SOCIAL SCIENCES

LET REVIEWER

LORA LEE HOPE ARAZA

Review Master
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
 A. PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINES

• Barangay was the socio-political unit

• Datu as chieftain.
• Social classes existed: nobles, freeman
and slaves (Aliping namamahay and
aliping sagui-guilid).
• The archipelago was divided into barangays, each
barangay comprising of 40 – 100 families.
• Contacts with other nations such as Chinese,
Indians and Malays existed. Arab influence Islam
religion was brought by Malays
HISPANIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

• Magellan led an expedition for Spain to Molucas

by sailing west.
• Such expedition brought him to a group of islands
which they called Archipelago of St. Lazaruz
(Later renamed Philippines after King Philip II of
Spain).
• They anchored on Homonhon and later sailed to an islet
south of Leyte where they had the first mass on March 31,
1521 celebrated by Fr. Pedro de Valderrama.
• While Magellan was killed on April 28 in a battle with
Mactan chieftain lapu-Lapu,
• his expedition paved the way for the eventual colonization
of the Philippines by Spain.
OTHER SPANISH EXPEDITIONS
IN THE PHILIPPINES:
• Loaysa Expedition (1525-26) by Father
Juan Garcia Jofre De Loaysa
• Cabot Expedition (1526-1530) by
Sebastian Cabot
• Sayavedra Expedition (1527-1528) by
Alvaro de Sayavedra
• Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) by
Ruy Lopez de
• Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546) by Ruy Lopez de
Villalobos -Reached Mindanaw in Februay 1543 but
the natives refused to have any dealing with them. He
named the islands of Samar and Leyte Felipinas in
honor of Prince Phillip of Spain who later bacame
King Phillip II.
• In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to
establish a permanent settlement in the Philippine
Island.
• He concluded blood compact with Sikatuna, chief of
Bohol
• then a treaty of friendship with Rajah Tupas of Cebu
where the first Spanish settlement (San Miguel) was
established. It was later renamed Santissismo Nombre
• Further colonization was made in
Visayas and up north.
• De Goite fortified manila which was
under Raja Sulayman, a Muslim
chieftain.
• In 1571, Legazpi established Manila as
the capital of the Philippines.
 POLITICAL CHANGES

• Government was centralized.

• For 250 years, Philippines was
administered through the Council of Indies
which transmitted to the Governor General
of the Philippines the royal decree that
served as guide in the administration of the
colony.
•  Provinces are called Alcaldia headed by Alcalde
Mayor for pacified areas and Corregimentos headed by
Corregidors for unpacified areas.
•  Cities are called Ayuntamiento headed by two
alcalde
•  Towns are called Pueblos headed by Gobernadorcillo

•  Barangays were retained and headed by a cabeza de

 ECONOMIC POLICIES
• mostly characterized by monopoly that
favored/benefited the Spaniards
• i. Taxation – started as a tribute of 0 reales (about
one peso) this was abolished in 1884 and personal
cedula
• ii. Forced Labor – male from 16 – 66 years were
required to render service to the government for 40
days
• iii. Encomienda –Encomienda means land granted
to deserving Spaniards who served the
government.
• iv. Galeon Trade or Manila – Acapulco Trade -
Doctrine of Mercantilism (monopoly of goods
from colonies) was imposed by Spain.
 TOBACCO MONOPOLY

• for 100 years the government designated

Nueva Ecija, Caayan Valley, Marinduque
as tobacco planting districts later than
Northern Luzon provinces were included.
 RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
• Christian religion was introduced replacing the
paganist anito worship.
• Friars were responsible for spreading the
religion such as Franciscans, Jesuits (1851),
Dominicans (1857) and Recollects (1606).
• Education was controlled by friars. Religious
orders found the first school and colleges.
University of Sto. Tomas was the first university
founded in 1611.
 POWERS OF THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL:
• The King‘s official representative to
the colony
• Issues superior decrees
• President of the Audiencia which is
the highest court on the colony
• Vice royal patron in the Philippines which
means that he can appoint minor officials and
parish priests

• Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces

• CUMPLASE – The right of the governor to suspend
the operation of a Royal Decree coming fron the
King if in hid opinion said order would not be
benificial to the colony. The usual formula in
exercising the right to cumplase was: I obey but do
not comply.
GROWTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM
•  It was in the 19th century when national
consciousness developed the Sporadic Uprisings
started as early as 1574 by Lakandula and followed
by Sulayman then by Magalat in 1596.
• Revolts by Tamblot, Bangkaw, Palaris, Dagohoy,
Diego Silang and many others grew intensely about
200 years later.
• Nationalism (devotion to or advocacy of national
unity and independence) developed due to the
following factors:
• A. opening the Philippines to World Trade;
• B. rise of the middle class;
• C. racial prejudice;
• D. Cavite mutiny and the execution of Gomez,
Burgos, and Zamora (GOMBURZA)
• Campaign for reforms started with the formation by the middle class
Propaganda Movement.
• Foremost among them where
• 1. Lopez Jaena,
• 2. M.H. Del Pilar,
• 3. Rizal.
• The aim of this movement is
• Assimilation or making the Philippines a province of Spain;
• allowing the Filipinos to have a representatinve in the Spanish law-making
body, the Cortes
• Andres Bonifacio founded the Katipunan
(Kataastaasans Kagalang-galangan na Katipunan
ng Anak ng Bayan) KKK in July 7,

• 1892 on a radial platform: to secure independence

and freedom of the Philippines by force.
• The society remained secret until Teodoro Patinio
exposed the society to Fr. Mariano Gil on August
19, 1896.
• At Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896, the
Katipuneros tore up their cedulas shouting
―Long Lived the Philippines‖ thus making the
so-called ―Cry of Pugad Lawin”.
 PEN NAMES OF PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT AND KKK LEADERS

• Dr. Jose Rizal : Dimasalang at Laong Laan

• Marcelo del Pilar :Plaridel at Dolares Manapat
• Graciano Lopez-Jeana : Diego Laura
• Mariano Ponce : Tikbalang, Naning at
Kalipulako
• Antonio Luna : Taga-ilog
• Jose Maria Panganiban : Jomapa
• Emilio Jacinto : Dimasilaw, pingkian
• Andres Bonfacio : Agapito bagumbayan,
Maypagasa
• Pio valenzuela : Madlang-away
• Apolinario mabini : Bini, Paralitico
• Juan luna : Buan
• Emilio Aguinaldo : Magdalo
The Philippine Revolution

against Spain began in

August 1896, culminating in
1898 with a proclamation
of independence and the
establishment of the
First Philippine Republic.
Of course, with a little
help from Uncle Sam 
 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS

• July 7, 1892 - Andres Bonifacio, Valentin

Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato
Arellano and a few others founded the
Katipunan (Kataastaasan Kagalang-
galangang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng
Bayan)
• August 30, 1896 – Governor-General Ramon
Blanco issued a decree declaring the
provinces of Manila, Cavite, Laguna,
Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and
Nueva Ecija in a state of war and placing
them under martial law.
• December 30, 1896 – Jose Rizal was
executed at the old Bagumbayan Field
(Rizal Park today).
• March 22, 1897 - The Tejeros Convention.
The Magdalo faction under Baldomero
Aguinaldo and Magdiwang under Mariano
Alvarez agreed to convene in Tejeros (now
part of Gen. Trias) to settle their
differences and to establish a new
government that would replace the
Katipunan. Elected officers where:
• Emilio Aguinaldo : President
• Mariano Trias: Vice President
• Artemio Ricarte: Captain-General
• Emiliano Riego de Dios: Director of War
• Andres Bonifacio: Director of the Interior
• May 10, 1897 – Andres Bonifacio and
his brother Procopio were executed after
being found guilty of treason and
sedition by a military court.
• November 1, 1897 – The Biak-na-Bato
Constitution was signed. It was prepared by Felix
Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho, who copied, almost
word for word the Cuban constitution. It has
effectively established the Biak-na-Bato Republic
under Emilio Aguinaldo as the President.
 THE BIAK NA BATO
REPUBLIC
• In July 1897, Aguinaldo established the Biak-na-Bato Republic
and issued a proclamation stating the following demands:

▪ Expulsion of the friars and the return of the friar lands

to the Filipinos
▪ Representation of the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes
▪ Freedom of the press and of religion
▪ Abolition of the government’s power to banish Filipinos
▪ Equality for all before the law.

Lasted for just over a month

• December 15, 1897 - Pact of Biak-na-Bato,
a ceasefire between the Spanish colonial
Governor-General Fernando Primo de
Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio
Aguinaldo was signed.
SPANISH – AMERICAN WAR

• April 25, 1898 - the United States declared

war on Spain following the sinking of the
Battleship Maine in Havana harbor on
February 15, 1898.
• May 1, 1898 - George Dewey led a U.S. naval squadron
into Manila Bay in the Philippines and destroyed the
anchored Spanish fleet in a leisurely morning engagement
that cost only seven American seamen wounded. Manila
itself was occupied by U.S. troops by August.
• May 19, 1898 – Aguinaldo arrived in the
Philippines and continued the Filipinos‘
fight against the Spaniards.
• of a huge crowd, proclaimed
the independence of the
Philippines in Kawit, Cavite.
The Act of the Declaration of
Independence which was
prepared by Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista was also
read.
The 1898 Treaty of
Paris between Spain and the
United States discussed the
terms the Spain-US war. This
ending
Treaty of Peace ceded the
Philippines to the United
States for $20,000,000.
With this treaty, Spain also
relinquished Cuba, Puerto Rico
and Guam to the United States.
(Signed Dec. 10, 1898)
This agreement was not
recognized by the
insurgent First
Philippine Republic
Government which, on
June 2, 1899,
proclaimed a Declaration
of War against the
United States.
Philippine president
Felipe Agoncillo was the Emilio Aguinaldo was
Filipino lawyer
representative to the captured in 1901 by
negotiations in Paris that led the
to the Treaty of Paris (1898). U.S. government
He earned the title
"outstanding first Filipino through the help of
diplomat." the Macabebe
• December 11, 1898 - US President
McKinley proclaimed the policy
―Benevolent Assimilation‖. He
emphasized the Filipino should be trained
for self-government.
 UNDER UNCLE
SAM

The Philippines under the Americans

AMERICAN MILITARY-GOVERNORS IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Wesley Merritt (August 14, 1898 – August 28, 1898)

• Elwell S. Otis ( August 28, 1898 – May 5, 1900)

• Arthur MacArthur, Jr. ( May 5, 1900 – July 4, 1901

 THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

• September 15, 1898 – The Malolos Congress convened in Barasoain Church and Pedro
Paterno was elected as its president.
• January 22, 1899 – The Malolos Constitution drafted by a committee headed by Felipe
Calderon was proclaimed transforming the government into what is known today as
the First Philippine Republic
• January 23, 1899 – Inauguration of the First Philippine Republic popuarly known as the
Malolos Republic amidst colorful ceremonies at the Barasoain Church, Malolos,
Bulacan with Aguinaldo as its president.
THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT OF THE
NEW PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

President - Emilio Aguinaldo

Department Secretaries-
War – Baldomero Aguinaldo
Interior- Leandro Ibarra
F. Cayetano Arellano
Affairs- (later
Finance- replaced by Mabini)
Justice- Mariano Trias
Welfare Gregorio Araneta
THE PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR, 1899-1902

• On February 4, 1899, an American soldier, Private William

Grayson, shot a Filipino soldier at the bridge of San Juan, Manila.
This marked the beginning of the Philippine-American War, which
lasted for three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200
American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as
200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease.
 THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO

• On March 23, 1901, carrying the order of General

Arthur MacArthur, General Frederick Funston
and his troops captured Aguinaldo in Palanan,
Isabela, with the help of some Filipinos called the
Macabebe Scouts who had joined the Americans'
side.
• On April 1, 1901, at the Malacañan Palace in Manila,
Aguinaldo swore an oath accepting the authority of the
United States over the Philippines and pledging his
allegiance to the American government.
• On April 19, he issued a Proclamation of Formal Surrender
to the United States
 CONTINUOUS RESISTANCE AGAINST THE AMERICANS
• General Miguel Malvar took over the leadership
of the Filipino war agains the Americans.
• General Vincente Lukbán continued the fight in
Samar, and other army officers, continued the war
in their respective areas.
• On July 4, 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt
officially declared an end to the Philippine-
American War after the surrender of Malvar,
Sakay and other Filipino leaders.
MACARIO SAKAY AND THE REPUBLIKA NG
KATAGALUGAN

• On May 6, 1903, Macario Sakay issues out his first

manifesto establishing the Republika ng Katagalugan
Government on Mount San Cristobal in Laguna
province.
• The codes of this government would follow closely the
laws and regulations set forth by Bonifacio and Jacinto‘s
Kartilya ng Katipunan.
• He was captured and sentenced to death on September
13, 1907.
AMERICAN POLICY IN THE PHILIPPINES

• On January 20, 1899, President McKinley

appointed the First Philippine Commission (the
Schurman Commission) headed by Dr. Jacob
Schurman
• The Second Philippine Commission (the Taft
Commission), appointed by McKinley on March
16, 1900, and headed by William Howard Taft,
was granted legislative as well as limited
executive powers.
• In July 1901 the Philippine Constabulary was organized as an
archipelago-wide police force to control brigandage and deal
with the remnants of the insurgent movement. After military
rule was terminated on July 4, 1901, the Philippine
Constabulary gradually took over from United States army units
the responsibility for suppressing guerrilla and bandit activities.
• Civil government was established by the
Americans in 1901, with William Howard Taft as
the first American GovernorGeneral of the
Philippines. English was declared the official
language.
• Six hundred American teachers were imported aboard
the USS Thomas.
• The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 stipulated that, with
the achievement of peace, a legislature would be established
composed of a lower house, the Philippine Assembly, which
would be popularly elected, and an upper house consisting of
the Philippine Commission, which was to be appointed by the
president of the United States. The two houses would share
legislative powers, although the upper house alone would pass
laws relating to the Moros and other non-Christian peoples. The
act also provided for extending the United States Bill of Rights
to Filipinos and sending two Filipino resident commissioners to
Washington to attend sessions of the United States Congress.
• In July 1907, the first elections for the assembly were held, and
it opened its first session on October 16, 1907.
• Sergio Osmena, Sr. was elected Speaker and Manuel L. Quezon
as the Majority Floor Leader.
• Cooper Act of 1902 - The bill proposed the
creation and administration of a civil government
in the Philippines. President Theodore Roosevelt
signed it into law in July 2, 1902.
• In 1916, the Philippine Autonomy Act, widely known as the
Jones Law, was passed by the U.S. Congress. The law which
served as the new organic act (or constitution) for the
Philippines, stated in its preamble that the ultimate
independence of the Philippines would be American policy,
subject to the establishment of a stable government.
• The Hare-Hawes Cutting Act, passed by Congress in 1932,
provided for complete independence of the islands in 1945 after
10 years of self-government under U.S. supervision. The bill had
been drawn up with the aid of a commission from the Philippines,
but Manuel L. Quezon, the leader of the leading Nationalist party,
opposed it, partially because of its threat of American tariffs
against Philippine products but principally because of the
provisions leaving naval bases in U.S. hands. Under his influence,
the Philippine legislature rejected the bill.
• The Tydings-McDuffie Independence Act (1934)
closely looks like the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act,
but struck the provisions for American bases and
carried a promise of further study to correct
―imperfections or inequalities.‖
• In 1939-40, the Philippine Constitution was revised to restore
a bicameral Congress, and permit the reelection of President
Quezon, previously restricted to a single, six-year term.
Quezon was reelected in Nov., 1941.
• To develop defensive forces against possible aggression, Gen.
Douglas MacArthur was brought to the islands as military
adviser in 1935, and the following year he became field
marshal of the Commonwealth army.
• During the Commonwealth years, Philippines sent one
elected Resident Commissioner to the United States House of
Representatives, as Puerto Rico currently does today.
Under the Rising Sun
Philippines under Japanese Empire
 D. JAPANESE OCCUPATION

• On Dec. 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, the US naval base

in Hawaii. On the same day, they attacked Baguio, Pampanga,
Manila and other parts of the Philippines.
• Japan successfully occupied the Philippines after fall of Bataan on
Arpril 9, 1942 and Corregidor on May 6 the same year.
• On October 14, 1943, the Japanese sponsored Philippine Republic
was proclaimed with Jose P. Laurel as President. From 1942 –
1944, the Filipino experienced brutally in the hands of the
Japanese until the return of Gen. Douglas Mc Arthur,
 BATAAN “DEATH MARCH”
After was Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942,
MacArthur retreated with his troops to Bataan while the
commonwealth government withdrew to Corregidor island before
proceeding to the United States.

The joint American and Filipino soldiers in Bataan

finally surrendered on April 9, 1942.
MacArthur escaped to Corregidor then
proceeded
to Australia.
The 76,000 captured soldiers were forced to
embark on the infamous "Death March" to a
prison camp more than 100 kilometers north
(Capas, Tarlac).
• Japan finally surrendered after the Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and
Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) were destroyed by atomic bombs.
• Commonwealth government was reestablished with Sergio Osmeña as
president because Quezon died in New York in 1944.
• In April 23,1946, Manuel A. Roxas won the presidency. As president
of the Commonwealth, he continued in office as first president of the
Philippine Third Republic after the proclamation of Philippine
independence on July 4, 1946.
• Bell Trade Act of 1946 – Provides for free trade between the
Philippines and the United States from January 1, 1946 to July 3, 1954
 POSTWAR ADMINISTRATION
• 1. President Manuel Roxas
Worked for the reconstruction
and rehabilitation of the war-
damaged country. His problem
was compounded by the
subversive activities of the Huks
(formerly a guerilla movement)
He died without finishing his
term.
• 2. President Elpidio Quirino Minimized with the Huk problem
with the help of Defense Secretary Ramon Mgsaysay.
Established (LASEDECO Law Settlement and development
Corp.) for landless farmers and Huk surrenders
• 3. President Ramon Magsaysay Man of the Masses. He
promised to give common tao justice. Established the
NARRA (National Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Administration) to continue the resettlement program of
previous administration.
• 4. President Carlos Garcia Famous of his
―Filipino First‖ policy and Austerity
Program
• 5. President Diosdado Macapagal The most
agrarian reform law, agricultural land,
reformed code was signed by him. This
provided for the abolition of tenancy.
• 6. President Ferdinand Marcos Promised
to make this country Great Again ruled
for 20 years during which time he:
•  work for the changing of 1934
constitution and result was the
constitution of 1973 providing for a
parliamentary government
•  declared Martial Law in 1972 because
of the deteriorating peace and order in
our country.
•  abolished congress upon the
declaration of martial Law.  the latter
part of his regime was popularly known
as dictatorship.
•  Benigno Aquino was
assassinated in 1983 which
generated protest and
demonstration that culminated in
the EDSA Revolution were the
People‘s Power was manifested.
This put to an end for 20 years
rule of Ferdinand Marcos,
Corazon Aquino, widow of
Benigno Aquino assumed
presidency in February 25,
• 7. President Corazon C. Aquino
•  First woman President of the
Philippines
•  restored democracy by:
• holding elections for congress
and local government o framed
and ratified constitution of 1987
• o restored freedom of the press
and speech
• o released political prisoner
•  Worked for economic
• 8. President Fidel V. Ramos Known for his
Philippines 2000 which meant to make the
Philippines an economically developed country.
• 9. President Joseph Estrada Was pro-poor but was
overthrown in an EDSA II People Power Revolution in
2001 due to plunder 10. President Gloria Macapagal
Arroyo Took over Government after EDSA II and was
reelected in the 2004 Presidential election.
SPOT THE ANIMAL!!!
• A. History – study of past events based on evidences; story of man
through the ages.
• B. Periodization In History
1. Pre-historic – period when there were no written records of man‘s
progress.
a. Paleolithic or Old Stone Age
b. Neolithic or New Stone Age
c. Metal Age
2. Historic Period – men‘s progress were recorded
a. Ancient
b. Medieval
ANCIENT WORLD CRADLES OF CIVILIZATION: ASIA AND AFRICA

• Ancient World Cradles of Civilization: Asia and Africa

• 1. First Civilization were in the river alleys
• a. Mesopotamia – region between the Tigris and Euphrates
River (fertile crescent region)
• b. Egyptian – a long banks of Nile river in Africa
• c. India – in the valley of Indus river
• d. Chinese – along the Yellow river
 GOBl
DESERT

.'
.(

.·

Arabian
Sea

I N DI A N

NO CE A W E
D
Equ,tur
N s
China, 3950- 1000 « .
D Mesopotamia, 3500-
1600'" D Ancient Egypt
3000- 2000 ec D Indus
0 500 1000 Valley, 1500- 1700'-'·
5' Kilometers
• Hypernlliptical Projection
F
"'l' ' 5' l
 Huang H o
Valley
Mesopotamia
Ind
us
Valle
y

_;_ -
3500 3000 2000 1500 1000 500 1000 1500
8.C.E. B C. I' BCI' 8.C..E. II.CL 8 ,C.f. C.E. C.I '

M n o p o 1omi1 JS00-11JCJO Aii<i<nl Ci. , . . . 8011-llB 1\-layo U 0 -900 A l l « IJS0-1Sfl

8.C.E. B.C.E. C.E. c.E.
Ann<nl I JI00-1070 II.C L Anri<nl 509 B.C.E.-t76
c.E.
fndut VuUty
!S00-1700 8.C.L
t-lu•i'll I lo
V•ll<y
1100-11118.CE.
·-- ---J,1r ·I /
1 2 , 0 0 0 BC 1 0 , 0 0 0 BC 8 , 0 0 0 BC 6 , 0 0 0 BC 4 , 0 0 0 BC 2 , 0 0 0 BC 0 2,000 A D

Riv er
V
alle y
Jomon
pottery Minoa n/My
1 0,0 00
BC
May an lsea
to j
Inca Land

Noma dic inv asions from the Stepp es on hors eback

Gre at W all of China
II ariti
me

1111 11
Ti m e l ine of tow ns , c i v i l i sati on s , inv a si on s a nd tra de 11111
routes The Silk Roa d
• 2. Early Religions
• a. Hinduism – India
• b. Zoroasterianism – Persia (Iran)
• c. Christianity – Israel (formerly Palestine)
• d. Islamism – Saudi Arabia
 IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS
• 1. Mesopotamia
a. art of irrigation
b. invention of wheels
c. cuneiform (form of writing)
d. Code of Hammurabi
e. Hanging Garden of Babylon
f. Monotheism (worship of one god) of the Hebrews
g. Mosaic Law (law given by God to Moses)
• Egyptian
a. Great Pyramid
b. Hieroglyphics
c. Calendar of 365 days
• India
a. Dravidians were the first inhabitants; invaded
by Aryans
b. Caste System – a rigid social structure
c. religion – Hinduism main feature
reincarnation
• China
a. Invented gun powder
b. printing press
c. produced textile called silk
d. civil service examination
e. Great Walls of China
f. Great philosophers – Confucius, Lao Tzu and Mencius
WESTERN WORLD

• Greece
a. Isolated city government (―polis‖)
b. Reform started by Solon
c. Cleisthenes and Pericles gave all classes of Athen citizens chance to
participate in government
d. Athens began the democratic system
e. Sparta had the militaristic system
f. Great Philosophers – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
g. Hellenic culture
MEDIEVAL PERIOD

• 1. Dark Age – barbaric tribes dominated

• 2. Supremacy of Christian Church - education revived through
church; church had great influence on people and government
• 3. Feudalism – socio political economic system that prevailed in
Europe, a manorial system was established; period of chivalry
or knighthood
• 4. Crusades – series of military expeditions by Christians
against Muslims to take back Holy Land.
MODERN PERIOD

• Renaissance period
a.revival of Greek classics.
b. Man‘s confidence in himself was revived.
c. Humanism was revived
• Age of Revolution
1. Intellectual Revolution – Ideas of Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes,
Voltaire and Montesquiu and Rousseau influenced thinking.
2. Scientific revolution – changes in scientific views and age of
inventions
3. Industrial Revolution  The name given by Arnold Toynbee to
describe the changes in economic life of England caused by remarkable
series of inventions during the period of 1777 – 1815.
• 4. Commercial Revolution – brought about by colonial expansions
Imperialism - rule of powerful countries over weaker
countries
• 5. Reformation – period of change in Western Christendom.
Reform  Certain beliefs in the Roman Catholic. The Catholic
Church reacted to the Protestant movement by asserting itself and
pushing back the tide of Protestianism.
• The Council of Trent instituted many reforms dealing with
conduct of church officials but did not accept Protestant changes
Ignatius de Loyola, founded the Society of Jesus and won back
territories which were dominated by Protestants. Through then
Catholicism was spread America and Asia
• Political Revolution The spread of liberal ideas led to revolution aimed at changing
government
a. American Revolution – (1775 – 1783) – was a struggle for independence from British
rule by the thirteen colonies. It actually started over the issue of taxation (no taxation without
representation) and ended up as a war independence. The war was fought for eight years,
although by July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress of the 13th colonies drew up the
famous Declaration Independence. At the treaty of Paris in 1783, the independence of the
colonies was recognized and a republican government was formed George Washington elected
as the first president.
• French Revolution – (1789 – 1799) was inspired by the success of
American Revolution. Breakdown in government precipitated the
revolution. It started with the Storming of the Bastille (royal
fortress). A new constitution was drawn up by the National
Assembly limiting the power of Louis XVI.
• By 1872 the French Republic was declared. The king was deposed
and beheaded. An orgy of bloodshed followed which was called
Reign of Terror (1793 – 1794) where Queen Marie Antoinette was
guillotined. Fresh from military campaigns Napoleon Bonaparte
returned to France to eventually rule as dictator for he was made
Consul for life by popular vote. Later the French Legislature made
him Emperor and through brilliant military campaigns became
Master of Europe.
 World War I World War II
THE TWO WORLD WARS COMPARISON CHART
Period and duration 1914 to 1918; 4 years
Triggers and causes Assassination of Archduke Francis
Ferdinand of Austria in June 1914.
Militarism, Imperialism, nationalism
and alliance system.
Conflict between The Central Powers (Germany,
Austria- Hungary, and Turkey) and the
Allied Powers (France, Britain, Russia,
Italy, Japan, and (from 1917) the U.S.)
Casualties Estimated to be 10 million military
dead, 7 million civilian deaths, 21
million wounded, and 7.7 million
missing or imprisoned.
1939 to 1945; 6 Years
Political and economic instability in Germany.
The harsh conditions of the Treaty of
Versailles Rise of power of Adolf Hitler and his
alliance with Italy and Japan to oppose the
Soviet Union
The Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan)
and the Allied Powers (France, Britain, the
U.S., the Soviet Union, and China)
Over 60 million people died in World War II.
Estimated deaths range from 50-80 million.
38 to 55 million civilians were killed, including
13 to 20 million from war-related disease and
famine.
• 2. World War II (1935-1945)
• This was a war of ideology; between totalitarism (Hitler’s Nazism; Mussolini’s Facism; and Japan’s
totalitarism) and democracy.
• European war began in Sept. 1, 1939 when Hitler invaded Poland. The war in the Pacific started with
the bombing of the Pearl harbor on December 8, 1941 by Japan, which drew USA into war on the
side of the Allied Powers, prisoners of war in the Pacific were ill-treated while those in Europe
millions of Jewish and civilians died in concentration camps such as in Auschwitz.
• US entry into the war in Europe turned the tide of the war in favor of the Allied Powers. Germany
and Italy surrendered in 1945. Meanwhile in the Pacific, Japan surrendered only after the atomic
bombs were dropped in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
• Established on 24 October THE
1945 UNITED
• UN Six principalNATIONS
after World War II in order to
prevent another such conflict.
• 51 founding members (currently
193 members)
• Headquarters (New York City)
organs:
• General Assembly (the main
deliberative assembly)
• Security Council (for deciding certain
resolutions
for peace and security)
• Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) (for
promoting international economic and social co-
operation and development)
• Secretariat (for providing studies, information,
and
facilities needed by the UN)
• International Court of Justice (the primary
judicial
organ)
• United Nations Trusteeship Council (inactive
since 1994).
• UN System agencies
• World Bank Group (WB, IMF)
• World Health Organization (WHO)
• World Food Programme (WFP)
• G. Post War Period
•  Characterized by the struggle for supremacy between
communism (USSR) and democracy (USA). USSR showed
intentions of imposing communistic rule in areas freed from
Axis control, such as in Germany and Korea. This resulted in
the so-called cold war, a state of a diplomatic tension or a war
of nerves without resort to an actual fighting. There occurs a
constant maneuvering between the two powers for economic
advantage and for the friendship of other countries. To avert
or to prevent one state from becoming powerful to endanger
POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
WITH THE PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION
• The 1st Philippine Republic (January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901)
• The Revolutionary Government
• Insular Government (1901 – 1935)
• Headed by Governor General appointed by the US government
• Commonwealth Government (November 15, 1935 - May 28, 1946)
• Replaced the Insular Government. Headed by a duly elected president.
• The 2nd Philippine Republic (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945)
• The Japanese-Sponsored Government
• Meanwhile, the Commonwealth Government ruled in exile
• The 3rd Philippine Republic (July 4, 1946 – September 21, 1972)
• Philippine Government after Liberation from the Japanese
• on July 4, 1946, Roxas would again take his oath as President, this time as President of the
newly-
inaugurated and independent Republic of the Philippines
• The Martial Law Years (September 21, 1972 - June 16, 1981)
• The 4th Philippine Republic (June 30, 1981 – February 25, 1986)
• The lifting of Martial Law in 1981
• The 1986 snap election and EDSA Revolution
• The 5th Philippine Republic (February 2, 1987 – present)
• The 1987 Constitution
16TH
PRESID
ENT
3 BRANCHES OF
GOVERNMENT

RTC, MTC
POLITICAL SCIENCE DEFINED

• Political science is the systematic study of the State and

Government. The word political is derived from the
Greek word ‘polis‘ meaning a city or what today
equivalent of sovereign state, the word ‗science‘ comes
from the Latin word ‘scire’ meaning to know.
CONCEPT OF A STATE
•  A state is a community of persons more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of
the territory, independent from outside or external
control and possessing a government wherein a great
body of inhabitants render habitual obedience. ( CIR vs.
Rueda, 42 SCRA 23 ).
ORIGIN OF THE STATE
•  Divine Theory
•  Necessity or Force Theory
•  Paternalistic Theory
•  Social Contract Theory
FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE
• Constituent

• Ministrant
CONCEPT OF NATION
•  A nation is a group of persons occupying a
portion of the territory sharing the same language,
culture, tradition and history.
INHERENT POWERS OF
THE STATE
•  Police Power

•  Eminent Domain or Power of Expropriation

•  Power of Taxation
 FORMS
•  Democracy
OF GOVERNMENT
 Parliamentary
 Presidential
•  Aristocracy
 Federal
•  Monarchy  Military
 Revolutionary
 De Jure
 De Facto
 Civil
STATE DISTINGUISHED FROM
GOVERNMENT
• It is the considered view that the acts of the government ( within
the prescribed limits of the delegation of powers ) are the acts of
the state. Legally, however, under the contract of agency, the
government is the agent through which the will of the state is
carried out. The state cannot exist without the government but it
is possible to have a government without a state.
CONCEPT OF CONSTITUTION
•  Meaning of Constitution
According to Judge Cooley, a constitution is a body of rules
and maxims in accordance with which the power of sovereignty is
habitually exercised.
PURPOSE OR FUNCTION
OF CONSTITUTION
•  To prescribe the permanent framework of the system of government assigned
to the different departments their respective powers and duties, and established
certain fixed first principles on which the government is founded and
•  To promote public welfare, which involves the safety, prosperity, health, and
happiness of the people.
KINDS OF CONSTITUTION
• Written or rigid

• Unwritten or flexible
REQUISITES OF A GOOD WRITTEN
CONSTITUTION

• Broad

• Brief
TWO STEPS AMENDING OR REVISING A
CONSTITUTION

•  Proposal

•  Ratification
 PREAMBLE
• We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of
Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
society, and establish a Government that shall embody
our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good,
conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to
ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of
independence and democracy under the rule of law and a
regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and
peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
MEANING
•  The term preamble comes from the Latin word
‗preambulare‘ which means ‗to walk before‘. Strictly
speaking, preamble is not an integral part of the
Constitution. Its true office is to expound on the scope
and nature, the extent and application of the powers
actually conferred by the constitution. (Watson,
Const.Vol I p.92)
 THE PHILIPPINE TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION
COMPRISES

• Terrestrial
• Fluvial
• Aerial
• The United Nations International Convention in Geneva
and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea or UNCLOS ( under the sponsorship of the United
Nations) defined the five kinds of water in relation to the
territorial jurisdiction of an archipelago state:
• o Internal Water
• o Territorial Sea
• o Contiguous Zone
• o Exclusive Economic Zone
• o Continental Shelf
•  Seabed
ARTICLE II DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND
POLICIES

• Section 1. The Philippines is a democratic and

republican state. Sovereignty resides in the people and
all government authority emanates from them.
• Section 2. The Philippines renounces war as the
instrument of national policy, adopts the
generally accepted principles of international law
of the land and adheres to the policy of peace,
equality, justice, freedom, cooperation and amity
wit all nations.
• Section 3. Civil authority is, at all times, supreme over
the military. The armed Forces of the Philippines is the
protector of the people and the State. Its goal is to secure
the sovereignty of the State and in the integrity of the
national territory.
• Section 6. The separation of the State shall be
inviolable.
ARTICLE II – BILL OF RIGHTS

• defined as a declaration and enumeration of a person‘s

rights and privileges, which the Constitution designed
to protect against violations by the government or by an
individual or group of individuals. Classes of rights
 WHAT IS THE BILL OF RIGHTS?
• It is a declaration and
enumeration of a person’s rights
and privileges provided in the
Constitution
• It is designed to protect against
violations by the government, by
an individual or groups of
individuals.
• It is a charter of liberties for the
individual and a limitation upon
the power of the state.
Importance Of Bill Of Rights:
It protects citizens against the
power of the government.
It outlines what the citizens can do
and cannot do.
It is a boundary between the
government and the people.
It is where the rights and privileges
of the individuals are defined.
Classes of Rights
The Rights of a Citizen are classified into:
Natural Rights – They are those rights possessed by
every citizen without being granted by the State for
they given to man by God as a human being. Example
are the right to life and the right to love.
Constitutional Rights – They are those rights which are
conferred, protected by the Constitution.
Statutory Rights – They are those rights which
are provided by laws promulgated by the law – making
body. Examples are the right to receive a minimum
wage and the right to adopt a child by an unrelated
person.
 CLASSIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONAL
Political Rights
 Rights of the Citizens to participate in the
political process
 Rights of the citizen to procedural fairness
such as the rights of the accused and to legal
remedy.
Civil Rights
 Rights that secure the enjoyment of
happiness
 Rights to due process and equal protection
of the laws
 Rights against involuntary servitude,
imprisonment for non – payment of
debt
 Constitutional rights of the accused
 Religious freedom
 Liberty of abode
 Freedom of speech, expression, the
press,
the right of assembly and petition.
RIGHTS
Social and Economic Rights
 Rights to insure the well – being and
economic security
 Right to own property
 Right to just compensation for private
property taken for public use
Rights Of The Accused
 Rights intended for the protection of a
person accused of any crime
 Right against which unreasonable search
and seizure
 Right to presumption of innocence
 Right to a speedy, impartial public trial
 Right against cruel, degrading, or
inhuman punishment.
DUE PROCESS
Concept of due process of law which hears before it
condemns and proceeds upon inquiry before rend

• Kinds of due process of law

 Procedural due process of law
 Substantive due process of law
• Section 1. No person shall be deprived of life,
liberty or property without due process
• Section 2. The right of the people to be secure in
their persons, houses, papers and effects against
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever
nature and for any purposes shall be issued except
upon probable cause to be determined personally
by the judge after examination under oath or
affirmation of the complaint and the witness he
may produced, and particularly describing the
place to be searched and the persons or things to
be seized.
• Section 3  Right to privacy of the
Communication
•  Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the
preceding section shall be inadmissible for any
purpose in any proceeding.
•  Right to privacy is concisely defined as the right
to be left alone. It has also been defined, as the
right of a person to be free from unwarranted
interference by the public in matters which the
public is not necessarily concerned.
• Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for
public use without just compensation
•  Eminent domain
 RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED IN CRIMINAL
CASES
• 1. The adequate legal assistance
• 2. To be informed of his right to remain silent
• 3. Right against the use of torture, violence or any other means which vibrates
the free will.
• 4. To be heard himself and counsel
• 5. To bail and against the excessive bail
• 6. To be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him
• 7. To have speedy, impartial and public trial
• 8. To meet the witness face to face
• 9. Right against self-incrimination
• Section 21. No expost facto law or bill of
attainder shall be enacted.
ARITICLE IV – CITIZENSHIP

• Section 1. The following are the citizens of the

Philippines
•  Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time
of the adoption of this Constitution .
•  Those whose fathers and mothers are citizens of the
Philippines.
•  Those born before January 17, 1873 of Filipino
mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching
the age of maturity, and
•  Those who are naturalized in accordance with the law.
 ARTICLE V SUFFRAGE
• Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised by all citizens of the
Philippines not otherwise disqualified by law who are at least
eighteen years of age, and who shall have resided in the
Philippines for at least one year and in the place wherein they
proposed to vote for at least six months immediately proceeding
the election. No literacy, property or other substantive requirement
shall be imposed on the exercise of suffrage.
•  Scope of Suffrage
1. Election
2. Plebiscite
3. Referendum
•  Qualifications of Voters: He must be
1. A citizen (male or female) of the Philippines
2. Not otherwise disqualified by law
3. At least eighteen(18) years of age; and
4. Have resided in the Philippines for at least
six(6)months preceding the election
• Section 2– The Congress shall provide a system for securing the
secretary and sanctity of the ballot as well as a system for
absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.  The Congress
shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates
to vote without the assistance of other persons. Until then, they
shall be allowed to vote under the existing laws and such rules
as the Commission on Elections may promulgate to protect the
secrecy of the ballot.
ARITICLE V – LEGISLATIVE
DEPARTMENT
•  Legislative Power – the authority under the Constitution to
make laws and to later
•  Laws – refers to statutes, which are the written enactments
of eh legislative governing the relations of the people among
themselves and between them and the government and its
agencies.
CLASSIFICATION OF POWERS OF CONGRESS

•1. General Legislative Power

•2. Specific Power
•3. Implied Power
•4. Inherent Power
THE SENATE
•  Composition and Election – it is composed of 24 senators who are elected at large by qualified voters
as may be provided by law.  Term of Office – six (6) years
•  Qualifications of a Senator
• 1. A natural born citizen of the Philippines
• 2. at last 35 years of age on the date of the election day
• 3. Able to read and write
• 4. A registered voter
• 5. A resident of the Philippines for not less than two (2) years immediately proceeding the election day
•  Maximum terms - a senator is disqualified to serve for more than two
consecutive terms but can still run for reelection after a break or interval
•  Registered Voter – one who has all the qualifications for a voter and
none of the disqualifications provided by law and who has registered
himself in the list of voters.
•  Residence – the place where one has his true permanent home and to
which whenever absent, he has the intention of returning.
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

•  Composition and election/selection –

composed of not more than 250 members
popularly known as Congressmen elected from
legislative or congressional districts and through
party-list system
•  Term of Office – three (3) years
•  Qualifications of a Representative
1. A natural born citizen of the Philippines
2. At least 25 years of age on the election day
3. Able to read and write
4. Except for party-list representative, a registered voter
5. A resident thereof, for a period of not less than one (1) year preceding the election day
• COMPOSITIONS/ELECTION/SELECTION AND
CLASSIFICATION OF MEMBERS
•  The Constitution limits to 250 the maximum numbers the Hose
of Representatives may have
•  The house of Representatives shall be elected from legislative
districts and through party – list system of registered national and
sectoral parties or organizations. The party – list representative
shall constitute 20% of the number of representatives in the Lower
House including those under the party list
•  The members of the House of Representatives may be classified
into district, party-list and sectoral representatives
 STEPS IN THE PASSAGE OF THE BILL
• 1. First reading
• 2. Referral to appropriate committee
• 3. Second reading
• 4. Debates
• 5. Printing and distribution
• 6. Third reading
• 7. referral to the other House
• 8. Submission to join bicameral committee
•
ARTICLE VII – EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

• Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in the President of the

Philippines o Executive Power – define as the power to administer Section
• 2. No person may be elected as President unless he is natural born citizen
of the Philippines
•  Qualifications of the President and Vice President
• 1. Natural born citizen of the Philippines
• 2. Registered voter
• 3. Able to read and write
• 4. At least 40 years of age
• 5. Resident of eh Philippines for at least 10 years
•  Section 3. There shall be Vice-president who shall
have the same qualifications and term of office and be
elected with and in the same manner as the President
•  Powers of the president
1. Appointing Power
2. Power to revoke any appointments
3. Power of control over all executive department, etc
4. Military power
5. Power to grant reprieve, commutations and pardons
6. Power to contact and guarantee foreign loan
7. Power to enter into treaties or the international agreement
8. Budgetary power
9. Power to address the Congress
ARTICLE VIII – JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

• Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in

one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as
may be established by law.
•  Scope of Judicial Power
1. Adjucatory power
2. Power of Judicial Review
3. To render binding judgment
4. Incidental powers
• Section 4. The SUPREME COURT shall be composed of the
Chief Justice and 14 Associated Justices. It may sit en banc or in
its discretion, in divisions of three, five, seven members. Any
vacancy shall be filled within 90 days from the occurrence
thereof..
•  Qualifications for members of the Supreme Court and any lower
collegiate court
1. He must be a natural born citizen of the Philippines, a naturalized
citizen may not be appointed.
2. He must be at least forty (40) years of age
3. He must have, for fifteen (15) years or more, been a judge of a lower
court or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines
4. He must be a person of proven competence, integrity, probity and
independence
ARTICLE XI ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC
OFFICERS
• Section 1. Public office is a public trust
•  Nature of Public Office
1. it is a public trust because it renders service to the public
2. It is not a property for the holder of eh office may not claim invested right
3. it is not a contract because one has no right to sue the government for the
recovery of damages
• Section 2. Nature of Impeachment
•  Officials Removable by Impeachment 1. The president and vice-president 2. Members
of the Supreme Court 3. Members of the Constitutional Commissions 4. The Ombudsman
 Grounds for Impeachment 1. Culpable violation of eh constitution 2. Treason :
example a Filipino imposes war in the Phil. And confronting the enemies of eh country 3.
Bribery . either direct or indirect bribery 4. Graft and corruption 5. Betrayal of public
trust – new ground for impeachment
SECTION 3. INITIATING AND TRIAL FOR
IMPEACHMENT
• Section 3. Initiating and Trial for Impeachment
•  House of representatives have the sole power to initiate all cases of impeachment. The
senate has the sole power to try all cases of impeachment.
•  Procedure in Impeachment cases
• 1. Filing of verified complaint in the House of Representatives
• 2. Trial by the Senate
• 3. The members are require to be under oath or affirmation
• 4. Requirement for conviction
•  To convict an officer, at least 2/3of all members of Senate agreeing are necessary.
•  The only penalty to impose in an officer is limited ‗to
removal from office and disqualification to hold any office
under the Republic of the Philippines‘. If a criminal offense has
been committed, the party convicted is still liable to prosecution
, trial and punishment.
•  The power of the President to grant reprieves, commutations
and pardons does not extend to cases of impeachment.
• Section 4. anti –Graft known as Sandiganbayan The
Sandiganbayan was a special court created by the
Batasang Pambansa under the 1973 Constitution.
• Section 5. Office of the Ombudsman to be known as
Tanodbayan Tanodbayan is a coined term in Filipino,
which literally means ‗ guardians of the nations‘. It is
categorized like the three Constitutional Commissions as
independent. It is known as the office of the Special
Prosecutor
• Section 8. Qualification of Ombudsman Deputies They must be:
• 1. The natural born citizens of the Philippines
• 2. At least forty(40) years old at the time of the appointment
• 3. Persons with recognized probity and independence
• 4. Members of eh Philippine Bar
• 5. Not have been a candidate for any elective office in the preceding election
ARTICLE XII NATIONAL
ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY
• Section 1. The goals of the national economy are a more
equitable distribution of opportunities, income, and wealth;
• a sustained increase in the amount of goods and services
produced by the nation for the benefit of the people;
• and an expanding productivity as the key to raising the quality
of life for all, especially the under-privileged.
• Section 2. All lands of the public domain, waters, minerals, coal,
petroleum, and other mineral oils, all forces of potential energy, fisheries,
forests or timber, wildlife, flora and fauna, and other natural resources are
owned by the State. With the exception of agricultural lands, all other
natural resources shall not be alienated. The exploration, development, and
utilization of natural resources shall be under the full control and
supervision of the State. The State may directly undertake such activities,
or it may enter into co-production, joint venture, or production-sharing
agreements with Filipino citizens, or corporations or associations at least
sixty per centum of whose capital is owned by such citizens. Such
agreements may be for a period not exceeding twenty-five years,
renewable for not more than twenty-five years, and under such terms and
conditions as may be provided by law.
• Section 17. In times of national emergency, when the public
interest so requires, the State may, during the emergency and
under reasonable terms prescribed by it, temporarily take over
or direct the operation of any privately-owned public utility or
business affected with public interest. Section
• Section 18. The State may, in the interest of national
welfare or defense, establish and operate vital industries
and, upon payment of just compensation, transfer to
public ownership utilities and other private enterprises
to be operated by the Government.
 ECONOMICS AND OTHER RELATED LAWS
• What is Economics?
•  Oikonomia: Greek word meaning ―management of
the household‖
•  Is a Social Science concerned with how individuals
and society choose to use its scarce resources to achieve
maximum satisfaction of human material wants.
•  Economics is the social science that studies the
production, distribution, and consumption of goods and
services.
 WHY STUDY ECONOMICS?
• 1. To learn a new way of thinking
 Cost and benefit thinking
 Opportunity cost: the cost or value of the next best
alternative or choice
 That which we forgo or give up, when we make a
choice or a decision.
 ―No such thing as free lunch‖
 Marginalism: in weighting the cost and benefit of a
decision, it is important to weigh only the cost and benefit that
arises from the decision.
 Sunk cost: cost that cannot be avoided regardless of what is
done in the future, since it has already been incurred.
• 2. To understand society
• 3. To understand global affairs
• 4. To become an informed voters
 TWO MAJOR DIVISION OF
ECONOMICS
•  Microeconomics: the branch of economics that
examines the functioning of individual industries
and the behavior of individual decision-making
units.
•  Macroeconomics: the branch of economics
that examines the economic behavior of
aggregates. Looks at the economy as a whole.
• Basic Economic Problem
•  What to produce?
•  How to produce?
•  Who will get what is produced
 ECONOMIC SYSTEM
•  Command Economy: the basic economics questions
are answered by a central agency. Through the
combination of government ownership of state enterprise
and central planning, the government either directly or
indirectly, sets output targets, income and prices
•  Open-market/free market/ laisez-faire economy:
individuals and firms pursue their own self-interest
without any central direction or regulation. 
• Mixed system: market and government co-exist
• Production: the process of making goods and services to
satisfy human material wants
• Factors of Production
•  Land: includes all resources found on land, on the sea.
•  Labor: it can be define as any kind of work, either mental or
manual in nature, which has the sole purpose of receiving
rewards
•  Capital: refers to the stock of goods made by the people to
help them in the production of goods and services.
•  Entrepreneurship: coordinates all the factors of production
to produce goods and services.
• Market: Is a mechanism by which the buyers and sellers
interact to determine both price and quantity of goods
and services Demand and Supply and Price
Determination
•  Demand: it is a market expression of the cumulative
willingness and ability of household to buy different
amount of product at different prices.
•  Demand schedule: a table showing the different
amount of a product that will buy at all possible prices.
•  Demand curve: a graphical representation of the
demand schedule. It is down ward sloping.  Law of
Demand: Ceteris paribus, when price increase, quantity
demanded decrease, when price decrease, quantity
demanded increase. Relationship is inversely
proportional or negative.
• Exemptions to the law of Demand
 Giffen goods: a theoretical goods, when price
increase demand also increases. (Sir Robert Giffin) 
Snob goods: when a lot of people buy the good, its
demand died down
FACTORS OF DEMAND
•  Changes in income
•  Tastes and Preferences
•  Price of substitute goods (replacement)
•  Price of complimentary goods
•  Expectation of future price
•  expectation of future income
•  Population
DETERMINANTS OF DEMAND

•  Price: lead to a change in quantity demanded,

causes a movement along the demand curve.
•  Non-price: leads to a change in demand cause a
change in the whole demand schedule and demand
curve
• Supply: Is a market expression of the cumulative
willingness and ability of all firms to produce
different amount of a product at different prices.
• Law of Supply: ceteris paribus, when price
increase, quantity supply increase, when price
decrease, quantity supply decrease.
FACTORS OF SUPPLY

•  Cost of production
•  Price of related goods
•  No. of firms in the industry
•  Seasonality (weather condition)
•  Expectation of future price
• Market Equilibrium  The objective of the market is to
reach a state in which the quantity of goods that producers
are willing and able to supply and the quantity of goods that
a buyers are willing and able to buy are equal at the same
price
• Disequilibrium Condition
OBJECTIVES OF MACROECONOMICS

•  Sustained growth

•  Stability of prices
•  Gross National Product (GNP) The
market value of all the goods and services
produced by a nation in a given period
•  Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Measures the value of all the goods and
services produced in the country
APPROACHES TO MEASURING GNP

• 1. Expenditures approach – adding up all the value of all the final goods
and services spend during a given period.  Private consumption (C) 
Government consumption (G)  Gross Private Investment (I)  Net
Export (x-m)  C+I+G+(x-m)
• 2. Income approach – measures the total income earned by factors of
production.
• 3. Production approach/ Value Added approach – adding up the
contribution of the 3 major sectors of the economy; agriculture, industry,
service
PRICES IN THE ECONOMY
•  Price of goods - Inflation

•  Price of labor – Wages

•  Price of Money – Interest rate

•  Price of local currency vs. foreign currency – Forex rate

• Inflation: Is a sustained and general increase in prices in
all or nearly all the markets in the economy
• Types of Inflation
•  Demand-pull inflation – state of excess aggregate
demand.
•  Cost push inflation – cause by a significant and
continued increase in some cost of production (labor, raw
materials, profit)
• Measuring Price Changes Consumer Price Index
•  Measures the price changes of consumer goods and
services.
•  It measures price changes on a certain market basket
of goods and services consumed by average household
EFFECTS OF INFLATION
• 1. Decrease in the value of money (Purchasing Power
of the Peso)
• 2. Inflation loser o Fixed salary worker and retirees
living on pension o Creditors and savers
• 3. Inflation gainers o Speculators o People with flexible
income o Debtors
GOVERNMENT ROLE IN
COMBATING INFLATION
•  Fiscal Policy – is the manipulation of government
spending and imposition of taxes
•  Monetary Policy – manipulation of savings and
investment of the financial sector to achieve the twin
objectives of the macroeconomy
TAXATION
•  It is an inherent power of the state to impose and collect revenues to
defray the necessary expenses of the government.
•  It is compulsory contribution imposed by a public authority irrespective
of the amount of services rendered to the payer in return.
•  It is compulsory level on private individuals and organization by the
government to raise revenue to finance expenditure on public goods and
services.
 BASIC TAXATION
Principles of Taxation

The benefit principle of taxation is based on two ideas.

• The first and foremost is that those who benefit
from services should be the ones who pay for
them.
• Secondly, people should pay taxes in proportion to
the amount of services or benefits they receive.
 THREE (3) TYPES OF TAXES
• Proportional tax imposes the same percentage of taxation on
everyone, regardless of income. This means that if a person's income
goes up, the percentage of total income paid in taxes doesn't change.

• Progressive tax imposes a higher percentage rate of taxation on those

with higher incomes. Therefore, the percentage of income paid in
taxes increases as income goes up.

• Regressive tax imposes a higher percentage rate of taxation on low

incomes than on high incomes. For example, if the state sales tax were
5%, the person with the lower income would pay a greater percentage
of their total income in sales tax.
SOURCES AND ORIGIN OF
TAXATION
•  The Constitution
•  Statutes or Presidential Degrees
•  Bureau of Internal Revenue regulations
•  Judicial Decision
•  Provincial, Municipal and Barrio Ordinances
•  Observance of International Agreement
CLASSIFICATION OF TAXES
•  As to the subject matter – Personal Property, Capitation and
Poll Tax; Property Tax; Excise Tax
•  As to who bears the burden – Direct Tax and Indirect Tax
•  As to determination of the amount – Specific and Ad valorem
•  As to purpose – General and Specific
•  As to Scope – National and Local
CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOUND TAX SYSTEM

•  Efficiency

•  Equity

•  Convenience

•  Stability
 ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
• Traditional
• Traditional economies still produce products and services that are a direct result of
their beliefs, customs, traditions, religions, etc.
• Command
• The most notable feature of a command economy is that a large part of the
economic system is controlled by a centralized power; often, a federal
government. This kind of economy tends to develop when a country finds itself in
possession of a very large amount of valuable resource(s).
• Market
• Similar to a free market. The government does not control vital resources,
valuable goods or any other major segment of the economy. Organizations run by
the people determine how the economy runs, how supply is generated, what
demands are necessary, etc.
• Mixed Systems
• A mixed economic system (also known as a Dual Economy) primarily refers to
a mixture of a market and command economy
No country has an economic system that is
100 percent communism, socialism, or capitalism.
All countries today have mixed economic
systems or mixed economies, with some free
enterprise and some government ownership.
GEOGRAPHY
• NATURE OF GEOGRAPHY
•  Geography is the study of spatial variation of the Earth‘s surface and of
humankind‘s relation to the environment. Of essential concern to the
geographer are spatial patterns and the interrelations of climate, landforms,
vegetation, soils, population, economic activities, and political units, either
on a global scale or in a more limited area.
•  The word Geography is derived from the Greek, meaning ―Earth
description. There are two principal approaches to the study of geography
have developed: Topical and Regional. The branches of Geography are
Physical Geography (Geomorphology, Biogeograhy, Climatology) and
Human Geography (Cultural geography, Population geography, Economic
geography, Historical geography, Political geography and Urban
geography)
• The branches of Geography are Physical Geography
(Geomorphology, Biogeograhy, Climatology) and
• Human Geography (Cultural geography, Population
geography, Economic geography, Historical geography,
Political geography and Urban geography)
•  Gerardus Mercator, b. Mar. 5, 1512, d. Dec. 2, 1594,
was a Flemish cartographer and geographer best known
for mapping work, especially the Mercator projection. A
cartographer (mapmaker) begins making a map by
reducing the surface of the Earth in size. But globe is
still considered as the best representation of the earth.
•  Map is one of the most versatile of human creations, are
useful for activities from the sciences to the arts. The goal of
these projections is to reproduce the Earth, or a portion of it,
with a minimum of distortion. Different projections have
specific properties that make them useful for particular purposes
like Conformal projects, Equal-area projections, Mercator
projection, Lambert azimuthal projection and the Albers conic
projections.
•  In terms of imaginary lines, the latitude of a point on
the Earth‘s surface is the distance north or south of the
equator. Lines of latitude, or parallels, extend east and
west at precise intervals from the equator, which is the
0º parallel.
•  Longitude is a position on the Earth‘s surface
indicating the distance east or west of Greenwich,
England, the prime meridian. The imaginary half-circles
connecting the points of the same longitude, from the
North Pole to the South Pole, are called meridians. On
the opposite side of the globe from Greenwich is the
International Date Line, 180º West or East. The
International Date Line is an imaginary line that runs
approximately along the 180º meridian in the Pacific
Ocean.
•  The South Pole is the location marking the
southern end of the Earth‘s axis. It is found in the
Arctic Ocean at 90º north latitude, where all
meridians of longitude intersect
5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY

• 1. Location: the meaning of relative and absolute position on the earth's

surface
• 2. Place: the distinctive and distinguishing physical and human
characteristics of locales
• 3. Relationships within places: the development and consequences of
human-environment relationships
• 4. Movement: patterns and change in human spatial interaction on the
earth
• 5. Regions: how they form and change
• Continental Drift and Plate-Tectonics Theory  According to
the theory of continental drift, the world was made up of a
single continent through most of geologic time.
•  The single continent is called PANGAEA and the large sea is
called TETHYS. That continent eventually separated and drifted
apart, forming into the seven continents we have today.
•  The first comprehensive theory of continental drift was suggested by the
German meteorologist Alfred Wegener in 1912.
•  The hypothesis asserts that the continents consist of lighter rocks that
rest on heavier crustal material—similar to the manner in which icebergs
float on water. Wegener contended that the relative positions of the
continents are not rigidly fixed but are slowly moving—at a rate of about
one yard per century
 TYPES OF MAPS
•  Climate maps
•  Economic or resource maps
•  Physical maps
•  Road maps
•  Topographic maps
THE CONTINENTS AND THEIR AREAS AND
ELEVATION

•  A continent is defined as a large unbroken land mass

completely surrounded by water, although in some cases
continents are (or were in part) connected by land bridges. The
seven continents are North America, South America, Europe,
Asia, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. The island groups in the
Pacific are often called Oceania but this name does not imply
that scientists consider them the remains of a continent.
 -

North
America

Africa

I
·
South
America .¥

· \
'

7 Australia

/ >
continents
 ASIA
•  Asia is the largest continent
•  Asia is by far the most populous of all the continents
•  Three broad climatic realms may be distinguished in Asia. They
are: monsoon Asia, dry Asia, and cold Asia.
•  The nations of Asia are usually grouped into five main
geographical and political-cultural subdivisions:
• o Southwest Asia,
• o South Asia,
• o East Asia,
• o Southeast Asia and
 Geography

Asia is the World's largest

continent (43,810,582 km²) covering
approximately 30% of the Earth's land and
8.66% of the Earth's surface.

It is bordered by the Ural Mountains to

the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, the
Pacific Ocean to the west and the Indian
Ocean to the south.

The highest point in the World, is

Mount Everest (8,848 m), situated in the
Tibetan region of the Himalayas.

The longest river in Asia and third longest

in the World is the Yangtze (6,211 km)
which flows through China.

The largest desert in Asia is the Gobi

desert
measuring 281,800 km².
Countries

There are 53 countries in Asia including Russia and

Turkey which lie in both Europe and Asia and
Taiwan which is technically a part of China and not
officially recognised as a country by the United
Nations.
Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China,
Georgia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Iraq,
Iran,
Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Korea,
North Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon,
South
Macau, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia,
Maldives, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine,
Myanmar,
Philippines, Qatar, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore,
Sri Lanka, Taiwan Tajikistan Timor-Leste,
Syria,
Turkey, Turkmenistan,
, United
, Arab
Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen. Emirates,
Asian population by country (top 8)

China (31.35%)
India (29.72%)
Indonesia (5.84%)
Pakistan (4.39%)
Bangladesh (3.63%)
Russia (3.19%)
Japan (2.81%)
Philippines (2.28%)
Other (16.79%)
 POPULATION DENSITY BY
COUNTRY

People I Square Kilometer

0 50 100 250 900

Atlas of the
Data taken from: ESRI
(2000)

Biosphere
Languages Asia is home to several language families
and many language isolates. Most Asian
in Asia countries have more than one language
that is natively spoken.

More than 780 languages spoken in India

More than 700 living languages are
spoken in Indonesia
More than 170 indigenous languages are
spoken in the Philippines
China has many languages and dialects in
various provinces
•  The highest point in Mount Everest; the lowest point is 395 m
(1,296 ft) below sea level along the shores of the Dead Sea in
Israel and Jordan.
•  The highest is the Tibetan Plateau, which has an average
elevation of over 4,000 m (13,000 ft) and is bordered by some of
the world‘s highest mountains, including the Himalayas on the
south, the Karakoram on the west, and the Kunlun Mountain on
the north.
•  This entire complex of high mountains and plateaus is often
referred to as the ―roof of the world.‖
•  Major cooperative ventures include
• o Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN),
• o Arab League, established in 1945 to promote Arab unity;
• o the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
(SAARC),
•  Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) group seeks
trade liberalization within the entire Pacific basin.
AFRICA
•  Africa is the second-largest continent after Asia.
•  European called Africa the “Dark Continent”
•  It is separated from Asia by the Suez Canal, the Gulf of Suez,
and the Red Sea, and from Europe by the Strait of Gibraltar and
the Mediterranean Sea. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on
the west and the Indian Ocean on the east.
•  Africa has a number of outstanding natural features
that have influenced its history and development. The
northern coastal area is separated from the rest of the
continent by the Sahara, the largest desert in the world.
•  Rising above this plateau are Mount Kilimanjaro
(5,895 m/19,340 ft), a semi-active volcano and Africa‘s
highest peak.
•  The climates of Africa are predominantly tropical.
•  The Nile River, the world’s longest (6650 km/4,132 mi), the Congo,
Africa‘s second-longest river and third longest river, the Niger. Only few
areas of Africa possess fertile soils, while animal life in is remarkable for
its great diversity.  Africa‘s population numbered some 1,000,010,000
(2005), if this will continue at its present rate, it will double by the year
2025.
•  Africa is the most rural and least urbanized of the continents.
 NORTH AMERICA
•  The continent‘s land area places its third in size among the seven continents,
smaller only than Asia and Africa.
•  The Caribbean Islands may be combined with Mexico and Central America
and described, collectively, as Middle America.
•  It is extended in the northwest by the peninsula of Alaska and its Aleutian
Island chain, in the northeast by the world‘s largest island (Greenland), in the
southeast by Florida‘s peninsula, and in the southwest by Mexico and the land
bridge to South America.
•  The region has a continental climate, characterized by a wide seasonal
temperature range and periods of intermittent aridity. The northern plains are
colder than the southern portion, and the eastern portion of the region is more
humid than the western.
•  Of the more than 400 million people in North America, almost 60% are
SOUTH AMERICA

•  South America is the world‘s fourth-largest continent; it is smaller than

North America but larger than Antarctica.
•  The Andes, which parallel the western side of the continent, form the
longest mountain chain in the world.
•  The Amazon River surpasses all others in volume of flow, and the
Amazon Basin is the world‘s largest area of tropical rain forest.
•  The continent is part of Latin America, so named because most of its
settlers during the colonial period came from the Iberian Peninsula.
• The cultural characteristics brought with these immigrants included the Spanish
and Portuguese languages, and the Roman Catholic religion.
•  Tropicality is the dominant feature of South America‘s climate, and much of
the continent remains frost free throughout the year and the
•  Northwestern South America is affected by the seasonal ocean current known
as El Niño. Major climate types are found in South America: tropical rainy
climate, and the semi-arid climates dominates the coast of Peru and northern
Chile.
•  South America‘s racial heritage stems from three basic sources: Caucasian,
African and Indian.
•  Spanish is the official language of nine countries in South America.
•  Roman Catholicism is found throughout South America.
 ANTARCTICA
•  Antarctica is the fifth-largest and southernmost continent. Its position at the
South Pole, together with its elevation and ice-and-snow cover, generates the
coldest climate on Earth. At least at third of the coastline (about 30,000
km/18,600 mi) is hidden beneath perennial ice.
•  The summer population is several thousand, but only a few hundred
scientists and support personnel stay during the winter. They live in
semitransparent bases.
•  A fairly large number of fish species are found in the Antarctica, but they are
small in size or few in number.
•  The birds of the Antarctica ecosystem include penguins, albatrosses, and
petrels.
•  Seven species of penguins are confined to the pack ice region; they constitute
more than 89% of the birds in the Antarctica region, while Antarctica marine
EUROPE

•  Europe is the second to the smallest continent, its geographical units is not clearly
defined. It is physically attached to Asia and forms the western end of the immense
Eurasian land mass. For historical reasons it has been treated as a separate continent
•  Europe contains just 7% of the world‘s land area and about 10% of its population.
More than half of Europe‘s 43 countries have a population of less than 10 million. Only
six European countries have populations of more than 50 million.
•  The highest elevations in Europe are in the Caucasus Mountains (Mount Elbrus,
5,633m/18,481 feet) and the Alps (Mont Blanc, 4,807 m/15,771 ft).  Europe has three
dominant zones; Mediterranean in the south, continental in the east, and maritime in the
west.
•  Europe probably has least of its original forest and vegetation
remaining. Most major rivers of Western Europe originate in the Alps or
mountains of central Europe.
•  Most modern Europeans are descendants from the Germanic peoples,
Slavs, Celts, Romans and Greeks.
•  Christianity is the traditional religion of most Europeans but Judaism is
also a traditional religion in many parts of Europe.
•  It is also noted that, at the end of the 20th century significant numbers of people had no religious
affiliation.
•  The population of Europe (including the European part of Russia) is approximately 727,786,000
(2004).
•  Vatican City with around 1,000 people is the world‘s smallest sovereign state. By world
standards literacy rates are very high throughout Europe.
•  It was the cradle of the Industrial Revolution in cities such as London, Paris, and Berlin.
Tourism emerged in the second half of the 20th century as one of the fastest growing industries in
Europe.

BREXIT
(UK LEAVING THE EU/EEA)
•What Happened? Implication?
• A referendum was held on June
23, 2016, to decide whether the
UK should leave or remain in the
European Union.
• Leave won by 52% to 48%.
• The referendum turnout was 71.8%
• Implication?
• Work permits, travel Visas, etc.
•What is EU/EEA?
• The European Union - often
known as the EU - is an
economic and political
partnership involving 28
European countries.
• It has since grown to
become a "single market"
(EEA) allowing goods and
people to move around,
basically as if the member
states were one country.
• It has its own currency, the
Euro.
 AUSTRALIA
•  Australia is the world’s smallest continent, its sixth-largest
country, one of the world‘s oldest landmasses, the flattest
continent, and (after Antarctica) the driest one.
•  Nearly one-third of the continent is in the tropics, and the rest is
in the temperate zone.
•  The climate of Australia varies with latitude. The northern part
of the continent is tropical and influenced by the trade winds. The
southern parts lie in the belt of westerly winds and have a more
temperature climate.
OCEANIA
•  OCEANIA a name used to refer to the widely scattered islands of the central and
southern Pacific Ocean; Australia and New Zealand are frequently included. Virtually all
of the islands are volcanic peaks or tiny coralline atolls built upon submerged volcanic
bases.  The islands of Oceania are usually divided into three major groups:
•  Melanesia (“black islands”) includes the large quasi-continental islands immediately
north and east of Australia, from New Guinea to New Caledonia. Micronesia (little
islands) is almost exclusively composed of tiny atolls dotting the western Pacific.
•  Polynesia (many islands) is an immense region in the central Pacific, those islands
farthest removed from Asia. It includes both large volcanic islands and coral atolls within
a triangle connecting Hawaii, Easter Island, and New Zealand.
SPOT THE ANIMAL!!!
PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY

•  Location: Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea and the South China Sea, east of
Vietnam
•  Coastline: 36,289 km, Longer coastline due to unevenness
•  Total Area: 300,000 sq km
•  land: 298,170 sq km
•  water: 1,830 sq km
•  Climate: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)
•  Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands
TOTAL
• 102,467,4
83 OF
POPULATION
THE PHILIPPINES
2016
• We are
ranked 13th
Most
Populated
Country in
the world
•  The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ): o The Intertropical Convergence Zone
(ITCZ) is an area of low pressure that forms where the Northeast Trade Winds meet the
Southeast Trade Winds near the earth's equator. As these winds converge, moist air is
forced upward. This causes water vapor to condense, or be "squeezed" out, as the air
cools and rises, resulting in a band of heavy precipitation around the globe.
• This band moves seasonally, always being drawn toward the area of most intense solar
heating, or warmest surface temperatures.
RIZAL

• A. Taft Commission and Rizal Law

• o Taft Commission chose Rizal out of several great Filipinos as the number one hero of
his people. o Republic Act No. 1425 (Batas Rizal) mandated the offering of the course
Buhay at Katha ni Rizal to all college students, to provide the models that will challenge
the spirit of nationalism. More recently, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED)
saw the need to strengthen the o Idealism of college students by providing the youth with
opportunities to examine the different perspectives that other Filipino heroes and heroines
took in building our nation.
• The Great Thinker
• The Great Doer
• The Great Lover
• The Great Servant Leader
 RIZAL’S WORKS
• To My Fellow Children (Sa Aking Mga Kabata)
• To The Filipino Youth ( A La Juventud Filipina) o A La Juventud
Filipina
• Letter to the Young Women of Malolos
• The Intricate Alliance between Religion and Good Education
• My Last Farewell
• The Council of Gods
• Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo o Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo