VISION
d. Providing identity.
A socially-engaged digital, innovation,
and entrepreneurial university
excelling globally in
science,engineering, and the arts by
2028.
MISSION
As a transformative university, CSU is
a responsible steward of
problem-solvers and value creators
who are driven to create a sustainable
future for the region, the nation,and
beyond.
CORE VALUES
Competence Service; and Uprightness
Lesson 1: Meaning and Relevance of
History Reviewer
I. Meaning of History:
History is defined as the study of
significant events shaping the future.
It encompasses an inquiry into the past
based on evidence.
Historiography refers to the methods and
practices used in historical writing.
II. Relevance of History:
Understanding the past helps us
comprehend the present and potentially
avoid repeating mistakes.
Studying history enhances cross-cultural
awareness and understanding.
III. Why Study History?
Peter N. Stearns enumerates reasons for
studying history:
a. Understanding people and societies.
b. Understanding change and its causes.
c. Contributing to moral understanding.
e. Essential for good citizenship.
IV. Skills in Studying History:
Students develop skills in assessing
evidence and conflicting interpretations.
They gain experience in analyzing past
examples of change.
V. National Perspective:
The National Historical Commission of the
Philippines emphasizes historical
awareness for citizens.
Lesson 2: Distinction of Primary and
Secondary Sources Reviewer
I. Primary Sources:
Characteristics:
Credibility, authenticity, and provenance.
Examples: diaries, journals, letters,
photographs, maps, newspapers,
archives, etc.
Importance of primary sources:
Direct access encourages active and
deeper analysis.
Develops critical thinking by probing
context, purpose, bias, etc.
Fosters inquiry-led learning.
Offers various perspectives on historical
events.
Allows students to share authors'
perspectives.
II. Secondary Sources:
Definition: Records based on primary
sources, providing evaluation and
interpretation.
Examples: Bibliographies, biographies,
reference books, articles, history books,
textbooks, etc.
Lesson 3: External and Internal
Criticism Reviewer
I. Historical Method:
Definition: Process of probing primary
sources for use in writing history.
Source criticism: Questions posed by
Gilbert J. Garraghan and Jean Delanglez
in 1946 regarding source validity.
II. External Criticism:
Definition: Evaluating the authenticity of
sources.
Components: Date, locale, creator,
analysis, and integrity of historical
sources.
Consistency requirement: Information
must align with the time and place of
production.
III. Internal Criticism:
Definition: Assessing the credibility of
source content.
Key question: What is the evidential value
of its contents?
Criteria: Content must be reasonable and
historically precise.
IV. Principles of Source Criticism:
Reliability of sources:
Relics (physical evidence) are more
credible than narratives.
Indications of originality increase reliability.
Proximity to the event enhances
trustworthiness.
Primary sources are more reliable than
secondary or tertiary sources.
Corroboration from multiple independent
sources strengthens credibility.
Tendencies (motivations for bias) should
be minimized or balanced with opposite
motivations.
Lack of direct interest in bias creation
increases credibility.
Lesson 4: Repository of Primary and
Different Kinds of Primary Sources
Reviewer
I. Published Documents:
Definition: Intended for public distribution
or use, including newspapers, magazines,
books, reports, government documents,
etc.
Importance of understanding the author's
background for context.
Unpublished Documents: Personal papers
such as diaries, letters, etc., which may be
challenging to access as they are kept
privately.
II. Oral Traditions:
Definition: Traditions and stories passed
down through generations, accepted as
primary sources if from eyewitnesses.
Evaluation of reliability required, especially
for unwritten oral traditions.
III. Artworks and Artifacts:
Visual documents such as drawings,
paintings, sculptures, photographs, and
artifacts provide perspectives of creators
and evidence of historical moments.
Identification of repositories based on the
type of primary source: libraries or
archives for written documents, museums
and galleries for unwritten documents.
IV. National Archives of the Philippines
(NAP):
Established under Republic Act No. 9470
to store, preserve, conserve, and provide
public access to archival documents.
Holdings include Spanish Collection and
records from American and Japanese
occupations, among others.
V. National Library of the Philippines
(NLP):
Repository of printed and recorded cultural
heritage, established in 1887.
Mission to acquire, organize, conserve,
and provide access to Filipiniana
materials.
VI. National Museum (NM):
Operates various museums covering fine
arts, anthropology, natural history, etc.
Collections encompass diverse fields
including archeology, ethnography, and
natural history.
VII. Conclusion:
Understanding the repositories of primary
sources in the Philippines is crucial for
researchers and historians.
Accessing these repositories provides
valuable insights into the country's history
and cultural heritage.
Lesson 5 Transliteration of the Laguna
Copperplate Inscription by Antoon
Postma
Introduction to the Laguna Copperplate
Inscription (LCI):
The LCI is considered the earliest known
Philippine historical document.
Discovered in 1989 in Lumbang, Laguna,
it's now under the custody of the National
Museum of the Philippines.
Written in Kawi script, predating baybayin
and other indigenous scripts.
It details the granting of perpetual freedom
from debt by the ruler of Dewata to a
family in Luzon.
Interpretation and Significance:
The document's interpretation began in
the early 1990s, with linguistic analysis by
Antoon Postma.
Its significance lies in its role as proof of
ancient Philippine history, predating the
arrival of the Spaniards.
Contents of the LCI:
The inscription narrates the clearance of a
debt owed by Namwran, a person of high
office, and his descendants.
The debt was owed to the Chief of
Dewata, and the document served as an
official acquittal.
Location and Toponyms:
Interpretations regarding the location of
places mentioned in the LCI vary, with
some associating them with Luzon and
others with Laguna.
Names like Pailah and Puliran have been
linked to places along the Angat
River-Pampanga River-Manila Bay
complex.
Authenticity and Script:
Experts in Paleography and Old Malayan
languages affirm the genuineness of the
LCI based on script analysis and linguistic
correctness.
The script used belongs to the Early Kawi
script, also found in inscriptions in
Indonesia during the 10th century.
Other Discoveries:
Mention of other significant archaeological
finds in the Philippines, including the
Butuan silver strip and the Calatagan jar.
Lesson 6 Barangay Sixteenth Century
Philippine Culture and Society
"Barangay: Sixteenth-Century
Philippine Culture and Society" by
William Henry Scott provides a detailed
exploration of various aspects of
Philippine history and society during
the sixteenth century.
Introduction to William Henry Scott:
The document introduces William Henry
Scott, highlighting his background as a
missionary-teacher and his significant
contributions to Philippine history through
teaching and writing.
Research and Dissertation:
It discusses Scott's doctoral studies at the
University of Santo Tomas, focusing on
pre-colonial history and his
groundbreaking dissertation on the Code
of Kalantiaw.
Historical Analysis:
Scott's research debunked the myth of
Kalantiaw and shed light on various
aspects of Philippine history, including the
indigenous concept of barangay, which
referred to both boats and the smallest
political unit in Tagalog society.
Significance of the Term "Filipino":
The document explains the historical
context behind the term "Filipino" and how
it distinguished the inhabitants of the
Philippines from those of the Americas.
Population and Characteristics:
It provides insights into the population
size and physical characteristics of the
Filipino people during the sixteenth
century, as observed by the Spaniards.
Language and Diversity:
The document discusses the linguistic
diversity of the Philippines, belonging to
the Austronesian language family, and
emphasizes the dynamic nature of
Philippine languages and cultures.
Conclusion: It concludes by expressing
gratitude and providing references for
further reading on the topic.
Overall, the document serves as a
comprehensive exploration of
sixteenth-century Philippine culture and
society, drawing on the scholarly work of
William Henry Scott.
Lesson 7 Kartilya ng Katipunan
Introduction to Emilio Jacinto: It
introduces Emilio Jacinto, a young law
student at the University of Santo Tomas
who joined the Katipunan, and highlights
the historical context of the movement's
emergence following the public execution
of Filipino priests during the Cavite Mutiny.
Objectives of the Katipunan: It outlines
the overarching objectives of the
Katipunan, which include political, moral,
and civic aims aimed at achieving freedom
from Spanish rule and promoting virtuous
living among Filipinos.
The 14 Kartilya ng Katipunan: The
document provides a detailed examination
of the 14 teachings or principles outlined
in the Kartilya, emphasizing the
importance of living a meaningful life,
doing good deeds sincerely, practicing
true charity, treating all men as equals,
valuing honor above self-interest, being
true to one's word, managing time
effectively, defending the oppressed,
maintaining confidentiality, leading the
family with integrity, respecting women,
practicing empathy, and aspiring for a
liberated and united nation.
Conclusion: It underscores the
significance of the Katipunan's teachings
in shaping Filipino identity and fostering
unity in the struggle for freedom.
Lesson 8 Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan
Rivalry between Magdalo and
Magdiwang: The document highlights the
rivalry between the Magdalo and
Magdiwang factions of the Katipunan in
Cavite, leading to conflicts and reverses.
Tejeros Convention: Describes the
Tejeros Convention where factions met to
resolve issues and establish a new
government to replace the Katipunan.
Election and Conflict: Details the
election of officials during the Tejeros
Convention, including Emilio Aguinaldo as
President. Andres Bonifacio's insult and
subsequent departure from the convention
are noted.
Naik Military Agreement: Bonifacio's
rejection of the Tejeros results leads to the
Naik Military Agreement, where a separate
government is established.
Arrest and Trial of Bonifacio:
Aguinaldo's response to Bonifacio's
actions involves ordering his arrest,
leading to conflict and Bonifacio's
subsequent trial and sentencing.
Execution of Bonifacio: Despite initial
commutation of the death sentence,
Bonifacio and his brother are executed
following pressure from General Noriel
and others.
Document Sources: The document
references historical texts and Emilio
Aguinaldo's personal account of the
events.
These events depict the internal struggles
and conflicts within the Filipino
revolutionary movement, particularly the
tensions between different factions and
the tragic fate of Andres Bonifacio.
Dasalan at Tocsohan ni Marcelo H. del
Pilar
written by Marcelo H. del Pilar. It portrays
the stark contrast between the actions of
the friars and their teachings to the Filipino
people during that time. It recounts the
escape of Plaridel on October 28, 1888,
before being captured by the Spanish and
friars following a widespread uprising on
March 1, 1888, aimed at expelling the
friars from the country.
The text highlights Plaridel's bitterness
and his resolve to continue fighting
against the friars through his writings,
particularly in "Dasalan at Tocsohan"
where he parodies the doctrines of the
Catholic Church under the pseudonyms
Dolores Manapat and Dolores Manaksak.
The parody is expressed through rewritten
prayers and religious teachings that
criticize the friars' abuse of power and
manipulation of the Filipino people.
It also includes dialogues between a
questioner and respondent, known as
"Tocsohan," where various aspects of the
friars' behavior and teachings are
discussed and critiqued. Through humor
and satire, the text sheds light on the
oppressive nature of the friars' rule and
their exploitation of the Filipino population.
Additionally, the document references
various sources and provides insights into
the significance of works like "Dasalan at
Tocsohan" in challenging the dominance
of the friars and contributing to the
eventual revolution in 1896.
Overall, the document serves as a satirical
critique of the friars' influence and their
exploitation of religion for their own
benefit, highlighting the social and political
tensions of the time.
Ang Pantayong Pananaw Bilang
Diskursong Pangkabihasnan ni Zeus
Salazar
Introduction to Pantayong Pananaw:
The document introduces the concept of
"pantayong pananaw," which refers to the
interconnectedness and interrelation of
various aspects such as values,
knowledge, wisdom, aspirations, customs,
behavior, and experiences within a
collective cultural framework, expressed
through language.
Use of Pronouns in Filipino Languages:
It discusses how concepts equivalent to
"you," "we," "they," and "us" in Filipino
languages imply inclusivity, suggesting
that both the speaker and the listener are
part of a larger collective identity.
Implicit Meaning of "Tayong Mga
Pilipino": The phrase "tayong mga
Pilipino" implies exclusivity, indicating that
only Filipinos are included in the
conversation or context.
Key Features of Pantayong Pananaw:
Pantayong pananaw exists when
everyone shares and understands the
meanings and relationships of concepts
and behaviors within a society.
Impact of Colonialism on Cultural
Unity: Colonialism disrupted the unity of
various ethno-linguistic groups in the
Philippines by imposing foreign languages
(Spanish and later English) and
introducing socio-political concepts that
led to contradictions within the emerging
Filipino nation.
Challenges in Achieving National Unity:
Due to historical factors and the imposition
of foreign languages and cultural
concepts, the concept of a unified Filipino
nation lacks a coherent and inclusive
pantayong pananaw.
Importance of Developing Pantayong
Pananaw: To build a truly unified Filipino
nation, it is crucial to foster and enrich
pantayong pananaw within the current
socio-political context, ensuring that all
Filipinos have a shared sense of identity
and belonging.
Conclusion: Pantayong pananaw is
characterized by its holistic nature,
representing the collective cultural
discourse of a society and serving as the
foundation for unity among a group of
people with a shared language and
culture.
This document serves as an exploration of
the concept of pantayong pananaw and its
significance in achieving cultural unity and
national identity in the Philippines.
Cavite Mutiny
Introduction: The document discusses
the Cavite Mutiny, a significant event in
Philippine history.
Sources: The primary sources of the
event are identified as documents by
Spanish historian Jose Montero y Vidal,
Filipino researcher Dr. Trinidad
Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, and
French writer Edmund Plauchut.
Main Issue: Conflicting accounts
regarding the reasons for the mutiny are
presented, with some sources implicating
it as an attempt to overthrow the Spanish
government.
Spanish Perspectives: Spanish accounts
attribute the mutiny to various factors
including dissatisfaction with Spanish rule,
influence of liberal and democratic ideals,
and support from native priests.
Filipino Perspectives: Filipino accounts
portray the mutiny as a response to social
injustices, particularly the abolition of
privileges granted to soldiers and workers.
Response to the Mutiny: After two days,
the insurgency was subdued with the
reinforcement of troops in Cavite. The
mutiny was also used by the friars and
authorities to report a conspiracy of
Filipino residents and clergy to abolish the
government.
Central Government's Role: The Central
Government in Madrid had plans to
remove certain powers from the friars,
prompting frantic moves to extend their
stay and power.
Conclusions: The document concludes
that despite various perspectives on the
mutiny, it served as a gateway to events
leading to Philippine Independence in
1898.
References: The document cites
references from readings in Philippine
history and the National Historical
Commission of the Philippines.
RETRACTION OF RIZAL
a detailed examination of the controversy
surrounding the alleged retraction of Jose
Rizal, a prominent figure in Philippine
history, from his anti-Catholic writings. It
presents various perspectives, primary
sources, and arguments regarding
whether Rizal truly retracted his views
before his execution.
Primary Sources and Allegations: The
document mentions two texts attributed to
Fr. Balaguer, allegedly documenting
Rizal's retraction, published in 1896 and
1897 respectively.
Content of the Retraction: It provides the
content of the alleged retraction, wherein
Rizal declares himself a Catholic and
renounces any words, writings, or actions
contrary to the Catholic Church. He
expresses belief in Catholic teachings and
abomination of Freemasonry.
Authenticity of the Retraction: The
document discusses arguments both for
and against the authenticity of Rizal's
retraction:
- Arguments Against Authenticity:
Several historians question the
authenticity of the retraction
document, citing inconsistencies in
language, paragraphing, and
witness names between the
alleged original document and Fr.
Balaguer's copies.
- Arguments For Authenticity:
Some believe that Rizal indeed
retracted his views, pointing to his
burial in a Catholic cemetery and
the presentation of primary
sources such as the Cuerpo de
Vigilancia de Manila documents.
Debate and Conclusion: The document
acknowledges that the debate surrounding
Rizal's retraction continues, with the
conclusion awaiting further evidence.
However, it emphasizes that regardless of
the outcome, Rizal's works have inspired
Filipinos to fight for freedom.
Overall, the document presents a
comprehensive examination of the
historical controversy surrounding Rizal's
alleged retraction, highlighting conflicting
perspectives and the ongoing scholarly
debate.
Analysis-on-the-Works-of-Bonifacio
Introduction:
Introduction of Andres Bonifacio, known
as the "Father of the Philippine
Revolution" and the founder of the
Katipunan.
Brief background on Bonifacio's
impoverished upbringing and his
dedication to learning despite financial
constraints.
Emphasis on Bonifacio's love for his
country, expressed through his literary
works published in Kalayaan.
Overview of Bonifacio's Life:
Bonifacio's role as the Supremo of the
Katipunan and his leadership during the
Philippine Revolution against Spain.
Limited knowledge about Bonifacio's life,
characterized by romanticized stories and
sparse historical evidence.
Importance of Bonifacio's writings in
understanding his personality and
nationalistic ideals.
Contentious Evidence:
Examination of Bonifacio's writings,
particularly his poem "Tapunan ng Lingap"
and essay "Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga
Tagalog."
Discussion on the significance of
Bonifacio's works in portraying the Filipino
people's experiences under Spanish
colonization.
Interpretation of Bonifacio's call for
revolution against oppression and his
emphasis on the love of country.
Analysis of Bonifacio's Works:
Exploration of the themes and messages
conveyed in Bonifacio's literary pieces.
Discussion on the historical context and
implications of Bonifacio's writings in
inspiring nationalism and resistance
against colonial rule.
Evaluation of the significance of
Bonifacio's contributions to Philippine
history and his enduring legacy as a
national hero.
Conclusion:
Summary of Bonifacio's literary works
published in Kalayaan.
Reflection on the impact of Bonifacio's
writings in promoting patriotism and
advocating for Philippine independence.
References provided for further reading
and research on Bonifacio's life and
works.
Overall, the document offers an insightful
analysis of Andres Bonifacio's literary
contributions to the Philippine Revolution
and his enduring legacy as a symbol of
nationalistic fervor and resistance against
colonial oppression. It provides valuable
insights into Bonifacio's ideals,
motivations, and the historical context of
his time.
The-Agrarian-Reform-Policies
outlines the history and evolution of
agrarian reform policies in the Philippines
from pre-Spanish times to the present. It
begins with an introduction to agrarian
reform, defining key terms and concepts.
The historical overview covers various
periods, including the Pre-Spanish Period,
Spanish Period, American Period,
Commonwealth Period, Japanese
Occupation, and Philippine Republic
under different administrations.
Key points highlighted in the document
include:
Definition of Agrarian Reform:
Redistribution of lands to landless farmers
and farmworkers, encompassing various
modes such as land distribution, labor
administration, profit-sharing, and stock
distribution.
Historical Context: The document delves
into the social and economic structures
during each historical period, discussing
the introduction of land ownership
systems, tenancy laws, and the impact of
colonial rule on land distribution.
Land Reform Laws: It provides a
chronological overview of significant land
reform legislation enacted by various
Philippine presidents, including the
establishment of share-tenancy
arrangements, land redistribution
programs, and the creation of agricultural
credit and financing agencies.

Modern Agrarian Reform Programs:

The document discusses recent agrarian
reform initiatives, including those under
Presidents Aquino, Arroyo, Aquino III, and
Duterte. These programs aim to promote
social equity, rural development, and
poverty reduction through land
distribution, support services, and
anti-corruption measures.

Current Policies and Initiatives: Under

President Duterte, there is a focus on
aggressive land reform, prioritizing support
services alongside land distribution. The
Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) has
launched an anti-corruption task force and
aims to resolve agrarian cases promptly.

Overall, the document provides a

comprehensive overview of the agrarian
reform landscape in the Philippines,
highlighting its historical roots, legislative
milestones, and contemporary challenges
and initiatives.