UNIT 1: PART 1 - INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY Sources in History
MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR - “We are not makers of history. We are
made by history. “
TRUMAN - “There is nothing new in the world except the history you
do not know. “
HISTORY IN THE EYES OF SCHOLARS
• JACOB BURCKHARDT – “History is the record of what one age finds
worthy of note in another.”
• ARTHUR JOHNSON – “History, in its broadest sense, is everything that
ever happened.”
• JAWAHARLAL NEHRU – “History is the story of Man’s struggle through
the ages against Nature and the elements; against wild beasts and
the jungle and some of his own kind who have tried to keep him
down and to exploit him for their own benefit.
History as a Discipline
- It does the inquiry (asking of questions) after truth and wisdom.
- You need first to ask questions before you obtain the truth and
have wisdom.
- It is on a factual and proper basis. Gathering history is not that easy,
it has a process that is needed to be followed in order for it to be
published in different papers and books.
- Disciplinary nature of history is impersonal, impartial, and capable
of experimentation. After gathering the data, you need to interpret
and you must have other sources to support what you have seen
or read.
- There are authors who refer to other books, so history is neither
absolute nor limited. Like the idea of an author reading multiple
books to collect points of view, then summarizing everything he's
learned and creating a new point of view.
History as a Philosophy
- It is based on the narrative account of the past. Like the wisdom
from any philosophy, its wholeness, harmony, and truth are
inseparable from a concrete and vivid appreciation of its parts.
- It is linked to discipline because you must first ask questions in order
to obtain the truth and wisdom.
- The Historical sources include documents, artefacts,
archaeological sites, features, oral transmissions, stone inscriptions,
paintings, recorded sounds, images (photographs, motion
pictures), and oral history. Even ancient relics and ruins, broadly
speaking, are historical sources.
TWO TYPES OF HISTORICAL SOURCES:
➢ PRIMARY SOURCES
- Primary sources include documents or artefacts created by a
witness to or participant in an event.
- They could be firsthand testimony or evidence created during
the time period you are studying it. You are present or at the time
of the event.
- Examples are Newspaper Articles, Diaries, Interviews, Letters,
Government Records, Oral History, Poem/Novel/Plays,
Photograph.
➢ SECONDARY SOURCES
- Secondary sources analyze a scholarly question and often use
primary sources or evidence.
- Created by someone who was not present at the event.
- Examples are Textbook, Dictionary, Tv Documentaries,
Biographies.
Differentiate between a Primary or a Secondary Sources
Dexther was exploring the library in his new school in Tacloban. He
wanted to study the history of Calamba, Laguna during the
nineteenth century. In one of the books, he saw an old photograph
of a woman standing in front of an old church, clipped among the
pages. At the back of the Photo was a fine inscription that says
“Kalamba, 19 de Junio 1861.” Is the photograph a primary, or a
secondary source? - Primary Source.
Airon loved to travel around the country. He liked bringing with him
a travel brochure that informs him of the different sites worth visiting
the area. His travel brochure was usually produced by the tourism
department of the province. It shows pictures of destinations visited
by tourists and a few basic information about the place like the origin
of the name, the historical significance of the place, and some other
information acquired by the office’s researchers and writers. Is the
brochure a primary, or a secondary source? - Secondary Source.
Shane loved to travel around the country. He liked bringing with him
a travel brochure that informs him of the different sites worth visiting
the area. His travel brochure was usually produced by the tourism
department of the province where they have written and
interviewed locals about the information on the location. It shows
pictures of destinations visited by tourists and a few basic information
about the place like the origin of the name, the historical
significance of the place. Is the brochure a primary, or a secondary
source? - Primary Source.
UNIT 1: PART 2 Questions and Issues in History
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD: WHO CAME FIRST
- Indian culture and religion had long been present in the country.
They have "indirectly colonize" or "INDIANIZED" the Philippines.
- Unlike the Spaniards, who colonized us through force, Indian
culture colonized us through trade, and as a result of their
interactions, they shared their religion, culture, characteristics, and
beliefs.
- Indians were the first to colonized the Philippines but only indirectly.
- Indians were the ones who gave the Philippines its identity and they
called it Maharlika.
- There were two empires at the past that navigated many places
to share their tradition, culture, religion and etc. The First is
SRIVIJAYA which is Hinduisms.The Second is MAJAPAHIT which is
Buddhism.
- Hinduisms is the very first and oldest religion in the world.
- Hinduism went to places such as Burma, Thailand, Cambodia,
Malysia, Srivijaya, Sumatra, Indonesia, and Philippines.
- Catholicism is a branch from Islamic religion.
❖ Evidence 1 – Religion - It is believed that our first religion was
Hinduism and Buddhism. This is due to the travels done by Indians.
Filipino – Bathala (Supreme being); Diwata (Supernatural beings);
Rajah (Leader)
India – Bahattara (Noble Lord); Devata (Spirit or Deity); Rajah (King)
- There are a lot of words that we borrowed and derived from India.
It is in India where mother of language which is the Sanskrit is
located. The Sanskrit is where all languages are from even English.
- In Mythology, India has HAYAGRIVA, while the Philippines has
TIKBALANG; both of which are Creatures that have a horse head
and has a humanoid body.
❖ Evidence 2 – FASHION AND CLOTHES – Inspired from India.
❖ Evidence 3 – WRITING SYSTEM AND LANGUAGE – ALIBATA is from
the Philippines while SANSKRIT is from India. The similarities of both
of them is they have “3” symbols, hooks symbols, and “T” symbols.
The difference is the way of writing which is in ALIBATA lines are
written in a curve way, while in Sanskrit lines are written in a straight
manner.
PLACES WHERE THEY HAVE VISITED
- They mostly went to Luzon (Laguna), but in Visayas and Mindanao
they only went a small part of it.
- The languages that we borrowed from Indians was Tagalog,
Bisaya, and Ilocano.
❖ Evidence 4 – LAGUNA COPPERPLATE INSCRIPTION – a legal
document inscribed on a copper plate dated 900 CE which is the
earliest known calendar dated document found in the Philippines.
Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the Philippines had
already had an advance calendar that was from India through
trading.
❖ Evidence 5 - DNA TEST 1,011, 864 Filipinos having full or partial
Indian descent.
- Since Indian has only indirectly colonized our country, they were
not included or become part of the History of the Philippines.
- India only shared their culture and tradition, while the Spaniards
came to colonized us with their religion and political system.
- The religion of Hinduism was easily removed due to the fact that it
was not that fully established in the Philippines.
- When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, they burned and
wiped all the knowledge, documents, writings and everything that
the Filipinos had, and they changed its name from Maharlika to
Philippines. They cleared all because they want to start new.
COLONIAL PERIOD: WHO COPIED FROM WHO?
- The first recorded document that mentions the archipelago of the
Philippines was Antonio Pigafetta's chronicle Report of the first trip
around the world on his narrative record of the journey of a Spanish
 expedition in search of the Spice Islands published sometimes
between 1524- 1525.
- He wrote a narrative report and one of those is about the
Philippines, and he describes the geography of the Philippines, in
short, He focused on the physical features of the Philippines.
- Another notable document was Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de
las Islas Filipinas published in 1609 based on the author's personal
experience and documentations from eye? witnesses of the
survivors of Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition.
- His narrative is more on the personal experience he had in the
Philippines, though he copied a small amount in Pigafetta's report,
he went to places where Antonio Pigafetta's physical features of
the Philippines.
POST-COLONIAL PERIOD
- The historiography of the post-colonial period focused on the
Philippine revolutions and the Philippine–American War as
historians saw the colonial era as a prelude. Some pre-colonial and
colonial literatures and books made by both Filipinos and Spanish
were fully censored by the American government and any person
who would create any information related to the past of the Filipino
people were killed or brainwashed by the US Army.
- Although the Americans have given us the best unlike the
Spaniards which is violence and torture, the Americans gave
education and many more, but in exchange, they want to erase
the Philippines' history, particularly that of Filipinos and Spaniards.
During their time radio was not allowed, especially the ones
especially those that broadcast news.
ORGANIZATION
- GOVERNMENT AGENCY
- The National Historical Commission of the Philippines is a
government agency of the Philippines whose mission is "the
promotion of Philippine history and cultural heritage through
research, dissemination, conservation, sites management and
heraldry works and aims to inculcate awareness and
appreciation of the noble deeds and ideals of our heroes and
other illustrious Filipinos, to instill pride in the Filipino people and to
rekindle the Filipino spirit through the lessons of history.
UNIT 2: PART 1 RIZAL THE WOMINAZER?
PHILIPPINE HISTORY: SPACES FOR CONFLICT AND CONTROVERSIES
Rizal introduced the letter “K” to the Philippine Orthography – True
Jose Rizal did not use Marijuana – False
The Multilingual Rizal had difficulty writing in Tagalog. – True
- Dr Jose P. Rizal, The Philippines National Hero. Well-known for his
bravery and Nationalism. Died for the sake of the Philippine
freedom. A very intelligent man who used brain instead of sword in
fighting the enemy. His courage and love for his country made his
history unforgettable throughout the years.
Is Rizal a Womanizer?
Jose Rizal's love life:
➢ Segunda Katigbak
- Considered as The First love or The Puppy Love of Jose Rizal.
- Their age gap was 2 years, Segunda was 14, while Rizal was 16.
- First love and First heartache.
- They met because she was a daughter of a wealthy family in
Lipa. During that time, they did not know each other. But
Segunda was a friend of Olimpya (Sister of Rizal), while Rizal was
friends with Mariano Katigbak (Brother of Segunda).
- They met properly at Jose Rizal's grandmother's house, where
there was a gathering and Segunda's family was invited. They
fell in love the moment they met (Love at first Sight). They've
been inseparable since then, and they've always been
together. They would listen to music and Rizal would
occasionally draw her or write a poem for her.
- When Rizal first met Segunda, this is what he said – “"May mga
matang kung minsan ay makislap at nangungusap, may ngiting
nakagagayuma... Hindi siya ang pinakamagandang babeng
nakita ko, ngunit hindi ako napasilay kailanman nang higit na
kaakit-akit."
- Rizal stops himself from confessing their feelings for each other
because he knows Segunda was in an arranged marriage with
Manuel Luz Letra. When Segunda was leaving for Batangas, Rizal
rode a horse to chase down Segunda's carriage, shouting
"Seguna," and Segunda smiled and waved her handkerchief to
say goodbye.
➢ Leonor Valenzuela
- The girl next door.
- She was 14, while Rizal was 18-19.
- Jose Rizal was 4’11 while Leonor was 5’3.
- A tall girl from Pagsanjan. Rizal send her love notes written in
invisible ink, that could only be deciphered over the warmth of
the lamp or candle. He visited her on the eve of his departure to
Spain and bid her a last goodbye.
- Her mother and father are both Captains.
- There was a rumor that Rizal was having two timers with Leonor
Rivera, and that Leonor Valenzuela was only a rebound of
Segunda.
- When Rizal traveled to Madrid, he did not said goodbye to her.
- She was also in an arranged marriage.
➢ Leonor Rivera
- His sweetheart for 11 years played the greatest influence in
keeping him from falling in love with other women during his
travel in the name of Leonor Rivera.
- Unfortunately, Leonor’s mother disapproved of her daughter’s
relationship with Rizal, who was then a known Filibustero. She
hid from Leonor all letters sent by Rizal. Leonor believing that
Rizal had already forgotten her, sadly consented her to marry
the Englishman Henry Kipping, her mother’s choice
- She was considered as the Greatest Love of Rizal or His true
Love.
- She was 13 years old while Rizal was 19.
- She was a cousin of Rizal.
- When Rizal went to Madrid, he did not send any letter to Leonor.
Only when he arrived in Madrid when he sent a letter to her.
- Leonor died due of child birth.
➢ Consuelo Ortiga y Rey
- She was considered as The Unfortunate Fate of Love
- A French girl who lives in Madrid. A daughter of Don Pablo
Ortiga.
- They would talk every night and Rizal would always praise her.
He dedicated to her A la Senorita C.O. y R., which became one
of his best poems, a romantic poem, which was demanded by
Consuelo.
- He suddenly backed out before the relationship turned into a
serious romance, because he wanted to remain loyal to Leonor
Rivera and he did not want to destroy his friendship with
Eduardo de Lete who was madly in love with Consuelo.
- She died due to tuberculosis, she died as single
➢ O Sei San
- A Japanese samurai’s daughter taught Rizal the Japanese art
of painting known as su-mie. She also helped Rizal improve his
knowledge of Japanese language.
- If Rizal was a man without a patriotic mission, he would have
married this lovely and intelligent woman and lived a stable and
happy life with her in Japan because Spanish legation there
offered him a lucrative job.
- But yet again, this love was a form of puppy love and no
commitments were made by Rizal.
- When Rizal was walking in the garden, he saw O Sei San and he
immediately fell in love at her. The gardener gave the name to
Rizal.
- Rizal introduced himself to her at the library. And she became
like a tour guide to Rizal.
- O Sei San got married to a teacher in chemistry.
➢ Gertrude Beckett
- The One-Sided Love
- Beckett family was an owner of a state or land where Rizal lived.
A blue-eyed and buxom girl was the oldest of the three Beckett
daughters. She fell in love with Rizal. But Rizal suddenly left
London for Paris to avoid Gertrude, who was seriously in love with
him.
Before leaving London, he was able to finish the group carving
of the Beckett sisters.
- Tottie helped him in his painting and sculpture.
➢ Nellie Boustead
- The One He Almost Got Married
- When the two got in a relationship, everyone was very
supportive of them, including Antonio Luna, who at the time,
also had feelings for her. Although it was an ideal relationship to
many, Nellie's mother didn't think Rizal could be a good provider
to her daughter. Also, Nellie wanted Rizal converted to
Protestantism.
- Antonio Luna courted Nellie but she was deeply infatuated with
Rizal. In a party held by Filipinos in Madrid, a drunken Antonio
Luna uttered unsavory remarks against Nellie Boustead. This
 prompted Rizal to challenge Luna into a duel. Antonio Luna was
defeated by Rizal and then apologized to Rizal.
- Their love affair unfortunately did not end in marriage. It failed
because Rizal refused to be converted to the Protestant faith
- The lovers, however, parted as good friends when Rizal left
Europe.
➢ Josephine Bracken
- The Legal Wife
- Josephine Bracken, who Rizal fondly called as his "dulce
extranjera," was the daughter of James Bracken and Elizabeth
MacBride.
- The father of Josephine did not liked Rizal because of his race
which is Asian.
- During Rizal's exile in Dapitan, he met this elegant Irish woman
whom he described as "slender with blue eyes, dressed in
elegant simplicity with an atmosphere of light gaiety."
- In the last days of February 1895, while still in Dapitan, Rizal met
an 18-year-old petite Irish girl, with bold blue eyes, brown hair
and a happy disposition. She was Josephine Bracken, the
adopted daughter of George Taufer from Hong Kong, who
came to Dapitan to seek Rizal for eye treatment. Rizal was
physically attracted to her. His loneliness and boredom must
have taken the measure of him and what could be a better
diversion that to fall in love again. But the Rizal sisters suspected
Josephine as an agent of the friars and they considered her as
a threat to Rizal's security.
- They were Married at the house of Rizal.
- Josephine later had a miscarriage, a result of some incidence,
which might have shocked or frightened her by Rizal. Because
Rizal loved to surprise Her.
Rizal sends her love notes written in invisible ink, that could only be
deciphered over the warmth of the lamp or candle. -B LEONOR
VALENZUELA
She was the puppy loves of our National Hero; unfortunately, his first
love was engaged to be married to a town mate Manuel Luz - A.
SEGUNDA KATIGBAK
His next sweetheart for 11 years played the greatest influence in
keeping him from falling in love with other women during his travel in
the name_______. - D. LEONOR RIVERA
He suddenly backed out before the relationship turned into a serious
romance, because he wanted to remain loyal to Leonor Rivera and
he did not want to destroy his friendship with Eduardo de Lete who
was madly in love with her. - C. C. ORTIGA Y. REY
UNIT 2: PART 2 SOMETHING FISHY IN RIZAL’S POEM
“Ang hindi magmahal sa sariling wika ay higit sa hayop at
malansang isda, kaya ating pagyamaning kusa, gaya ng inang sa
atin ay nagpala.” [Whoever does not love his own language is lower
than a beast and a foul-smelling fish. Therefore, we must treasure it
gladly, like our mothers who blessed us.] The tone is rather harsh but
the advice given – to treasure our language – is commendable.
However, Jose Rizal never said those lines, nor did he write the poem
from which they were paraphrased. By now it is no secret that the
poem Sa Aking Mga Kabata [To My Fellow Youth] does not belong
to Jose Rizal. Many scholars doubted the authenticity of the poem
for decades but it was only recently that matters seemed to
converge with at least three near simultaneous exposés.
The evidence? - How do we know that Rizal did not write the poem
that gave us the famous “stinky fish”? quote? There are many clues
in the poem itself. For example, the language is too precocious even
for an eight-year-old prodigy like Jose Rizal. There are also details
that betray a 20th century authorship while the poem was
purportedly written in 1869.
However, the real clincher is the use of the word kalayaan [freedom],
which appears twice in the poem. Kalayaan was not a common
word in 1869 and there is irrefutable evidence that Jose Rizal himself
did not learn the word until he was 25 years old. We know this
because of a letter he wrote to his brother Paciano in 1886. Jose had
written a Tagalog translation of Friedrich Schiller’s German play
Wilhelm Tell and he wanted Paciano to review it. He explained that
he found it difficult to translate some of the concepts in the play: “My
Dear Brother, There I’m sending you at last the translation of Wilhelm
Tell by Schiller… I lacked many words, for example, for the word
Freiheit or liberty. The Tagalog word kaligtasan cannot be used,
because this means that formerly he was in prison, slavery, etc. I
found in the translation of Amor Patrio the noun malayà, kalayahan
that Marcelo del Pilar uses. In the only Tagalog book I have – Florante
– I don’t find an equivalent noun.” Evidently, Rizal had not
encountered the word kalayaan until he saw it in Marcelo H. del
Pilar’s Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa [Love for the Native Land], which
was his Tagalog translation of Rizal’s own Spanish essay, Amor Patrio.
Naturally, if Rizal didn’t know the word kalayaan when he was 25
years old, he could not have written a poem in which the word
appears twice when he was only eight years old.
Issues in Philippine History
Social Problems in the Philippines
• Population Control – SOCIAL PROBLEM
- The growth of the population started during the Marcos regime.
This is because a Bishop served on Popcom.
- Commission on Population (Popcom) was the government
agency with primary responsibility for controlling population
growth.
- Popcom announced a goal of lowering the growth rate to 1% by
2000 in 1985. In the 1990s, Popcom recommended that families
have a maximum of two children, space childbirth at three-year
intervals, and wait marriage until women are twenty-three and
men are twenty-five years old.
- Attacks on the government population program were defeated,
and efforts to popularize family planning, along with the provision
of contraceptive materials, continued. In the early 1990s,
however, the program generally lacked the firm government
support needed to make it effective.
• Religious Life – SOCIAL PROBLEM
- The religious composition of the Philippines remained
predominantly Catholic in the late 2010s.
- It is central not as an abstract belief system, but rather as a host
of experiences, rituals, ceremonies, and adjurations that provide
continuity in life, cohesion in the community, and moral purpose
for existence. Religious associations are part of the system of
kinship ties, patron-client bonds, and other linkages outside the
nuclear family.
- The belief system is that your religion must be Catholic because
you were born Catholic, and it will stay as it is until death.
Cultural Problems in the Philippines
• Amor Propio
- To an outsider or an expatriate, amor-propio seems like a simple
characteristic, and understood exactly as its literal translation:
self-love.
- But this high sense of dignity and pure arrogance strengthens all
other traditional characteristics of Filipinos that may seem
contradicting to a westerner who grew up with a strong sense of
individuality and frankness.
• Hiya or Social Propriety
- An example of this is the hiya or shame, if translated literally.
- This instigates the need for Filipinos to conform to society’s
standards of what’s normal and what isn’t. You wouldn’t want to
do anything that will cause your bloodline shame.
- We follow common standard in the society in order to not feel
shame not just ourselves but also to your family.
• Utang na Loob or Debt of Gratitude
- Although utang na loob is not exclusively a Filipino belief, it’s
highly respected and followed by the citizens.
- This concept of reciprocity isn’t as simple as the regular debt, as
utang na loob is highly subjective being based heavily on one’s
manners or etiquette and quantified solely by emotions and
sometimes hiya, or social propriety.
- There is also a widely followed idea in the country where the child
owes her parents for supporting him and giving them their needs
from their birth up to adulthood. This social and emotional
indebtedness encourage the children to give back once they
get their diploma. When he gets a job, he is expected to help
support the family as a way of giving back to his parents after
raising him up to adulthood.
• High Context Communicators
- Filipinos are also more of high context communicators rather than
low-context.
- Confrontation will be avoided as much as possible, as this might
express negative intentions. Most Filipinos will be very shy to say
“No” to you and would rather say something considerate and
hope that the other person gets it that he meant “No.”
• Filipino Time
- One thing to also take note of is the Filipino’s concept of time.
Filipinos are polychromic as opposed to monochromic like most
western countries. Schedules must remain loose.
- Always arrives late.
• Colonial Mentality
- People who possess colonial mentality have a perception of
ethnic or cultural inferiority that is a specific consequence of
colonization. For Filipinos, this involves an automatic and
uncritical rejection of anything Filipino and an automatic and
uncritical preference for anything (South Korean, American,
Japanese or Spanish) or just basically white.
- Most Filipinos would prefer branded instead of using Filipino
made.
Economic Problems in the Philippines
• Poverty
- Restricting condition experienced by millions of families that
parents them in attaining the minimum level of consumption for
subsistence living.
- Filipinos are known for poverty and crime.
- Limited schooling is one of the main causes of poverty
There are two categories of poverty:
1. Absolute poverty
- It is the lack of income to buy the basic food and necessities for
subsistence living.
- Salary is not enough. Kulang kwarta
2. Poverty Threshold
- Income needed to purchase minimum nutritional
requirements and other basic necessities.
- The lowest part of the Social stratification. Waray kwarta
• Unemployment
- Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health of the
economy.
- Typical Juan Dela Crus who is actively searching for employment
is unable to find work.
- The Four Types of Unemployment
1. Frictional unemployment - Frictionally unemployed people
are in between jobs or are students who just completed
school and are looking for a job. This form of unemployment
is usually short-lived in nature. Short term due to less
opportunity.
2. Structural unemployment. - The structurally unemployed are
people who are laid off and looking for work because
technology advances or other structural changes in
production (for example, companies moving abroad) took
away their jobs. The horse-and-buggy drivers of the early
1900s lost their jobs after the automobile became popular
and affordable. The technology is replacing you
3. Cyclical unemployment. - Cyclically unemployed people are
laid off due to a decline in the demand for their product; they
are also looking for a job. During recessions, the demand for
cars and houses and other durable products decreases.
Workers in these industries lose their jobs until demand
increases again. This form of unemployment is usually
temporary in nature.
4. Seasonal unemployment. - Seasonally unemployed people
are out of work and looking for a job during the off- season.
Examples include ice cream vendors during the winter, school
teachers during the summer (they are considered
unemployed only if they are looking for a job during this time),
and ski-lift operators during the summer.
• Slow Adoption of Modern Technology
- The stagnation of the Philippine manufacturing sector has been
attributed to a certain extent to the limited investment in capital
equipment.
Political Problems in the Philippines
• Corruption
- Filipinos in nature are imbedded in eons of time in dishonest or
illegal behavior especially by powerful people (such as
government officials or police officers) through means that are
illegitimate, immoral, or incompatible with ethical standards.
- Specific types of Corruption
➢ Tax Evasion - Politicians and Government officials do not
honestly declare their annual incomes to avoid paying for
their corresponding taxes in the government.
 Example: Senator Emmanuel D. Pacquiao P3 Billion Tax Despite attending the Family Plan Program, both Lana and Bong
Evasion Case. ignored and argued arrogantly that they must have 6 more children
➢ Ghost Projects - Unethical act done usually by high officials of reasoning out that having more children would eventually lift them
the government whereby non- existing projects are financed out of poverty.
by the government while non-existing personnel are being - Social, population control
paid salaries and allowances. Example: Janet L. Napoles over
pork barrel scam.
• Padrino System
- In Filipino culture and politics, is the value system where one gains
favor, promotion, or political appointment through family
affiliation (nepotism) or friendship (cronyism), as opposed to one's
merit. The Padrino System in the Philippines has been the source
of many controversies and corruption.
• Political Dynasty
- Generally, refer to traditional political families or the practices by
these political families of monopolizing political power and public
offices from generation to generation and treating the public
elective office almost as their personal property.
• Education
- Filipinos have a deep regard for education, which they view as a
primary avenue for upward social and economic mobility. From
the onset of United States colonial rule, with its heavy emphasis
on mass public education, Filipinos internalized the American
ideal of a democratic society in which individuals could get
ahead through attainment of a good education. Middle-class
parents make tremendous sacrifices in order to provide
secondary and higher education for their children.

Senator Panfilo Lacson wants the Senate to have a formal

investigation about the recent massive corruption scandal that
involved the National Health Insurance Company PHILHEALTH over
the loss of the P15 Billion Pesos health fund.
– Political, CORRUPTION, Ghost Project.

James, a cum-laude tagged alongside Henry, a College Graduate

both applied for the position of a Filipino Junior High School Teacher
in Palo Leyte. Surprisingly, Henry saw his Uncle and asked for the
requirements to be passed to him. One week later, Henry got a call
that he was the one who got hired in the School but not James.
- Political, Padrino