Sociology

and
Anthropology
Maria Shidan B. Grefaldo
Instructor
CHAPTER 1
• Sociology
-Is a study of human interactions, the
relationships that occur within the group and
the result of these interactions.

- Scientific study of human social relations

or group of life.
SOCIOLOGY
comes from the word socius
which means groups or partners
and logos which means science or
study of.
Deals with the study of groups
SOCIOLOGY
- “sociology is the scientific study of
patterned, shared human behavior.”
- Joseph H. Fichter

 Thescientific study of patterns of

human interaction that deals with
the study of group life.
SOCIOLOGY
“ Sociology deals with the study
of the patterns and processes of
human relations.” - Rodney
Stark
SOCIOLOGY
 the science of society and the social
interactions taking place therein.
 “the study of scientific knowledge
and it has theories that are based
on scientific investigations and
observations and not on
speculations. – Lundberg (1939)
Subdivisions:

Microsociology
Macrosociology
Microsociologists
• Are those who concentrate on the details
of particular interactions as they occur in
everyday life.
• Concerned with the larger patterns of
relations among major social sectors, such
as a state and the economy, and even with
international relations.
 Various areas of Concern Sociology
a. Basic social Institutions- The basic institutions are the
Family, Religion, Education, Economics and State
(Government)
b. Social Psychology. This is a field of study in Psycology
that focuses on the human nature, personality, attitudes,
and collective behavior.
c. Social Change. This area studies change in culture,
social relations and reorganization.
d. Population. Focuses on demography and factors
affecting population change.
e. Ecology. This is a study that is very much related to
population change especially in relation to its
environment and spatial relations between people and
environment.
Ecology- is often used more loosely in such terms such
as social ecology and deep ecology.
f. Sociological Theories and Methods. These include
studies on formulation of theories relative to group life
serving as bases for prediction and control of the
individuals social environment.
g. Applied Sociology. This is the application and use of
the findings of pure sociological research.
 Anthropology

“scientific study of humanity, the similarities and

diversity of cultures, and attempts to present an
integrated picture of human kind “

Anthropology is usually divided into two main

types:
a.Physical (Biological) Anthropology. it focuses on the history
of man’s physical characteristics and biological changes that
occur and the resultant variation.
Evolutionary- It seeks to understand how and why
humans evolve.
Biological Variation or Diversity Within the Species- It
seeks to describe the patterns of human diversity to explain
why differences exist.
b. Cultural (Social) Anthropology. It is concerned with the
study of total societies, that is, the social and cultural
inheritance of humankind. Focuses on the origin and history of
human societies and culture.
 Anthropological fields of study
a.Archaeology. It is very much similar with the focus of socio-
cultural anthropology except that is concerned with extinct
societies.

2 FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL ARCHEAOLOGY

Prehistoric Archaeology- it studies societies that have no

written records.
Historical Archaeology- it studies with written records.
b. Ethnology. It concentrates on the diverse cultures of
the present and analyzes the structure and function of
humans, the roles of individuals in society and the
development of personality related to cultural traditions.

c. Linguistic. this is a scientific study on the human

language, symbols and its development.

d. Applied Anthropology. This field focuses on the

application of the ideas and information gathered in
solving problems in order to achieve the goal set.
Commonalities Between Anthropology and Sociology
1.Both are recent fields of studies in the academic world.
2.Both are associated with the process of colonization,
3.There is no precise and clear boundary between the two.
4.Both study everyday events in social behavior and
relationships.
5.Both disciplines borrow heavily from each other (Panopio
and Rolda, 2000)
The Relationship of Anthropology and Sociology to
Other Social Science

1.History. Fields of study of past events.

2.Economics.
• Studies the economic life of humans and is
focused primarily on the various dimension of
wealth, such as production, distribution and
consumption.
 The Relationship of Anthropology and Sociology to
Other Social Science

1.History. Fields of study of past events.

2.Economics. Studies the economic life of humans and is
focused primarily on the various dimension of wealth,
such as production, distribution and consumption.
3. Political Science. Studies the political behavior of
humans and the way of people govern themselves.
Sociology is interested in the political behavior of humans,
for instance, in their voting behavior and processes in
decision making.
4. Psychology. Is the study of the human mind, mental
process and individual behavior. It also
studies attitudes and values, personality
and mental aberrations which are closely
linked with sociological and
anthropological studies.
What is Science?
is a systematized and detailed explanation of any
phenomenon.

What is a Theory?
• Is a system of ideas or statements held as an
explanation of a group of facts of phenomena.
• Understood as an assumption or a system of
assumptions, accepted principles, and rules of
procedure based on limited information or
knowledge.
 Classification of Science
Natural (Physical) Science. Deals with the study of
phenomena and processes as well as objects in nature and
provides systematic information of the nonhuman and
physical aspects of the world.

Social Science. Engaged in the study of society, social

relations and human behavior.

Social Science may be divided as “ Pure” and “Applied”

 Pure Science. Concerned with the pursuit of knowledge
and empirical truth and the development of theory.

Applied Science. Has to do with the use of scientific

knowledge and theory in order to find solutions to practical
problems .
Origin of Anthropology
 Greekhistorical and Philosophical writings
about human nature and the organization of
human society.
 Herodotus
• A Greek historian who lived in the 400 BC.
• Greece as the dominant culture of the west
while Persia as the dominant culture of the
East.
 Ibn Khaldun
 an Arab historian, who lived in the 14 t h
century A.D.
 He examined the environmental, sociological,
psychological, and economic factors that
affected the development and the rise and
fall of civilizations.
 Middle Ages
 5th to 15th centuries A.D
 Biblical scholars dominated European
thinking on questions and related to human
origins and cultural development.
 5th to 15th centuries A.D
• Biblical scholars dominated European thinking
on questions and related to human origins and
cultural development.
 15th to 18th centuries
• The period of discoveries and explorations,
European explorers, missionaries, soldiers,
and colonial officials were sources of facts
and findings.
 17th and 18th centuries
• marked the beginning of Scientific and
rational philosophical thought.
 Scottish-born David Hume, John Locke of
England, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau of
France wrote a number of Humanistic works
on the nature of humankind.
19th century
• Flint tools and other artifacts were
discovered in France and other parts of
Europe.
• Discoveries also came at the time when
physics and chemistry were gaining
prominence as a field of study thus arousing
interest in scientific studies.
20th century
• marked the beginning of modern
anthropology in both physical and cultural
aspects.

Franz and Alfred Kroeber

• Were instrumental in bringing research to a
higher level through the use of careful and
through gathering of data about individual
cultures.
 Origin of Sociology
 Sociologyis considered as one of the
youngest of the social sciences.
 Auguste Comte (1838)
• French Philosopher first coined the term
sociology to describe his vision of a new
science that would discover laws of human
society.
 Herbert Spencer
• The British philosopher adopted both Comte’s
term and his mission.
• French aristocrat Claude Henri de
Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, the
writer and Statesman Alexis de
Tocqueville and to a lesser extent, the
British philosopher-economist John Stuart
Mill. These people were known to be
largely speculative thinkers like Comte and
Spencer and their predecessors in the 7th
and 18th centuries.
 Emil Durkheim
 laid
the foundation for modern sociology by using
empirical investigation in the study of France.
 Father of Modern Sociology
Pioneers of Anthropology and Sociology
Franz Boas
 the "Father of American Anthropology“
 he pioneered in the use of scientific approach to
anthropology. He also demonstrated the necessity of
studying culture in all its aspects, including its religion,
art, history and language, as well as the physical
characteristic of the people.
 One of his most important conclusions was that “ no
pure race truly exist and that no race is innately
superior to any other ”
Aguste Comte
 believed in applying scientific method in the study of
society and social relations.
 He theorized that societies contain social statistics, the
study of the structure of society and the forces for
social order and stability and social dynamics which
refers to the forces of conflict and change.
Charles H Cooley
 developed a theory of social relations in which
neither the individual nor the group was given
precedence, but in which both were seen as
indispensable and complementary to one another.
 known for his theories regarding the self, human
nature and the “primary groups” in which human
nature is developed
 the interaction of leaders and the masses in public
opinion; and the social significance of financial
value
Charles H Cooley
 great works:
1. Human Nature and the Social Order
2. Social Organization and Social Process
3. “Looking Glass Self Theory”.
Emile Durkheim (Father of Modern Sociology)
 believed that scientific method should be applied to the
study of society
 proposed that group had characteristic that were more
than, or different from the sum of the individuals’
characteristic or behaviors.
 concerned with the basis of social stability
o Morality
o Religion
 breakdown of morality & religion

loss of social stability

feelings of anxiety and dissatisfaction

vSuicide – result of an individual’s lack of integration in

society.
Karl Marx
 wrote the Communist Manifesto .
 his ideas and theories came to be known as Marxism
or Scientific Socialism
 his analysis of capitalist economy, Theories of
historical Materialism, The class Struggle and
surplus value have become the basis of modern
socialist doctrine.
 According to him, political revolutions are
significant in the evolution of society and are the
only means to attain the improvement of social
conditions
Lewis Henry Morgan
 by investigating the kinship system of the entire world,
resulted his descriptive work, “Systems of Consanguinity
and Affinity of the Human”
 he is better know for his work “Ancient Society” – the
study of social evolution.
Herbert Spencer
 after Darwin published “On the Origin of Species”,
spencer embraced this natural selection theory
 he was an influential proponent of Social Darwinism
which is an application of Darwin’s theory to human
societies. He coined the phrase “Survival to the fittest.”
Max Weber
 known for his systematic approach to world history and
development of Western civilization.
 challenged by the Marxist theory, he tried to prove that
ethical and religious ideas was strong influences on the
development of capitalism - known as “ The Protestant
Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism”
 Weber believed that the power and prestige are the
major causes of inequity.
Development of Anthropology
and Sociology in the
Philippines
 Entered during the Spanish colonization period
 began as a “Practical activity of Colonizers in the service
of religion and government”
 1896
• sociology was a subject at the UST introduced by Fr.
Valentin Marin through criminology program.
 19th century
• Alfred Marche did the first archaeological work at the
island of Marinduque and in other places in Central Phil.
Most of the collection can be found at the Museo de
I’homme in Paris and in Madrid
1911
 initiated as part of the academe at the UP by President
Murray Barlett and Prof. A.E.W. Salt.
1939
 Philippine Sociological Society – aim to collect,
interpret and propose possible solutions to the country’s
sociological problem.
 Carl Guthe
 Followed the research of Marche
 more systematic compared to Marche
  Guthe’s excavation were done in Palawan, Bohol Mindanao
and other places of Central Phil.
 Theobjective was to collect Chinese Ceramics exported to
the Phil. that would aid in the reconstruction of Phil.-
Chinese relationship.
 After World War II, modern Sociology and Anthropology
began in the Philippines.
 1960 and 1970 were the emergence of empirical
research, phenomenological sociology and socio-political
thoughts of Marxism from Europe.
 The Research Process

1. Selection of a Problem

2. Construction of a Hypothesis

3. Development of Research Design

4. Data Analysis and Conclusion

ACTIVITY 1:
1. This is area studies change in culture, social relations and reorganization.
2. He defined sociology as “the scientific study of patterned, shared human
behavior”.
3. This is study that is very much related to environment and spatial relations
between people and environment.
4. When the modern Sociology and Anthropology began in the Philippines?
5. It is aim to collect, interpret and propose possible solutions to the country’s
sociological problem.
6. He introduced sociology was a subject at the UST in criminology program.
7. He believed that the power and prestige are the major causes of inequity.
8. Their wrote a number of Humanistic works on the nature of humankind.
9. Father of Modern Sociology
10. Differentiate Prehistoric Archaeology and Historical Archaeology-.