Eurick Sam P.

Diaz

MODULE 1
Science, Technology, and Society (or STS) is a subject matter that:
● deals with interactions between science and technology and social, cultural, political,
and economic contexts that shape and are shaped by them;
● seeks to engage students to confront the realities brought about by science and
technology in society;
● seeks to instill reflective knowledge that students can live a good life and display ethical
decision making in the face of scientific and technological advancement; and
● includes mandatory topics on climate change and environmental awareness

Scientific realism is the epistemic view of science, which states that the Universe, with its
observed and unobserved concepts, being described by Science is real regardless of how it is
represented
o Naïve realism postulates that everything is true.
 o Structural realism posits that, while everything in this Universe is true, they must
adhere to specific structures to provide their existence with evidence.
o Entity realism states that something exists because there are tools developed to
provide evidence to their existence. Thus, it stands in between naïve and structural
realism.
Scientific antirealism is the epistemic view of science, which states that the unobservable
concepts of the Universe, such as electrons and genes, are inherently unverified. Thus, for
these theories to be accepted as real, they must be able to present undeniable physical
evidence of their existence.
o Constructive empiricism states that science aims to give, in its various theories, a
true story of what the Universe is, but based only on the observable aspects of the
Universe.
o Instrumentalism states that scientific theories are merely instruments for solving
problems and making predictions.
o Social constructivism argues that every aspect of scientific knowledge is borne out
of the collective observations of many. This information is only proven to be true
because these have been verified and endorsed by a particular group at a particular
time.

Reductionism can be construed as a thesis about ontologies, laws, theories, linguistic

expressions, or some combination of these.

Theoretical pluralism has been tagged as the "disunity of science" because it promotes a
multidisciplinary approach to the various fields of science rather than a succession of knowledge
in between disciplines.
MODULE 2.1
Medieval
- People began to focus their attention to certain groups of people who could defend them
and their place
- Demand for more produce for the kingdom led the people to devise new ways of farming
- More people came the rise of towns
Byzantine
- Constantinople became the capital of the Byzantine Empire, the central capital that
connects Asia and Europe.
- The members of the Catholic clergy headed the cityscapes.
- Rise of German ruler Otto I, came the foundation of the Holy Roman Empire
- The continents of Europe and Asia were afflicted with the Bubonic Plague, aka the Black
Death
- Civil unrest and the rise of the middle class, particularly merchants, earned them a spot
in the political circle, causing political anarchy.
- sudden rise of societies and trade due to the revival of towns and cities now
spearheaded by merchants
- Leagues and guilds were established to protect merchants and artisans in their chosen
trades and promote their works
- Seafaring saw a gradual rise, with explorations made in Asia, Africa, and the Americas
- The development of the printing press made the dissemination of information easier
- Philosophy and the arts became a mainstay in the Renaissance period
- Secularism believes that this world, and this life, is worth studying, urging
humans to live their lives to the fullest and not just for preparing for the afterlife;
- Humanism believes that humans are not merely pawns in the Divine Plan, but
are capable individuals who can achieve great accomplishments;
- Individualism believes that only an individual can accomplish great things, not
just groups of people; and
- Skepticism believes that there is nothing wrong in challenging the accepted
authorities, values, and/or established secular knowledge
- Philosophers became prolific in this era, with notable philosophers being Voltaire,
Montesquieu, and Adam Smith
- laissez-faire ("hands-off") policy, where he believed that by reducing monopolies
and restrictions, the economy would grow as the people themselves would even
out the supply and demand

MODULE 2.2
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian scientist regarded as the “Father of Psychoanalysis.” This
study was a form of theories and techniques employed to uncover the unconscious mind. Every
impulse, desire, emotions, and memories that are suppressed can be found in it.
- He believed that dreams are windows to the unconscious. He thought that they
represented a disguised fulfillment of a repressed wish.
- He studied the lasting attachment of some children with their parents. Men who are
close to their mothers, now called colloquially as, quote-unquote, Mama’s boy, have
Oedipus complex,
- Freudian slip, an action borne of the unconscious mind interfering with the conscious
mind. He also believed in the three (3) aspects of the human mind: the Id (basic
instincts), ego (the conscious mind), and superego (the conscience).

Ancient India contributed to the development of astronomy and mathematics. They aided in the
development of arithmetic. Aryadeva was responsible for the growth of Tibetan Buddhism,
while Nagarjuna helped develop the concept of the “Middle Path” in some sects of Buddhism.
Adi Shankara was responsible for unifying and establishing the main currents of Hinduism.

Teachings eventually reached China, where the teachings of Buddhism clashed with other
Chinese teachings, which also clashed with each other. Confucius is a staunch humanist that
stresses the importance of family and social harmony, whereas Laozi believed that perfection
could be achieved by following “the way” spiritually

MODULE 3

Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte provided a speech delivered by Budget Secretary

Benjamin Diokno during the opening ceremony of the National Science and Technology Week
(NSTW) 2017. He announced that the Department of Science and Technology would be given a
budget increase. This is partly due to the department's efforts to provide research and
entrepreneurial opportunities.

Science Secretary Fortunato de la Peña noted at the same event that the very reason
science and technology are pursued is that it benefits the people. Thus they must be
reacquainted with it. The event's theme was "Science for the People."

The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022 is the first medium-term plan anchored
on the Ambisyon Natin 2040, consistent with Executive Order No. 5, s. 2016.

The program aims the following:

1. The Philippines will be an upper-middle-income country by 2022;
2. Growth will be more inclusive as manifested by a lower poverty incidence in the rural areas,
from 30 percent in 2015 to 20 percent in 2022;
3. The unemployment rate will decline from the current 5.5 percent to 3-5 percent in 2022;
4. There will be greater trust in government and society;
5. Individuals and communities will be more resilient; and
6. Filipinos will have a greater drive for innovation.

Five (5) Filipino scientists were listed in the "Asian Scientists 100" of the Asian Scientist
magazine.
Leading the list was Ramon Barba, ranking in third place for his horticulture work on mango
trees bearing flowers regardless of seasons -- an application on plant physiology. Following his
lead were Angel Alcala (7th) for his work on Philippine reptiles and amphibians, Edgardo
Gomez (9th) for his national-scale assessment of damages to coral reefs, and Project NOAH
director Mahar Lagmay (10th) for the disaster readiness and risk reduction app. Last to join the
roster was Gavino Cajulao Trono, Jr. (12th). He was recognized for his study on tropical
marine phycology.