Science Technology and Science

Lesson 1 – Historical Antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of Science and Technology
What is science?
- concerted human effort to understand, or to understand better, the history of the natural world and how
the natural world works, with observable physical evidence as the basis of that understanding.
- done through observation of natural phenomena, and/or through experimentation that tries to simulate
natural processes under controlled conditions.
- knowledge about or study of the natural world based on facts learned through experiments and
observation
What is technology?
- science or knowledge put into practical use to solve problems or invent useful tools.
- concerns itself with understanding how knowledge is creatively applied to organized tasks involving people
and machines that meet sustainable goals.
- a hands on, can do profession where people have to be skilled in many of the following: engineering,
communicating, designing, developing, innovating, managing, manufacturing, modelling, and systems
thinking.
How is science used in technology?
- Science is the pursuit of knowledge about the natural world through systematic observation and
experiments. Through science, we develop new technologies.
- Technology is the application of scientifically gained knowledge for practical purpose.
- Scientists use technology in all their experiments.
What is society?
- The sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage in to figure things
out and to make things
- a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same
geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural
expectations.
What does science, technology and society mean?
- Science and technology studies, or science, technology and society studies (STS) is the study of how
society, politics, and culture affect scientific research and technological innovation, and how these, in turn,
affect society, politics and culture.
Unit 1: In the world: Ancient, Middle and Modern Ages
Major influence on Society
Egypt
- Papyrus is a thick type of paper made from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus. It can also refer
to a document written on sheets of papyrus joined together side by side and rolled up into a scroll, an
early form of a book.
 - Hieroglyphs is a character of the ancient Egyptian writing system a formal writing system used by the
ancient Egyptians that combined logographic and alphabetic elements
Ancient Babylonia
- cuneiform is one of the earliest systems of writing, distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay
tablets, made by means of a blunt stylus ( tool for writing)
Ancient Greece
- public speaking, persuasive rhetoric, drama, and philosophy Rhetoric is an art that aims to improve the
capability of writers or speakers to inform, most likely to persuade, or motivate particular audiences in
specific situations
17TH CENTURY
- FRANCIS BACON contributed to the field in his writings which is Roman alphabet, is a writing system
originally used to write the Latin Language
ANCIENT ROME

- the style of writing changed and varied greatly throughout the Middle Ages, even after the invention of
the printing press
MODERN EUROPE
- THE PRINTING PRESS is one of the most influential events in the second millennium revolutionizing the
way people conceive and describe the world they live in, and ushering in the period of modernity
- The Printing Revolution occurred when the spread of the printing press facilitated the wide circulation of
information and ideas, acting as an "agent of change" through the societies that it reached
Unit 2: History of Science and Technology in The Philippines
PRE-SPANISH ERA
- Filipinos were already aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants and the methods of
extracting medicine from herbs. They already had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and measuring
system and a calendar. Filipinos were already engaged in farming, shipbuilding, mining and weaving
(Banaue Rice Terraces)
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
- The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific institution and Parish schools were
established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and music was taught. Sanitation and more
advanced methods of agriculture was taught to the natives. Then, established colleges and universities in
the archipelago including the oldest existing university in Asia, the University of Santo Tomas. Trade was
given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the prospects of big profits. Agriculture and
industrial development on the other hand were relatively neglected.
AMERICAN PERIOD
- On July 1, 1901, The Philippine Commission established the Bureau of Government Laboratories which
was placed under the Department of Interior, replaced the Laboratorio Municipal under the Spanish
colonial era. The Bureau dealt with the study of tropical diseases and laboratory projects. Then was
 replaced by the Bureau of Science and on December 8, 1933, the National Research Council of the
Philippines was established.
POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
- Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Section 1, the government's role in supporting scientific
research and invention was acknowledged. In 1974, a science development program was included in the
government's Four-Year Development Plan which covers the years 1974- 1978. The National Science
Development Board was replaced by the National Science and Technology Authority under Executive
Order No. 784. A Scientific Career in the civil service was introduced in 1983.
AMERICAN PERIOD
- Science during the American period was inclined towards agriculture, food processing, forestry, medicine
and pharmacy. Not much focus was given on the development of industrial technology due to free trade
policy with the United States which nurtured an economy geared towards agriculture and trade.
POST COMMONWEALTH-ERA
- Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992, science and technology's
role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted. In August 8, 1988, Corazon
Aquino created the Presidential Task Force for Science and Technology which came up with the first
Science and Technology Master Plan or STMP. The goal of STMP was for the Philippines to achieve newly
industrialized country status by the year 2000.
What is paradigm?
- Paradigm is a typical example or pattern of something. It is a distinct set of concepts or thought patterns,
including theories, research methods, postulates, and standards for what constitutes legitimate
contributions to a field.

WHAT IS A PARADIGM SHIFT?

- a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions.
- a concept identified by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn
- a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline
- Paradigm shift is another expression for more significant changes within belief systems.
KUHN'S PARADIGM
- Thomas Samuel Kuhn (/kuːn/; July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American physicist, historian and
philosopher of science
- The Structure Of Scientific Revolutions is a book about the history of science by the philosopher Thomas
S. Kuhn. Its publication was a landmark event in the history, philosophy, and sociology of scientific
knowledge.
- argues that paradigms change in scientific revolutions
- argues that science is not moved by a rational process but more by a social unity.
The Kuhn Cycle
- a simple cycle of progress described by Thomas Kuhn in 1962 in his seminal work The Structure of Scientific
Revolutions.
 - In Structure Kuhn challenged the world's current conception of science, which was that it was a steady
progression of the accumulation of new ideas.
Steps:
PRE-SCIENCE also called the pre- paradigm stage, the pre-step to the main Kuhn Cycle. In Prescience there is
not yet a model of understanding (the field's paradigm) mature enough to solve the field's main problems.
NORMAL SCIENCE is the regular work of scientists theorizing, observing, and experimenting within a settled
paradigm or explanatory framework. It is where the field has a scientifically based model of understanding (a
paradigm) that works.
MODEL DRIFT -The model of understanding starts to drift, due to accumulation of anomalies, and
phenomenon, the model cannot explain
MODEL CRISIS is the most important step of them all in the Kuhn Cycle.
MODEL REVOLUTION begins when serious candidates for a new model emerge. It's a revolution because the
new model is so radically different from the old one.

PARADIGM CHANGE or paradigm shift. Earlier steps have created the new model of understanding (the new
paradigm). The field is now back to the Normal Science step and a Kuhn Cycle is complete.
Historical Examples Of Paradigms
SOCIETY / ETHICS
- Slavery is acceptable to now slavery being unacceptable
- Role of Children in Society - Child labor was, now is not acceptable
- Male Superiority - Beating wives was, now is not acceptable
- Reading and the Control over information - Invention of the printing press (& other major inventions)
allowed for the elites control over reading / writing to end.
- The Reformation- broke monopoly of Catholic Church and Christian's "relationship" with God.
NATURAL SCIENCES
- Darwin’s theory of evolution
- Plate Tectonics— create a physical model of the Earth's structure
- Albert Einstein’s space-time is not fixed or objective— subject to observer’s state of motion relative to
other object.
HUMAN SCIENCES
- Psychology: Sigmund Freud—we are not fully in control of our behavior—a subconscious part operate
- Economics— government intervention in economy is now accepted.
THE ARTS
- The Realist paradigm: the purpose of art is to copy reality.
- Shakespeare's impact on drama / theater
- Jazz & rock revolutionizing music
 Lesson 2: Intellectual Revolutions that defined Society
COPERNICAN
- This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the heavens/universe
DARWINIAN
- This has brought a great impact on how people approach Biology forever. This revolution provided a
different than the "theory of Creation".
FREUDIAN
- This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This includes the "Freudian Theory
of Personality" that involves the human development contributes to his/her personality
INFORMATION
- This has been the era in which technology has been prevalent. It is also known as the Computer Age that
has brought so much change on how are we living today.

MESO-AMERICAN
- It has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries for Archaeology
ASIAN
- The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and independent nationhood along the
improvement brought by it internally.
MIDDLE EAST
- The revolutions were a product of the development and growth of individual nationalism, imperialism, for
the efforts to westernize and modernize Middle Eastern societies, and to push the declining power of the
Ottoman Empire in the Arab region.
AFRICAN
- The fight against colonialism and imperialism in Africa
Lesson 3: Science and Technology and Nation Building
Role of science and technology for future development
1. To ensure national security and social stability
2. To sustain the growth of the national economy and to improve its efficiency
3. To prepare for a smooth transition to an information society
4. To improve the quality of life
5. To create a new culture suitable for the new society

Science and technology in the Philippines describe scientific and technological progress made by the Philippines
and analyses related policy issues.
8 Outstanding Filipino Scientists
1. Lucille Abad - She developed a plant vitamin – an effective plant growth promoter using irradiated seaweeds.
2. Phillip Alviola- helped develop methods to monitor biodiversity in protected areas
3. Nathaniel Hermosa II- breakthrough research "twisted" light and "slowed" it down.
4. Mario Antonio Jiz II- significantly contributed to the study of schistosomiasis and the development of a vaccine
against this disease.
5. Lanndon Ocampo- developed guidelines for strategic sustainable practices in manufacturing companies. He
significantly contributed to how industries could help address climate change.
6. Jeffrey Perez- contributed largely to the better understanding of fault lines and earthquakes in the Philippines.
7. Rogel Mari Sese- advocate of space research and development. He is spearheading what could be the
Philippines' space research agency.
8. Aletta Concepcion Yñiguez- contributed significantly to improving the Philippine sardine industry and managing
red tide.

The indigenous knowledge system is embedded in the cultural traditions of regional, indigenous, or local
communities. It is orally passed and evident in stories, poems, and songs.
Examples:
Desirable values
• prediction of weather 1. motivating attitudes
• using herbal medicine 2. cooperating attitudes
• preserving of foods 3. practical attitudes
• classifying plants and animals into families 4. reflective attitudes
• selecting good seeds for planting

Lesson 4: The Human Person Flourishing in terms of Science and Technology

• In psychology, happiness is a mental or emotional state of well-being which can be defined by, among
others, positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.
• To behaviorists, happiness is a cocktail of emotions we experience when we do something good or positive.
• To neurologists, happiness is the experience of a flood of hormones released in the brain as a reward for
behavior that prolongs survival.
• The hedonistic view of well-being is that happiness is the polar opposite of suffering, the presence of
happiness indicates the absence of pain.
• Eudaimonia, a term that combines the Greek words for "good" and "spirit" to describe the ideology.
Aristotle believed that human flourishing requires a life with other people. Aristotle taught that people acquire
virtues through practice and that a set of concrete virtues could lead a person toward his natural excellence and
happiness.
Principles of Human Flourishing
• Dignity of the Human person - innate personal values or rights which demands respect for all people,
regardless of race, social class, wealth etc.
• Common Good - sacrificing self-interest to provide for the basic human needs of everyone makes the
whole community flourish.
• Preferential Option for the Poor - when decisions are made by first considering the poor.
• Subsidarity - when all those affected by a decision are involved in making it.
• Universal Purpose of Goods - the Earth's resources serve every person's needs, regardless of who "owns"
them.
• Stewardship of Creation - duty to care for the Earth as a (God-given) gift is a personal responsibility for the
common good.
• Promotion of Peace - everyone has the duty to respect and collaborate in personal relationships, and at
national and global levels.
• Participation - everyone has the right and the duty to take part in the life of a society (economic, political,
cultural, religious)
• Global Solidarity - recognition that we are all interconnected, part of one human family.
Why is technology not neutral?
Heidegger strongly opposes the view that technology is “a means to an end” or “a human activity.”
Technology, according to Heidegger must be understood as “a way of revealing” (Heidegger 1977, 12). “Revealing”
is one of the terms Heidegger developed himself in order to make it possible to think what, according to him, is
not thought anymore. Everything we perceive or think of or interact with “emerges out of concealment into
unconcealment,”. Technology embodies a specific way of revealing the world, a revealing in which humans take
power over reality and modern technology is rather a ‘forcing into being’. Technology reveals the world as raw
material, available for production and manipulation.

Lesson 5: Human Flourishing

Having a virtue is different from having a skill, because what matters is not just the outcome but the intention in
which the action is taken.
Virtues:
- Empathy is at the core of being human. It is the ability to imaginatively step into the shoes of another and
attempt to gain a perspective that will guide further interactions
- Industrious is a virtue that conveys diligence, dedication, and being earnest.
- Courage is a quality that enables us to advocate and display strength in the face of suffering and grief.
- Respect is an attribute used by all and preceptors to convey that we have worth and contribute in a positive
manner to the success of everyone.
- Kindness is a visible demonstration of commitment to the welfare of others.
- Curious- always asking questions and looking for connections and patterns. It is one of humanity's greatest
virtues
- Mercy is a means of displaying forgiveness and is a critical preceptor characteristic
- Honesty is a virtue that requires authenticity and builds safe connections and fosters security so true
dialogue can take occur.
- Gratitude is the virtue of rejoicing in what is.
- Justice is a virtue that encompasses the concepts of fairness, equity, and impartiality.

Lesson 6: The Good Life

Aristotle’s views on living well begin with a consideration of ends and means.
Practical Thinking- about the goal we are aiming at, and the means we will employ to reach that goal.
For Aristotle, the final end of human life is to flourish, to live well, to have a good life. There are acquired desires,
which differ between individuals, and natural desires, which are the same for everyone. Acquired desires or wants
correspond to apparent goods; things that appear good because we want them. Natural desires or needs
correspond to real goods; things that are good for us whether we want them or not. Aristotle states that the good
life consists in the possession, over the course of a lifetime, of all those things that are really good for us.

limited goods—we can have more of them than we need.

unlimited goods—goods of the soul and we cannot have more of them than we need.

intellectual virtues- Virtues of the mind

moral virtues- virtues exemplified by a regular disposition to choose correctly (moderation, courage, and justice)

What is meant by good life?

-living in comfort and luxury with few problems or worries.
-characterized by happiness from living and doing well content

Happiness to Aristotle "Happiness depends on ourselves.“ central purpose of human life and a goal in itself.

Lesson 7: When Technology and Humanity cross

Advancements in Robotics have replaced the need for humans to work in some industries;
1. Automotive, skilled trades, service industry and family farming
2. Development of artificial intelligent
3. Development of genetically altered foods, plants and animals
4. Sustaining life past natural causes because they can
5. Evolving diseases – repetitive strain disorders & the emerging ‘sitting disease’

Roles Played by These Technological Advancements

1. Television is mainly used as a platform for advertisements and information dissemination
• Good stress reliever to families
• Used for different propagandas and advocacies
2. Mobile phones- for communication w/ interesting features; all-in-one device
3. PC- surf internet and communicate

Isaac Asimov
- developed his famous "three laws of robotics".
• A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
• A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would conflict
with the First Law
• A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First
or Second Law
David Hanson
- an American scientist who once worked for Disney, has developed a novel form of artificial skin that
bunches and wrinkles just like human skin, and the robot heads he covers in this can smile, frown, and
grimace in very human-like ways.
Jaron Lanier
- an internet pioneer, has warned of the dangers such technology poses to our sense of our own humanity
-
Robot
- An actuated mechanism programmable in two or more axes with a degree of autonomy, moving within its
environment, to perform intended tasks.
Autonomy
- ability to perform intended tasks based on current state and sensing without human intervention
Software robots
• basically, just complicated computer programmes
Service Robot
• A robot that performs useful tasks for humans or equipment excluding industrial application.
Personal Service Robot
• Service robot for personal use
Professional service robot
• Used for a commercial task, usually operated by a properly trained operator.

Roles played by Robotics

-Ease the workload of mankind -Pleasure, entertainment in parks or exhibits
-Make life more efficient and less stressful -Toys, child-friendly
-Used in movies
-Perform complicated activities

Technology is one that has a "green" purpose - the long and short term impact an invention has on the
environment.

Duty-bearers
- those actors who have a particular obligation or responsibility to respect, promote and realize human
rights and to refrain from human rights violations
Right holder
- refers to a legal entity or person with exclusive rights to a protected copyright, trademark or patent, and
the related rights of producers, performers, producers and broadcasters

Human rights should be integral to the journey toward the ultimate good. They should guide humans not only to
flourish as individual members of the society, but also to assist each other in flourishing collectively as a society

Lesson 8: Why does the Future not need Us?

Bill Joy (1954 – ) is an American computer scientist who co-founded Sun Microsystems in 1982 and served as chief
scientist at the company until 2003.

let the machines make all the decisions

- then we are at the mercy of our machines.
maintain human control over the machines
- then control would be in the hands of an elite, and the masses would be unnecessary
genetics, nanotechnology, and robotics (GNR)
- This makes them inherently more dangerous than 20th-century technologies—nuclear, biological, and
chemical weapons—which are expensive to build and require rare raw materials.

Arguments/Books
The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence by Ray Kurzweil
Unabomber by Ted Kaczynski
Robot: Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind by Hans Moravec