Quarter 1 GUIDELINES IN WRITING THE RESEARCH PROPOSAL:

LESSONS 1 THE RESEARCH ETHICS

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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: Read the specific directions carefully before answering the exercises and activities.
Accomplish this module on or before the date specified by your teacher. For online consultations, please refer to
the given schedule.

ESSENTIAL LEARNING PURPOSES: At the end of these lessons, I am expected to:

1. define research ethics
2. determine what makes a study ethical or unethical; and,
What do I 3. Analyze the ethics of a study
need to
know?

Before going further in our discovery with the research process, let us see if you can answer the
following exercises. I know you can do it! This will help you to determine your prior knowledge
about the topic.
What I
know?
REVIEW

Activity: On Plagiarism
Plagiarism is one of the concepts we need to learn when we talk about research Ethics.
However, we need to study it in advance because of its important role in research writing. To
review on the concept of Plagiarism, put an “X” on the space before the statement that describes
a case of Plagiarism.

___________1. Alexandra puts her name on a quotation of Shakespeare.

___________2. After reading a selection, Pristine correctly wrote the contents of the selection and cited
the author.
___________3. The Author of the article is “Ramoso, Gabriel” but Aaron’s reference is “Ramoso,
Gabrielle.”
___________4. In Athena's assignment, she carefully expressed the ideas of the author and wrote the
author’s name.
___________5. Because of lack of time, Pauline emitted some of the important details from a source and
her thesis.

RESEARCH ETHICS
What is Research Ethics?
Research ethics is the application of moral rules and professional codes of conduct to the collection,
analysis, reporting, and publication of information about research subjects, in particular active
acceptance of subjects' right to privacy, confidentiality, and
informed consent. (https://www.encyclopedia.com)

Research Ethics is mainly followed to protect both the

researchers and the participants, and even the people that will
be indirectly affected by the research.

To know more regarding Research Ethics, in this module, we

will learn about the ethical consideration when conducting

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 1
MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2| APPLIED SUBJECT FOR ABM, HUMSS, STEM,
and TVL
 research, particularly, the rights of the participants and the Ethical principles.

RIGHTS OF THE PARTICIPANTS

When conducting a research, the researchers must recognize the rights of the participants (Trochim,
2006; Smith, 2003; Polit, 2006, as cited in Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017):

 Voluntary participation. Any person should not be forced to participate in any research
undertaking.

 Informed consent. Prospective research participants must be fully informed about the
procedures and risks involved in the research. Their consent to participate must be secured.

________

 Risk of harm. Participants should be protected from physical, financial, or psychological

harm. The principle of non-maleficence states that it is the researcher’s duty to avoid,
prevent, and minimize harm to the participants of the study.

 Confidentiality. Participants must be

assured that their identity and other
personal information will not be made
available to anyone who is not directly
involved in the study.

 Anonymity. The participants must

remain anonymous throughout the
study even to the researchers
themselves.

THE ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

To successfully conduct your study without violating others rights, take time to read and
familiarize the following ethical principles.

PERSONALITY RELATED ETHICS

Honesty
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data,
results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research
sponsors, or the public.

Competence
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through
lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a
whole.

Integrity

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 2
MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2| APPLIED SUBJECT FOR ABM, HUMSS, STEM,
and TVL
 Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of
thought and action.

Carefulness
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically
examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good
records of research activities, such as data collection, research
design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.

DATA AND PUBLICATION RELATED ETHICS

Objectivity
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data
interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing,
expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity
is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception.
Disclose personal or financial interests that may affect research.

Openness
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and
new ideas.

Intellectual Property
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual
property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results
without permission. Give proper acknowledgement or credit
for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.

Confidentiality
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or
grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or
military secrets, and patient records.

Responsible Publication
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to
advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication.
PEOPLE AND SOCIALY RELATED ETHICS

Responsible Mentoring
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare

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MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2| APPLIED SUBJECT FOR ABM, HUMSS, STEM,
and TVL
 and allow them to make their own decisions.

Respect for Colleagues

Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.

Social Responsibility
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through
research, public education, and advocacy.

Non-Discrimination
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of
sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific
competence and integrity.

Legality
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental
policies.

Animal Care
Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in
research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal
experiments.

Human Subjects protection

When conducting research on human subjects,
minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits;
respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy; take
special precautions with vulnerable populations; and
strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of
research fairly.

Research is always good, but it may lead to:

1. Spread of injustice
2. Unjust construction of identities of people
3. War or violence
4. Greater environmental degradation
5. Consumerism
6. Poverty

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 4
MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2| APPLIED SUBJECT FOR ABM, HUMSS, STEM,
and TVL
 7. Spread of diseases & false notions of health
8. Anti-people development projects

RESEARCH DILEMMAS RESULTING FROM RESEARCH METHODS

1. Withholding of treatment in field or laboratory experiments
2. Deception in Obtrusive and Non-obtrusive Observation Methods
3. Disguised Field Observation

For more on this watch the Video Reference: WEEK 9 – VIDEO 1: Research Ethics
Or CTRL + Cklick: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ylkKCgEIMws

You can do it!

Before going further, let us see if you can answer this exercise. I know you can do it! This will help
you to determine your prior knowledge about this topic. Good luck!
Short Quiz
WHAT’S Activity: Research Ethics
MORE? Read the items carefully and choose the best answer.

1. How do we distinguish between confidentiality and anonymity?

a. Data collection can be described as anonymous if you do not know who has taken part in your
study.
b. Confidentiality can be promised in circumstances when you know who has taken part in your
study but you do not divulge this information to other people
c. Both of the above
d. Neither A nor B

2. Which of the following are likely to be regarded as forms of pressure or coercion towards
participants?
a. Begging people to participate so that you won’t fail your degree.
b. Pointing out that you used to work for/study at an organization/school, so you are expecting
them to say yes.
c. Offering sweets and money so that people choose your study over others being advertised.
d. All of the above

3. What steps can you take to minimize the risk of psychological harm to participants in a
research study?
a. Have a plan of what to do if someone cries during the study.
b. Ask people to leave the room immediately if they seem distressed.
c. Ask people to leave if they become angry during the study.
d. None of the above.

4. What is our general advice with respect to the concept of do no harm?

a. So long as you did not set out to harm participants you have nothing to worry about.
b. Research that involves risk to participants should not be carried out by students
c. There are typically no hazards in student research studies.
d. None of the above

5. Which of the following corresponds to our advice on ethical approval for your project?

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 5
MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2| APPLIED SUBJECT FOR ABM, HUMSS, STEM,
and TVL
 a. Your study must be approved in full the first time you submit to the panel, otherwise you will fail
the project.
b. You must wait for the panel’s approval before beginning data collection.
c. Pilot work does not need panel’s approval.
d. All of the above.

Explorer! Let us now test what you have learned in our adventure! I know you can
answer these questions! Good luck!

Activity: DOING THINGS RIGHT

Determine the appropriate action to address the unethical practices described below. Write your
answers in the spaces provided.
ASSESSMENT

SCENARIO What should be done?

1. Jaypee a senior high school student
is planning to conduct his first
research on the misbehavior of
fellow students during examinations.
However, he has no idea on the
ethical guidelines in conducting such
research.
2. Because of non-participation in
extracurricular activities, Trey, an
honor student, ranked last in the
honor role. A qualitative research
about Tray is conducted without
informing him.
3. Gabby, a graduating student, claimed
the research work of his classmate.
He erased the name of the original
researcher and placed his own.
4. To maximize the participants in her
study, valedictorian forced her
classmates to join her study.
5. A group of senior high school
student secretly chose their teacher
as the subject of the research.

SCORE:

Explorer! Please take time to read the attached documents and watch the attached videos. In these
materials, you will learn more about Research Ethics.

ENRICHME
NT
Video Links:
1. The Research Ethics PPT
2. WEEK 1 – Video 3: The Research Ethics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zbi7nIbAuMQ

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MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2| APPLIED SUBJECT FOR ABM, HUMSS, STEM,
and TVL
 ACFID. (2017, April 20). Principles and Guidelines for Ethical Research and Evaluation in
Development [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=ylkKCgEIMws&feature=youtu.be

REFERENCES Baraceros, E. (2016). Practical Research 1 (1st ed.). Rex Bookstore, Inc.

Baraceros, E. (2016). Practical Research 2 (2nd ed.). Rex Book Store, Inc.

Creswell, John W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods
Approaches. SAGE Publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2011). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating

Quantitative and Qualitative Research (4th ed.). Pearson.

ChrisFlipp. (2014, January 13). Research Ethics [Video]. YouTube.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zbi7nIbAuMQ

Cristobal, A.P., Jr., & Dela Cruz- Cristobal M.C., (2017). Practical research 1 for senior high
school. C & E Publishing

Cristobal, A.P., Jr., & Dela Cruz- Cristobal M.C., (2017). Practical research 2 for senior high
school. C & E Publishing

Oxford University. (n.d.). research ethics | Encyclopedia.com. Encyclopedia.Com. Retrieved

August 5, 2020, from https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/dictionaries-
thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/research-ethics#:%7E:text=research%20ethics
%20The%20application%20of,%2C%20confidentiality%2C%20and%20informed
%20consent.&text=See%20also%20ETHICS.

Resnik, D. (15-12-01). What Is Ethics in Research & Why Is It Important? National Institute
of Environmental Health Sciences.
https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/bioethics/whatis/index.cfm

Wood, C. (2012). Your Psychology Project Handbook (Second Edition). Pearson.

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MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2| APPLIED SUBJECT FOR ABM, HUMSS, STEM,
and TVL