DISCIPLINE AND

IDEAS IN SOCIAL
SCIENCE
ANTHROPOLOGY
is the study of humans; the social
science that seeks to understand
human origins and adaptation,
and the diversity of cultures and
worldviews.
 THE TERM
ANTHROPOLOGY
COMES FROM
Anthropos Logos
THE GREEK (human) (study)
WORDS;
Important Personalities in
Anthropology

❑ Edward Burnett
Tylor
 • Tylor (1832–1917) is regarded as the Father of Cultural Anthropology.

➢ He defined anthropology as the

“science of culture,” which was
the first time that culture had
been declared as an object of
study.
 ❑Lewis Henry Morgan
Morgan (1818–1881) was a lawyer
by training and profession, who
became fascinated with the land
disputes between the United
States government and the
American Indian people as the
Iroquois.
What defined Morgan’s career as
an anthropologist was his success
in documenting the kinship system
of the Iroquois.
 ❑ Franz Boas

➢Boas (1858–1942) was one of the

key figures who did not use
science to justify racism.
➢In his evolutionary stance on
societal development, he argued
that culture is not a by-product of
a human group’s physical
characteristics, but of social
learning affected by the various
factors like environment and
history.
 ECONOMICS
➢ is a social science discipline that
deals with the optimum allocation
of scarce resources among its
alternatives to satisfy the
unlimited human wants and
needs of the people.
Its origin could be traced back to
two ancient Greek words:

▪oikos (house)
▪nomos (custom or law)
 Fields of Economics
✓Microeconomics – focuses on
small-scale market interactions
that transpire between individuals
consisting of business firms and
households.
✓Macroeconomics – focuses on
analyzing the determinants of
national income. This approach
allows for the aggregation of
individual responses and behavior
within market systems.
✓Mainstream economics – focuses
on understanding the
interconnections between the
concepts of rationality,
individualism, and equilibrium.
✓ Heterodox economics – It
focuses on the interconnection
of concepts like institutions,
history, and social structure.
✓Economic Theory – an umbrella
term that refers to the explanation
and understanding of the
processes and interactions
related to the production and
consumption of goods within a
market system.
✓Applied Economics – utilizes
economic theories and formulas
to real-world scenarios with the
goal of predicting possible events
that would affect the individuals
within the economic system.
✓Positive Economics – viewed as
the descriptive form of
economics wherein its chief aim is
to describe and explain
economic phenomena and
behavior.
✓Normative Economics – is often
associated with welfare
economics, as it is focused on
providing explanations and
arguments on how economic
policies should be.
 GEOGRAPHY
❑ is the study of the earth’s
surface; a specialized
investigation of the physical
structure of the earth, including its
terrain and its climates, and the
nature and character of its
contrasting inhabited portions.
 THE WORD GEOGRAPHY COMES
FROM THE GREEK WORD;

“geo” (earth, “graphia” (to

land or write, an art,
ground) or a study).
 Important Personalities in
Geography
Anaximander (610–546 BCE) a pre-
Socratic Greek philosopher,
biologist and astronomer. He is
also considered as one of the first,
if not the first, geographer.
Strabo (64–20 BCE) a Greek
geographer who coined the term
Geographia, which was also the
title of his 17-volume series on
geographical studies.
Eratosthenes (276–194 BCE) using
geometry, he became the first to
have calculated accurately the
circumference of Earth.
Ptolemy (100–178 CE) compiled and
summarized in Geographike
Hyphegesis (Guide to Geography) all
known information of geography of his
time. One of his most important
contribution to geography was the
formulation of map coordinates by
utilizing and developing the concepts
of latitude and longitude.
Edrisi an Arab geographer and
descendant of Prophet
Mohammed, who collected all
known geographical information
of his time.
Ibn Battuta (1304-1368 CE) was a
Moroccan explorer who
published his 30-year journey in his
book Rihla (Journey). He travelled
farther and longer than Marco
Polo by visiting all the places in
the known Muslim world, as well
as non-Muslim lands.
THE TERM ANTHROPOLOGY COMES
FROM THE GREEK WORDS;
11.__________,(12.__________)
13.__________,(14.__________)
THE TERM ECONOMICS COMES
FROM THE GREEK WORDS;
15.__________(16.__________)
17.__________(18.__________)
THE TERM GEOGRAPHY COMES
FROM THE GREEK WORDS;
19.__________(20.__________)
21.__________(22.__________)
Enumerate the FIELDS OF
ECONOMICS (23-30.)
 Fields of Geography

❑Physical geography is a discipline

which studies the changes in the
natural patterns and processes of
Earth’s surface over time.
❑Integrated geography is a
discipline which studies how
human activities impact the
environment through the analysis
of the shifts in landforms and
cycles of natural resources.
❑Human geography is a discipline
which studies the relationship of
people, communities and
cultures across space and place.
❑Geomatics is a discipline which
focuses on the scientific management
of geographic data. It involves the
methodology by which data are
gathered, processed, stored, and
delivered to users using the aid of the
latest computer software and
hardware.
❑Regional Geography is a
discipline which focuses on a
particular region on the surface of
the earth.
 History
❑is the study of the past; it
describes /narrates and analyses
human activities in the past and
the changes that they had
undergone.
The word history came from the
Greek word;

historia which
means “finding
out,” “inquiry,”
and “narrative.”
 Important Personalities in History
❑Herodotus (484–425 BCE), a
Greek historian, known to be the
Father of History. He compiled
and systematically, arranged his
collection of works in the Histories
(440 BCE).
❑Thucydides (460–400 BCE), a
Greek Philosopher, historian and
general. He is known as the Father
of Scientific History as his History of
the Peloponnesian War (431 BCE)
recounted events, based on
evidence and analysis.
❑Ban Gu (32–92 CE) was a Chinese
historian and poet. He became
famous in compiling the Book of
Han, which contained the history
of the Han Dynasty. It is regarded
as the first work to have covered a
single dynasty in detail.
❑Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886)
a German historian and founder
of the modern study of History. He
was the first to have provided a
historical seminar where he
elaborated on the methods and
techniques in studying history.
❑Arnold J. Tonybee (1889–1975) was a
British Historian and Philosopher known
for his monumental 12-volume work
titled A study of History. In this book,
Tonybee narrated the histories of 26
civilizations, describing how they
overcame challenges with the
guidance and leadership of an elite
group of leaders.
 Fields of History
❑Cultural history focuses on the
study of belief systems, customs,
social forms, political systems,
material traits, and economic
activities of a group or community
usually for the purpose of cross
comparison with others.
❑Social history is concerned with
the study of particular kinds of
phenomena such as family and
marriage, adolescence, and work
and leisure through the use of
sociological theories and
approaches.
❑Intellectual history looks into the
history of ideas and theories.
Historiography is one of its primary
subfields wherein the
development of schools and
approaches are documented.
 Linguistics
❑is the study of language and its
structure. Linguistics is interdisciplinary
in nature, intersecting with the
Humanities and Social Sciences as it
inquires on the basic element that
allows societies to communicate
ideas across space and time.
The term linguistics was
derived from the Latin word;

“lingua”,
which refers
to language.
Linguistics, as a discipline, deals
with three principal components:

✓Sound
✓Structure,
✓and meaning.
Sound is divided into two;

✓Phonetics
✓and Phonology
 Phonetics
studies human speech sounds

Phonology
studies the principles governing
sound systems of languages.