and Pederson in their research Integrating Computer-based and

Teacher-Based Scaffolds in Science Inquiry, that there are three …(1).

A. MLA C. Chicago Style

B. APA D. Turabian Style
6. What is the citation style characterized by the given example below?

As noted in the study that there are three different success factors in an online delivery
which comprises of the following: technology, the instructor, and the previous use of
technology from student’s perspective (Volery & Lord, 2000).

A. MLA C. Chicago Style

B. APA D. Turabian Style
7. What citation style supports two other styles of citation such as notes and bibliography?
A. MLA C. Chicago Style
B. APA D. Turabian Style
8. What style of citation was used on this given example below? In his influential 2003
study, Jenkins described…
A. MLA C. Chicago Style
B. APA D. Turabian Style
9. “APA” stands for_________.
A. Modern Language Association C. Chicago Style
B. American Psychological Association D. Turabian Style
10. “MLA” means ________.
A. Modern Language Association C. Chicago Style
B. American Psychological Association D. Turabian Style

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 ROSALES NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
SENIOR DEPARTMENT
Don Antonio Village, Rosales, Pangasinan

WORKSHEET
Name: Inquiries, Investigations and
Subject:
Grade/Section: Immersion
Subj. Teacher: Week: 5

I. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Test/Activity Score
A. What I Know, pp.1-2
B. Assessment, p.8

II. SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Exercises 1 (Individual). Using your background of the study in Module 3, fill in the map with
the necessary information. Cite sources using the given citation styles in the box.

Exercises 2 (Individual). Create a reference list following the APA referencing guidelines.

1. Name of the Book: Research Methods and Thesis Writing (2 nd

Edition) Authors: Lauretina Paler-Calmorin and Melchor A. Calmorin
Copyright: 2007
Name of Publication: REX Bookstore
Place of Publication: Manila,Philippines

2. Name of Website: Mendeley

Name of Article: APA Format Citation Guide

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 Copyright: 2020 Mendeley Ltd
Name of Publication: RELX Group
Date of Retrieval: January 24,2020
Website: https://www.mendeley.com/guides/apa-citation-guide

3. Authors: Johanna Nieuwoudt

Title of the Research Article: Exploring online interaction and online learner
participation in an online science subject through the lens of the interaction
equivalence theorem
Volume number: Nine
Name of Publication: Student Success
Date of Publication: December,2018
Issue number: Four
Page numbers: 53-62
Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.5204/ssj.v9i4.424

Exercises 3 (Groupwork). Using your approved research title, develop and submit
your Chapter 2 - Review of Related Literature and Studies using APA style. Choose
studies that are relevant and current (within 1 - 10 years). Follow guidelines such as
front page, font, size, spacing, margins, etc.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS

WHAT I KNOW?
1. D 2. A 3. A 4. A 5. C

ASSESSMENT
1. D 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. A
6. B 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. A

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