Module 1: What is History?
cultures with which we might
Lesson 1: History
 it is a continuous process of
interaction between the
historian and his facts, an
unending dialogue between
the present and the past.
 The historian without his facts
is rootless and futile; the facts
without their historian are dead
and meaningless.
 Record of the past of mankind
a. Thematic
b. Chronology
 Historical Records
a. Documents
b. Artifacts
c. Digital
 Aims:
a. Descriptive
b. Interpretative
Understanding History
The Importance of History
 Allows us to master and
understand our past, which in
turn allows to understand our
present.
 Provide us with insight into our
cultures of origin as well as
be less familiar, thereby
increasing cross-cultural
awareness and understanding.
 Helps us to appreciate the
essential nature of the
differences between his own
society and outlook and those
of other periods and other
countries
 Let us to evaluate what
was significant about selected
events, people, and
developments in the past.
 Helps us understand why we
live the way we are living and
why we are where we are as a
species and country.
 Allows us to learn from the
mistakes of our
ancestors so we do not do the
same things they did and work
to become a better place.
1. Before you study the history
study the historian.
2. Before you study the historian,
study his historical and social
environment. The historian,
being an individual, is also a
 product of history and of
society; and it is in this twofold
light that the student of history
must learn to regard him
3. According to Creighton
- 'an arbiter of controversy, a
guide of the wanderer, the
upholder of that moral
standard which the powers of
earth and of religion itself tend
constantly to depress'
Understanding the Depth of
Historical Study
 The historian is not a judge, still
less a hanging judge.
 History is a process of struggle,
in which results, whether we
judge them good or bad, are
achieved by some groups
directly or indirectly - and more
often directly than indirectly -
at the expense of others. The
losers pay. Suffering is
indigenous in history. Every
great period of history has its
casualties as well as its
victories.
Lesson 2: Primary and Secondary
Sources
Primary Source
 Immediate, first-hand accounts
of a topic, from people who
had a direct connection with it.
 Original records created at the
time historical events occurred,
or well after events
occurred. Primary sources may
include:
 Letters, manuscripts, diaries,
journals, oral histories,
newspapers, speeches,
interviews, memoirs,
government documents,
photographs, audio recordings,
video recordings, and artifacts
 These sources serve as the raw
material to interpret the
past. When they are used
along with previous
interpretations by historians,
they provide the resources
necessary for historical
research.
Secondary Source
 Build from primary sources
with more extensive and in-
depth analyses.
 They summarize, evaluate, and
analytically interpret primary
 material, often by offering a
personal perspective.
 Published works with list of
sources of information which
can be used to locate
additional information for
research or unexplored topics.
 Use to see what others have
discussed. They can be a good
place to gather background
information on a particular
topic.
 General examples: Textbooks,
monographs (books),
encyclopedias, analysis, review
articles, dissertations, thesis.
Tertiary Sources
 They are distillations and
collections of primary and
secondary sources. The
information is compiled and
digested into factual
representation, so that it does
not obviously reflect points of
view, critiques or persuasions.
 Tertiary sources are typically
the last to be published in the
information cycle. Because it
has been filtered through by
many reviewers, it tends to
consist of highly reliable and
accurate information, plus
contain broad perspectives of
topics.
 Use for a general overview of
topic and for background
information for research.
 General examples:
Encyclopedias, directories,
dictionaries, handbooks,
guides, classification,
chronology, and other fact
books.
When is a Primary Source a
Secondary Source?
 Whether something is a
primary or secondary source
often depends upon the topic
and its use.
 Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians
was written contemporaneous
to Simon Peter’s actual
existence thus primary source
 The author of 2 Peter refers to
Noah, 2 Peter was written circa
60AD , whereas Noah lived –
assuming he lived at all – circa
2304 thus secondary.
Lesson 3: Historical Context and
Content
Significance of Historical Context in  Scholars and educators rely on
Analysis and Interpretation historical context to analyze
and interpret works of art,
 The background information
literature, music, dance, and
surrounding a subject
poetry.
 Refers to the social, religious,
1. Architects and builders rely on
economic, and political
it when designing new
conditions that existed during a
structures and restoring
certain time and place.
existing buildings.
 Details that surround an
2. Judges may use it to interpret
occurrence, it's all the details
the law
of the time and place in which
a situation occurs, and those 3. Historians use to understand
details are what enable us to the past.
interpret and analyze works or
 Any time critical analysis is
events of the past, or even the
required, you may need to
future, rather than merely
consider historical context as
judge them by contemporary
well.
standards.
 Thus, context allows the
 ”Context" is the environment
student to have a fuller grasp
in which action and outcome
of the situation by knowing the
occurs.
political, cultural, and social
 In analyzing historical events, condition at the time the
context can help us understand primary source was written
what motivates people to and eliminate the struggle to
behave as they did. see the connection of the past
to present.
 Without the historical context,
we are only seeing a piece of
the scene and not fully
WHAT? Historical context can be
understanding the influence of
defined as the political,
the time and place in which a social, cultural, and
situation occurred. economic environment
related to historical
 moments, events, and
trends. Historical artifacts
and sources were created
within particular worlds and
are tied to the political,
social, and economic
conditions of those worlds.
WHEN? Use Historical Context every
time students study an
event from the past or
present
and/ or working with
primary documents.

WHY? Often students have

difficulty differentiating how
modern thinking does not
always apply to the
traditions, politics,
economics, understandings,
and technology of the past.
Therefore, it is important to
help students place them in
the “shoes” of those who
came before us.

HOW? 1. Help students

differentiate between
the causes of an event
and the context of an
event.
2. Help students get
“the whole picture”
that surrounds an
event from the past.
3. Guide students in
interpreting
documents such as
speeches and political
cartoons by using
historical context.
Historical Context of A. Pigafetta’s Travel
Around the World
Where When Who What Why
Samar, 1521 • Antonio • Voyage of • Commissioned
Leyte, Lombardo or circumnavigation by King Charles
Cebu, Francisco • To reach Spice V of Spain as
Mactan Antonio Island via supernumerary
Pigafetta westward route to Magellan’s
• From Republic to Asia expedition
of Venice • Prove the • Huge
• Studied sphericity of competition
geography, world between Spain
astronomy,and and Portugal
cartography on trade
• Fernan routes
Magalhaes or
Fernando
Magallanes –
Portuguese
explorer and
the first to
circumnavigate
the world

How people viewed this topic in How people view this topic today?
the past?

• As a guide for successful • Valuable source of extensive

return to the most sought
Spice Island
• Gave fame, glory, and
wealth for Spain
• Encouraged and inspired
future expeditions of Spain
data on geography, fauna, flora
and natives of the Philippines
in understanding Filipino root
and history
• Fount of pride to Filipinos for
the recorded richness of pre-
colonial Philippine society and
culture.
• Deepen understanding of
Philippines connection to
Southeast Asian neighbors
España y Filipinas

 Liberty Leading the People 1830

by Eugene Delacroix
 The Desperate Man by Gustave
Courbet 1883-1845

 Two Sisters 1818 by Pierre-August

Renoir

 Woman with Parasol by Claude

Monet
Romanticism  The artists abandoned the traditional
landscape palette of muted greens,
 Refers to artistic, literary, musical and
browns, and grays and instead painted
intellectual movement that originated
in a lighter, sunnier, more brilliant key.
in Europe in the 18th and 19th
centuries in revolt against the
Neoclassicism of the previous centuries.
España y Filipinas
 Romantic thinkers influence liberalism,
radicalism, conservatism, and
nationalism.

 The movement emphasized intense

emotion as an authentic source of
artistic experience such as
apprehension, horror, terror and awe

 Imagination, emotion, and freedom are

certainly the focal points of
romanticism.

Romanticism and Impressionism of the 19th

century

 Romanticism is the belief in the natural

goodness of man, the idea that man in
a state of nature would behave well but
is hindered by civilization

 The Romantic often expressed the

aspiration after the sublime and the
wonderful. Committed to change, he
longs to believe that man is perfectible,
that moral as well as mechanical
progress is possible.

 Impressionism adopted change in

methodology: applying paint in small
touches of pure color rather than
broader strokes, and painting out of
doors to catch a particular fleeting
impression of color and light. Their
pictures are very bright and vibrant
attempting to accurately and
objectively record visual reality.
Spoliarium inches, it is also
bigger than the
one sold at the
Sotheby’s
auction at
US$3.5M, which
measures 90
x31 1/4 inches
and shows two
women
in Greco-Roman
outfits.
“España guiando a
Filipinas al camino de
Where Paris progreso (Spain Leading
When Circa 1888 to 1893 the Philippines on the
(undated) Road to Progress)
Why • Paints a fair of
Who Juan Novicio Luna, emotions that
Filipino painter, fills the
illustrado and beholder with
revolutionary activists drama and
tragedy of his
What • 3 versions theme
of España y • Luna was
Filipinas. graver, more
• According to profound in his
Ambeth emotions than
Ocampo,“one is Hidalgo.
in the Lopez • Inspired not
Museum in Impressionists
Ortigas, the contemporaries,
other is in the but by the
Ayuntamiento Romantic
in Cadiz, and Delacroix,
the third is Rembrandt and
unallocated”. Daumier from
• The woman whom he
representing learned
Spain in a red imparting
dress, while the power and
lady standing mysticism to his
for the works.
Philippines is in • Reform
a campaign,
white baro and propaganda
blue saya. At 97 painting
3/4 x 31 1/3 revealing
 Filipino hope Differing Opinion about the event
and desire
In 2012, an earlier version of “España y
Filipinas,” signed and dated 1884, surfaced
in Spain and was later acquired by the
How people viewed How people view National Gallery Singapore. The second
this topic in the this topic at present? version, documented in a Barcelona
past? magazine in 1886, sparked off additional
background research, revealing that —
• depicts two • To be filled contrary to popular belief — Luna made
women: a up by the copies of his own work, and that there were
fair-skinned student… at least six versions of “España y Filipinas.”
one dressed Only three are extant: the 1884 work
as an presently in the National Gallery Singapore;
allegory of a large canvas, dated 1888, presently in the
Hispania collection of the Prado, on loan to the
guiding Ayuntamiento de Cádiz; and the undated,
another with reduced copy of the 1888 work, presently in
darker skin, the Lopez Memorial Museum that found its
wearing the way to Manila after it was deaccessioned by
Filipina the Museo Balaguer in Spain.
everyday
dress of the
period, up a
staircase
toward the
rising sun
• Impressionist
rendition of
an artwork
sensitive to
the
relationship
of the
Philippines
with Spain
• A subtle
statement of
plea to the
mother
country to
take care of
the
Philippines
towards
progress
Transcript
Types of Sources and Where to Find
Them: Part I: Primary Sources
types of sources and where to find them
part one primary sources historians and
other scholars classify sources as
primary or secondary this distinction is
important because it will affect how you
understand these sources in this first
video of a two-part tutorial we will
discuss primary sources primary sources
are most often produced around the time
of the events you are studying they
reflect what their creator observed or
believed about the event these sources
serve as the raw material that you'll
analyze and synthesize in order to
answer your research question and they
will form key pieces of evidence in your
papers argument secondary sources in
contrast provide an interpretation of
the past based on primary sources
this newspaper article is an example of
a primary source
it describes a visit Nixon made to the
Soviet Union in 1959 it was written the
day after by a journalist who witnessed
the event and it reflects what the
journalist and his editors thought the
readers would care about at the time
another example of a primary source is
this pamphlet which compiles legal
testimony from a witch trial it was
published in 1646 the same year as the
trial at documents but given the nature
of the topic you would probably want to
research the pamphlets author John
Davenport to determine the reliability
of the transcription or what might have
motivated him to publish it you should
be aware that there is nothing inherent
in a source that makes it primary or
secondary instead its category depends
on how you treat it which in turn
depends on your research question for
example black reconstruction in America
written in 1935 by W EBD boys could be
used as a secondary source for research
about 19th century America since the
boys draws on the range of government
reports biographies and existing
historical narratives in order to make a
claim about the past however it could
also be used as a primary source for
research about D Boyce's life or black
intellectual culture during the 1930s
one of the main challenges of dealing
with primary sources is locating them
many historical documents have never
been published and they may only be
available in archives for example here
is a page from the expense book of a
student enrolled in the university of
illinois in 1930 it is a unique document
located in the student life and culture
archive here on campus and it is only
accessible to those who can come to the
archive in person this on the other hand
is a published primary source a diary
written in 1912 and first published
several decades later our
coppy is in the main stacks some of
these materials like letters were not
published at the time of creation but
have been subsequently published in a
book or digitized and made available
online for some topics historical
documents might be difficult to find
because they have been lost or were
never created in the first place
in other cases the primary sources might
exist but not in English therefore when
you begin to formulate a topic you'll
want to think about what kinds of
evidence will be available to you when
thinking about how to find or make sense
of primary sources you should ask
yourself three questions when and where
was it created who created it
for what purpose or what audience was it
produced depending on the topic and the
time period that you are studying you'll
have to look for different kinds of
primary sources for example if you're
interested in the issue of birth control
in 20th century America you can expect
to find many primary sources including
court cases legislative documents
newspaper articles and letters if you
are interested in a topic from a more
distant historical time period such as
the status of Jews during the
Renaissance you may have to look harder
but you can still find documents such as
histories
laws novels and pamphlets if you're
interested in first-person accounts
you'll want to take a look at sources
like letters diaries autobiographies
oral histories
arey works
writings you'll have to determine if the
source is a reliable account or created
with the intention of imposing a
particular understanding of an event or
situation were they created at the time
of events they recount or were they
written many years later some sources
might make this point of view obvious
whereas others might pretend to be
authoritative in other cases you want to
think about what kinds of organizations
might have created records related to
your topic you might be able to find
statistics government reports
legislative documents court records
transactions of an association annual
reports and financial records or reports
of non-governmental organizations you
want to determine the circumstances of
the documents creation was it an
internal document created to gather
information or was it intended to
persuade others inside or outside the
group to take a certain course of action
visual material can also provide a
powerful window onto the time period you
are studying for instance maps not only
reveal contemporary political boundaries
but also how people thought of them
other visual sources include photographs
posters advertisements cartoons Travel
narratives and motion pictures
keep in mind that primary sources can
have multiple meanings for example this
1854 map provides evidence about the
1854 London cholera outbreak but it also
reflects a new understanding of how
disease spreads and a concern with
illness as a social problem you can find
published primary sources by using the
online catalogue or by searching in a
digital collection of historical
documents such as the Garretson
collection of women's history
chronicling america and empire m1 the
history library maintains a list of
these collections on its website
remember though that these databases
will not explicitly categorize the items
they list as primary and secondary and
may even contain documents that you
might want to use as a secondary source
so you'll have to use your own judgment
for example you might be interested in
this dictionary of women's employment
for the information it contains about
wages or for the attitudes that it
conveys about what kinds of jobs are
appropriate for women you can also find
primary sources by consulting published
bibliographies and by looking at the
secondary literature on your topic to
see what sources other scholars have
used in their research criticisms and commentaries it's a good
this video has been brought to you by idea to use secondary sources and
the history philosophy and nice paper research papers because you can learn
library at the University of Illinois about new perspectives that you may not
you have even considered and they can also
strengthen your own argument in the
assignment for example if you're writing
Understanding Primary & Secondary Sources
a history paper about how the diversity
the content of your research project
of the city shifted during a certain
will be made up of primary and secondary
time period you could use data from the
sources primary and secondary sources
US Census Bureau to compare populations
come in many different formats and there
across the decades this type of
are benefits for referencing both types
information would be considered a
in your assignment it can be difficult
primary source as its data that's simply
to figure out if a source is considered
been collected and compiled there is no
primary or secondary but don't worry
analysis that's what you'll be doing in
because we'll explain the differences
the paper for the same topic you could
here so that you can decide which are
also use an article from a newspaper
best to use in your assignment
that reviews the data and draws
primary sources are first-hand accounts
conclusions or analysis from it such as
of an event topic or historical time
other ways in which the population might
period anything that contains original
change or grow over time
information on a topic is considered a
some sources like scholarly journals and
primary source examples of primary
newspapers can serve as both a primary
sources include things like letters or
and a secondary source depending on
personal Diaries or journals original
which article you're reading articles
photographs speeches newspaper reports
that include things like eyewitness
creative works like paintings plays and
accounts or interviews and are published
music and research data or surveys it's
close to the time of the event you're
a good idea to use primary sources and
researching would be a primary source
research papers because it allows you to
articles that are published after the
form your own argument to defend your
fact and include analysis or critiques
thesis since the information you're
are secondary sources
using is unfiltered by another person's
primary and secondary sources can both
point of view you're able to critique an
strengthen and improve your research
original work using your own ideas
immensely by providing you with
secondary sources interpret critique or
information to create an argument and
analyze primary sources it is
defend your thesis statement now that
information that is created or published
you know how to differentiate between
from primary sources examples of
them try using them in your own
secondary sources include things like
assignment
textbooks essays or reviews
encyclopedias newspaper articles that
analyze or discuss events and ideas and
What is HISTORICAL CRITICISM? What does studies was free from the influence of
HISTORICAL CRITICISM mean? HISTORICAL traditional interpretation where
CRITICISM meaning historical investigation was unavailable
historical criticism rested on
historical criticism also known as the philosophical and theological
historical critical method or higher interpretation with each passing century
criticism is a branch of literary historical criticism became
criticism that investigates the origins find into various methodologies used
of ancient texts in order to understand today source criticism form criticism
the world behind the text the primary redaction criticism tradition criticism
goal of historical criticism is to canonical criticism and related
discover the texts primitive or original methodologies
meaning in its original historical English (auto-generated)
context and its literal sense or senses AllHistoryListenableRelated
literal as historic as the secondary
goal seeks to establish a reconstruction
of the historical situation of the
author and recipients of the text this
may be accomplished by reconstructing
the true nature of the events which the
text describes an ancient text may also
serve as a document record or a source
for reconstructing the ancient past
which may also serve as a chief interest
to the historical critic in regard to
Semitic biblical interpretation the
historical critic would be able to
interpret the literature of Israel as
well as the history of Israel in 18th
century biblical criticism the term
higher criticism was commonly used in
mainstream scholarship in contrast with
lower criticism in the 21st century
historical criticism is the more
commonly used term for higher criticism
while textual criticism is more common
than the loose expression lower
criticism historical criticism began in
the 17th century and gained popular
recognition in the 19th and 20th
centuries the perspective of the early
historical critic was rooted in
Protestant Reformation ideology in as
much as their approach to biblical