REVIEWER IN DISCIPLINE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (DLP L01)

Social Science as a Field of Inquiry

 Social Science – engaged in the study of phenomena relating to human groups and their sociophysical
environment.
Revolutions, Social Change and the Rise of Modern Social Science
 The French Revolution ( 1789-1799)- known as one of the bloodiest in modern history, caused by the
economic, social and political problems that plagued France
 Industrial Revolution (1760-1840)- a nonviolent source of social change. It is a shift from human labor
dependence to machine dependence as the technological advancement in this period.

Positivism and Post-Positivism Approaches in Social Science

 Positivist Approach- launched the EMPIRICAL Method which requires that a phenomenon be
understood by conducting processes that include hypothesis building and testing through observation or
experiment
 Post Positivism or Postmodernism- any social phenomenon isunderstood using a combination of
logical reasoning and empirical observation
Research Methods in Social Science
 Inductive Research- aims to understand theoretical concept from available data
 Deductive Research- aims to test theories using new observed data
 Survey- process of gathering the responses of a certain number of participants on a topic
 Key Informant Interview- process of asking individuals a set of questions face to face
 Participant Observation- approach enables the researcher to understand a social phenomenon by
immersing in the environment and circumstances of the people in the study.
The Discipline of Anthropology
 The term ANTHROPOLGY comes from the Greek words ANTHROPOS (human) and LOGOS
(study)- a discipline which includes everything about humans from their biological and evolutionary
past, to ways of life and traditions that they uphold.
Important Personalities in Anthropology
 Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917)- regarded as the father of cultural anthropology. He defined
anthropology as the “science of culture” which was the first time that culture had been declared as an
object of study
 Lewis Henry Morgan (1818-188)- a lawyer by training and profession, became success as an
anthropologist in documenting the kinship system of the Iroquois ( American Indian People)
 Franz Boas (1858-1942)- he argued that culture is not a by-product of human groups physical
characteristics, but of social learning affected by various factors like environment and history

Fields of Anthropology
 Biological/Physical Anthropology- field that is engaged in understanding humans and their nature as
an animal species.
 Archaeology- remains to be a branch of anthropology. Fossils- biological remains of plants, animals and
human species, Artifacts- man made material remains that human group left such as clothing and tools.
 Linguistic Anthropology- examines the relationship of the language and culture of a group of people
 Cultural Anthropology- studies the lifeways and traditions of the human groups which may include
their belief system, economic activities and even political system
The Discipline of Economics
 Economics- conceived as the study of the allocation of resources within the household level
 Comes from two ancient Greek words OIKOS (house) and NOMOS (custom or law), referring to the
rules implemented in the household to ensure its efficient management
The Fields of Economics
 Microeconomics- focuses on small scale market interactions that transpire between individual
consisting business firms and households
 Macroeconomics- focuses on analysing the determinants of national income
 Mainstream Economics- focused on understanding the interconnection between the concept of
rationality, individualism and equilibrium. This is more popularly known as the rational choice theory
 Heterodox Economics- characterized by the shift from mainstream economics, arguing that there is no
single way of analysing economic phenomena
 Economic Theory- an umbrella term that refers to the explanation and understanding of the processes
and interactions related to the production and consumption of goods within a market system\
 Applied Economics- utilizes economic theories and formulas to real world scenarios with the goal of
predicting possible events and outcomes
 Positive Economics- viewed as the descriptive form of economics wherein its chief aim is to describe
and explain economic phenomena or behavior.
 Normative Economics- often associated with welfare economics, focus on providing expalanation and
arguments on how economic policies should be
Key Concept in Economics
 Market- an arena where consumers and sellers are independently interacting for goods which are priced
equally due to the ongoing competition among sellers.
 Supply and Demand- Supply refers to the entirety of available goods that the market can offer, while
Demand represent the actual quantity of goods or services that the public requires from the market.
 Specialization- refers to a method in production where in the process of producing goods and services is
concentrated to a particular group of individuals or region
 Production- process wherein raw materials are transformed into usable goods or commodities
Research Methods in Economics
1. Behavioral Economics 4. Econometrics
2. Classical Economics 5. Evolutionary Economics
3. Computational Economics 6. Experimental Economics
7. Praxeology
The Discipline of Geography
 The word geography comes from the Greek words GEO (earth,land,ground) and GRAPHIA ( to
write, an art, or a study) – study of describing the Earth
 Cartography- the study of drawing maps, has been around in one form or another in many societies.
Classical Works in Geography
 Carl Ritter (1779-1859)- considered to be on of the founders of modern geography. His contribution to
the study of geography was his use of the comparative method in understanding and classifying the
different formations occurring over the surface of the Earth.
 Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859)- Prussian geographer and explorer. Charles Darwin called him
the “greatest scientific traveller who ever lived”
 William Morris Davis (1850-1934)- an American geographer hailed as the Father of American
Geography
 Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845-1918)- founder of modern French geography
The Fields of Geography
 Physical geography-studies the changes in the natural patterns and processes of Earths surface over
time.
 Human geography- studies the relationship of people, communities and culture across space and place
 Integrated geography- discipline which studies how human activities impact the environment through
the analysis of of the shifts in landform and cycles of the natural resources
 Geomatics- focuses on the scientific management of geographic data.
 Regional geography- discipline which focuses on a particular region on the surface of Earth.
Key Concepts in Geography
 Spatial pattern- refers to the arangement or placement of objrcts on Earths surface
 Spatial interaction- processes involved in understanding the relationship between the movement of
things from one location to another.
 Geographic process- series of interrelated events that affect places, societies, culture and environment
 REVIEWER IN DISCIPLINE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (DLP L02)
Course Description
- This course introduces students to basic concepts, subjects and methods of inquiry in the discipline
that compromise the Social Science.
- It the discusses influential thinkers and ideas in these disciplines, and relate these ideas to the
Philippine setting and current global trends.
The Discipline of History
 History came from the Greek word HISTORIA which means “finding out”, “inquiry”, and “narrative”.
In some interpretation it also means “knowledge acquired by investigation”
Important Personalities in History
 Herodotus- known to be “the father of history”
 Thucydides- Greek philosopher, historian and general. Known as the “Father of Scientific History”
 Ban Gu- Chinese historian and poet, became famous for compiling the Book of Han, which contained
the history of Han Dynasty
 Leopold von Ranke- founder of modern study of history.
 Karl Marx- German philosopher, economist and sociologist. Often referred to as the “Father of
Communism”
 Jacob Burckhardt- Swiss historian known as one of the fathers of cultural history.
 Arnold J. Toynbee- British historian and philosopher known for his monumental
Volume work titled “A Study of History”
The Fields of History
 Cultural history- focuses on the study of beief system, customs, social forms, political
system,economic activities of a group or community usually for the purpose of cross comparison with
others.
 Social history- concerned with the study of particular kinds of phenomena such as family and marriage,
 Intellectual history- Historiography is one of its primary subfields wherein the development of schools
and approaches are documented
Key Concepts in History
1. Significance 3. Cause and Effect
2. Continuity and Change 4. Perspective
The Discipline of Linguistics
 Robert A. Hall defined language as “the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with
each other by means of habitually used oral auditory symbols”
 Linguistics as a discipline deals with 3 principal components :
1. Sounds- divided into Phonetics and Phonology
1.1 Phonetics- studies human speech sound
1.2 Phonology- studies the principle governing sound system of language
2. Structure
2.1 Morphology- studies languages structures from its morphic units or root words
2.2 Syntax- studies sentence structures such as grammar
3. Meaning
3.1 Semantics- studies the logic and meaning of words and phrases
3.2 Pragmatics- studies the use of language and its effects on society
Important Personalities in Linguistics
 Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)- Father of both structural and modern linguistics. Structural
linguistic studies language as a system of contrast and equivalents.
 The Prague School- studied syntax by establishing the relationship between words and discourse
 The London School- more of a tradition of linguistic studies rather than a group.
 Sapir and Worf- pioneered Linguistic Determinism or the idea that language influences the way people
think and shapes the way people perceived the world.
 Noam Chomsky- espoused well-formed sentences as one of the central ideas in generative grammar, a
linguistic theory which states that human being are capable of forming and distinguishing well formed
sentences and rejecting ill-formed sentences.
The Fields of Linguistics
 Historical linguistics- known as diachronic linguistics- studies how a particular language changed over
time.
 Sociolinguistic- examines how language is used in relation to a people sociocultural environment.
 Developmental linguistic- analyses the development of a language acquisition, language retenstion and
language loss and bilingualism.
 Neurolinguistics- studies the physiological mechanism by which the brain processes information in
relation to language.
Key Concepts in Linguistics
 Cohesion- referes to linguistic links such as pronouns and adjectives which provide a recognizable
structure.
 Coherence- the logic within discourse that takes into account our knowledge of the world.
  Critical Discourse Analysis- study of a text within its social context.
 Dialect- an identifiable regional or social variety of language.
 Discourse- any connected piece of speech or writing, which serves as the chain that holds
communication together.
 Etymology- study of the history or origin of a particular word.
 Functionalism- an approach to language structure that primarily focuses on the purpose in which
language is used
 Grammar- refers to the rules of constructing words and sentences within a particular language.
 Grapheme- single character in a recognized writing system such as letters and punctuation marks
 Lexicon- total words available to a speaker or the vocabulary of language.
The Discipline of Political Science
 Political science study of political power relations, behaviour, and activities as well as system of
government from a domestic, international and comparative perspective.
 Politics derived from the greek word POLITIKOS Means “of,for, or relating to citizens” in the
broader sense it is the theory and practices of influencing other people.
Classical Political Thinkers
1. Hammurabi 5. St. Agustine of Hippo
2. Confucius 6. St. Thomas Aquinas
3. Plato 7. Niccolo Machiavelli
4. Aristotle
Political Thinkers in the Age of Enlightenment
 Thomas Hobbes- British philosopher, one of the founding fathers of modern political philosophy.
 John Locke- known as the Father of Classical Liberalism, argued that the rulers function is to protect
the rights of his or her people.
 The French Philosopher Montesquieu- argued for the decentralization od state power in The Spirit of
the Law 1748.
Key Concepts in Political Science
 Power- is the capacity to influence another it maybe a state, nonstate, or an individual actor.
 Politics- the states exercise of power and management of internal issues and international concern
 State- Oxford English Dictionary define states as an “ organized political community under one
government”. Classically it is consists of four elements: territory, sovereignity, government and people.
 REVIEWER IN DISCIPLINE AND SOCIAL SCIENCES (DLP L03)
Course Description
- This course introduces students to basic concepts, subjects and methods of inquiry in the discipline
that compromise the Social Science.
- It the discusses influential thinkers and ideas in these disciplines, and relate these ideas to the
Philippine setting and current global trends
The Discipline of Psychology
 Psychology comes from the Greek word psyche means “soul” the study of the soul.
 The definition of psychology has evolved through time, some psychologist defines it as “study of
behaviour and mental processes”
Important Personalities in Psychology
 Hippocrates- he separated magical or religious thinking in the practice of medicine. He formulated the
theory of humors in explaining behaviour or personality.
 Imam-Razi- Islamic philosopher who theorized that sentimental attachment to material objects could be
a cause of mental illness when the object is lost or the person is separated from it.
 Imam-Ghazali- believed that the self is the essence of man and that the self is the core from which
personalities arises.
 Rene Descartes- theorized about the dualism, the mind is separate from the body and the body functions
similarly to machines.
 Wang Qingren- Chinese physician who offered analysis of psychological activities as an effect of brain
functions.
 Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt- regarded as the Father of Experimental Psychology- a branch of
psychology that concenrs learning, memory and cognition of human and animals through scientific
method.
 William James- known as The Father of American Psychology and Father of Functional Psychology.
 Max Wertheimer- known to be one of the Fathers of Gestalt Psychology- emphasize the way a person
percieves the world.
 Sigmund Freud- known as the Father of Psychoanalysis.
 B.F Skinner- one of the Fathers of Behavioral Psychology, he argued that there is no such thing as free
will and that actions are rather defined by what he called “principle of reinforcement”
Fields of Psychology
 Biological psychology- studies psychology from a biological perspective. It examines how thoughts,
feelings and behaviour affects human beings or animals
 Behavioural Psychology- determines psychological processes through the use of observable data.
 Cognitive psychology- it is a field focused on how information and knowledge is gained, selected,
stored in memory and internally manipulated.
 Social psychology- interprets the behaviour of groups in the presence of others. It inquires on the
changes in behaviour, emotions, thoughts and feelings of individuals in a group or as a group.
 Psychoanalysis- the main idea is the concept of the unconscious.
 Humanistic Psychology- focuses on how a person can better achieve self-actualization through the
development of his or her abilities.
Key Concepts in Psychology
 Personality- defined as the consistent pattern of an individual behaviour, attitude and thoughts.
 Unconscious Mind- is the hidden or underlying structure of consciousness where a persons repressed
emotions, feelings, or traumatic memory is stored.
 Motivation- the reason why person acts. It serves as a guide as to how we could achieve our goals.
 Development- refers to the changes that occur in a person throughout his or her life.
The Discipline of Sociology
 Sociology derived from the French word Sociologie a combination of Greek word Socius means
“companionship” and the suffix Ology-means “the study of”
Important Personalities in Sociology
 Auguste Comte- his theory aimed to make the structural component of the society comprehensible
through systematic empirical observation and classification. Known for his “Law of Three Stage”
 Herbert Spencer- applied biological concepts into the field of sociology with his theory of organic
analogy.
 Lester F. Ward- introduced sociology as an Academic Discipline in American higher education
institutions.
 Emile Durkheim- focused his study on the phenomenon of suicide.
 Max Weber- credited for being one of the founding fathers of modern sociology. Webers inquiries
revolve around his idea of social actions.
 Karl Marx- one of the fathers of Modern Sociology, Marx thought the truth is in the realm matter.
Fields of Sociology
 Human ecology- studies the society in relation with its environment. It considers how the environement
is affected by society and how it is utilized for production and habitation.
 Penology or penal science- studies how punishments is conducted on the offending members of the
society.
 Sociology of work- used to be an inquiry into the effects of the Industrial Revolution on societies.
Key Concepts in Sociology
 Society- defined as a “group of people who share in one form or another distinct commonality”
 Institutions- a complex and organize entity which aims to protect and enable the continuing function of
values adopted by society.
 Norms- refer to the values and behaviour which are considered acceptable in the society.
 Deviance- the straying away from or going out of what is the norm
Research Method in Sociology
 Case Study- method which focuses on a particukar social phenomenon and its effect on a specific group
of people or individual.
 Survey- a collection of data using questionnaire and statistical analysis in order to arrive at the
collective response of a group or a sample given a particular phenomenon.
The Discipline of Demography
 The term demography comes from the Greek words DEMOS (people) and Graphia (a description of)
or a study of describing people.
 It is a study of human population through the use of statistical analysis and mathematical modelling.
Classical Works in Demography
 Thomas Maltus- known for his notable work “An Essay on the Principle of Population (1798)” which
discussed how population growth would inevitably lead to the increase in consumption of products
required for human living.
 Kingsley Davis- “The Population of India and Pakistan (1951)” and “World Urbanization( 1972)”
 Timothy Dyson- provided two instances of demographic transition between Pre-Transition and Post-
Transition period.
The Fields of Demography
 Historical Demography- the quantitative study of population in the past.
 Social Demography- uses demographic data to describe and explain social phenomena.
Key Concepts in Demography
 Fertility- can either mean the live birth of population or the number of women in child bearing age (15-
49 years old)
 Mortality- death rate or frequency of death in s population.
 Urbanization- the proportion of a country’s population living in a urban areas.
 Migration- movement of people across a particular boundary to establish a permanent or semi-
permanent residence
 Population- refers to the number of inhabitants in a given area such as countries and regions.
Research Methods in Demography
 Direct- there is 2 types of direct demographic research method the first one is gathering data through
registries and the second method is acquiring data through censuses conducted by national government
 Indirect- conducted usually in developing countries where registries and censuses are not that
established.

Current Application of Demography

 Biodemography- the integration of biological theories with the study of demography
 Population Geography- a branch of human geography that is directly related to demography. It is the
scientific study of people and their distribution over regions and through time.