SOCIAL SCIENCE

POLITICAL SCIENCE Specialty food and native products

Elements of the state
Types of Government WORLD HISTORY
Constitution Cradle of Civilization
Articles of the 1987 Philippine Constitution World War I
Writs, Power and Rights World War II
Famous Events
PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Pre-colonial Philippines WORLD GEOGRAPHY
Age of Exploration Seven Continents
Spanish Colonization Famous Countries and Cities
Rise of Nationalism Famous Landmarks
American Era, World War and Japanese Occupation
Philippine Presidents RIZAL
Life
PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY Works
Philippine Archipelago
Regions CURRENT EVENTS
Titles of Provinces and Cities, tourist spot Duterte Administration – New Laws
World and Philippine News

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POLITICAL SCIENCE
POLITICAL SCIENCE
 Elements of the state
 Types of Government
 Constitution
 Articles of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
 Writs, Power and Rights
NATION – is a population with a certain sense of itself, a cohesiveness, a shared history and WRITS, POWER, RIGHTS AND TAXATION
culture, and often (but not always) a common language. Writs Power
elements of the state  Habeas Corpus – Body, rebellion  Veto – set aside, (power of the
STATE is a NATION but not all NATION is a STATE
 Habeas Data – security, information president)
ELEMENTS OF A STATE
1. POPULATION – they are the citizens or inhabitants, including the non-resident  Writ of Amparo – life, liberty and  Conditioned – persuasion
members of the state. security  Condigned – by force, painful process
2. TERRITORY – it is a fixed portion of the surface of the earth inhabited by the  Eminent Domain – Public Property (Just  Compensatory – payment, bought
population of the state. compensation)
3. GOVERNMENT – this is an institution of a ruling power and system through which the  Double jeopardy – DOUBLE CASE – can’t
governmental functions and authority are exercised. it is an agency or instrumentality file two or more identical case against a
through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and realized. person
4. SOVEREIGNTY – a supreme and uncontrollable power inherent in a state and by  Miranda doctrine – right to remain
which the state is governed. silent
As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers
1. MONARCHY – King/Queen Rights Taxation

A. Absolute Monarchy - One in which the ruler rules by divine right.  Political – participate in the  Taxation – burden upon person
government and hold public office  Double Taxation – paying tax but do not
B. Limited Monarchy - One in which the ruler rules in accordance with constitution.
 Suffrage – right to vote enjoy the benefits
2. Oligarchy – Few
 Civil rights – right of a citizen to  Income Tax - employed
3. Aristocracy – Elite political, social freedom and  Excise Tax – alcohol, cigarette
4. Democracy – people equality
 Inheritance Tax – inherited properties

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As to extent of powers exercised by the central or national government  Social and Economic – full  Community Tax – annual (cedula)
1. Unitary government - One in which the control of national and local affairs is participation of life in the society  Real estate Tax – real property tax
exercised by the central of national government. and economy
2. Federal government - One in which the power of the government are divided
 VAT (value added tax) – basic goods
between two sets of organ, one for national affairs and the other for local affairs.
ARTICLE IV Citizenship
As to relationship between the executive and legislative branches of the government
1. Parliamentary government - The state confers upon the legislature the power to
 Jus Sanguinis – blood
terminate the tenure of office of the real executive.  Jus Soli – place
2. Presidential government - One in which the state makes the executive  Dual citizenship
constitutionally independent of the legislature as regards his tenure and to a large
extent as regards his policies and acts, and furnisher him with sufficient power to
prevent the legislature from trenching upon the sphere marked out by the ARTICLE V Suffrage – right and obligation to vote
constitution as executive independence and prerogative.  Election – 2nd Monday of May
 Referendum – amendments (Congress) – agree or disagree
Ways of Changing the Government  Plebiscite – ordinance
1. By election  Recall – impeachment of public official
2. By natural/accidental death of the Chief Executive  Initiative – house of the representative
3. Resignation/voluntary exile of the Chief Executive
CHECK AND BALANCE
4. Impeachment
5. Revolution ARTICLE VI Legislative Department – law making body
6. Coup d’ etat Upper House – Senate Lower House - House of the representative
Vicente Sotto III – Senate President replaced Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo – 2nd District
7. Assassination Aquilino Pimentel III (Pampanga) replaced Pantaleon Alvarez – 1 st
8. Civil war District (Davao del Norte)
The qualifications to become a senator, as Meanwhile, the constitution provides for
9. Foreign invasion/occupation
stipulated in the constitution, are: the following criteria to become a member
Two Kinds of Government:
of the House of Representatives:
1. De Jure (Legitimate) Government
 a natural-born citizen of the  a natural-born citizen of the
2. De facto (Illegitimate) Government Philippines; Philippines;
Three Kinds of De Facto Government
 at least thirty-five years old;  at least twenty-five years old;
1. Government by Revolution
 is able to read and write  is able to read and write; and
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 2. Government by Secession  a registered voter; and  Except the party-list
3. Government by Occupation  a resident of the Philippines for not representatives, a registered voter
Territory less than two years before election and a resident for at least one year
Sovereignty day. in the district where s/he shall be
Two Kinds of Sovereignty elected.
1. Internal Sovereignty VOLUNTARY RENUNCIATION – Rest
2. External sovereignty
ARTICLE VII Executive Department – vested in the President
QUALIFICATIONS MEMBERS:
THE QUALIFICATIONS – PHILIPPINE  The President
Constitution and Articles of the 1987 Philippine Constitution
PRESIDENT (Article VII, Section 2 of the
1987 Constitution)  The Vice President
Constitution - backbone of the society
CONSTITUTION PRESIDENT FORM OF GOVERNMENT  natural born Filipino;  The Cabinet
Malolos Emilio Aguinaldo Revolutionary  a registered voter;  Local Government
1935 Constitution Manuel Quezon Commonwealth  must be able to read and write; 1. VETO POWER – ability of the president
Japanese Occupation Jose P. Laurel Puppet Government to sign or not to sign a bill
1973 Constitution Ferdinand Marcos Parliamentary (Modified  40 years of age at the day of the
election; and 2. 2/3 votes – to pass a bill
Parliamentary)
1987 Constitution Corazon Aquino Democratic  must have resided in the Philippines 3. MARTIAL LAW – 60 days ONLY
ten years before the election is held. (Congress – for extension)

ARTICLE VIII Judicial Department –

ARTICLE I – National Territory
Archipelago
 12 Nautical miles
 200 nautical miles
 Spratly’s Island (China, Taiwan,
Vietnam, Malaysia, Brunei) – 124
nautical miles (WP Sea)
PH – Political Claim
China – Historical Claim
ARTICLE II Declaration of Principles and
State Policies
SEC 3 – Civilian over military
President – Commander in Chief
CHIEF OF STAFF, Armed Forces of
the Philippines – AFP General
Benjamin R Madrigal Jr
SEC 6 – Separation of the CHURCH and the
STATE
SEC 7 – Independent Foreign Policy
SEC 10 – Social Justice (National
Supreme court
 1 chief justice 14 associate justice ARTICLE IX Constitutional Commissions
SEC 1 – The Constitutional Commissions,
 Atleast 40 years old and 15 years or which shall be independent, are the:
more in service practicing law, 70
 Civil Service Commission (CSC)
years old (retirement)
  Commission on Elections
Cayetano Arellano – first chief
(COMELEC)
justice
 Renato Antonio Corona – he was  Commission on Audit (COA).
impeached by the House of
Representatives.

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  Tomas Cloma – discovered Spratly’s
Island
 Scarborough and Sabah (Malaysia)
 UNCLOS – new territory
Development)  Maria Lourdes Sereno - she became
the second youngest person (at the
age of 52) and the first woman to
head the judiciary.
 Lucas Bersamin – new Chief justice
 CHECK AND BALANCE:
 CO EQUAL

ARTICLE XIV Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture and Sports
SEC 1 – the state shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all
ARTICLE III Bill of Rights levels and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all.
CLASSES OF RIGHTS CLASSIFICATION OF BILL OF RIGHTS
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS ARTICLE XV The Family
 Natural Rights –  Political Rights – the power to SEC. 1 – (Writ of Amparo) – SEC 1 – The State recognizes the Filipino family as the foundation of the nation. Accordingly, it
no Person shall be deprived shall strengthen its solidarity and actively promote its total development.
God given participate directly or
indirectly in the establishment of life, liberty, or property
 Constitutional without due process of law, THE 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
Rights – or administration of the
government. nor shall any person be
conferred and denied the equal protection PREAMBLE
protected by the  Civil Rights – a law which of the laws.
Constitution. secures private individuals for SEC 2 – Unreasonable We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just
 Statutory Rights the purpose of securing Searches and seizures and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations,
enjoyment of their means of promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves
– provided by
happiness.  Search warrant –
law, promulgated and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a
personal property
by the law-  Social and Economic Rights – regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this
making body and intended to insure the well –  Warrant of arrest – Constitution.
consequently being and economic security of person
may be abolished an individual. SEC 9 – EMINENT DOMAIN -
by the same Private property shall not be
 Rights of the Accused – taken for public use without
body. intended for the protection of just compensation
a person accused of any crime.

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PHILIPPINE HISTORY

PHILIPPINE HISTORY
 Pre-colonial Philippines  American Era
 Age of Exploration  World War and Japanese Occupation
 Spanish Colonization  Philippine Presidents
 Rise of Nationalism
Pre-colonial Philippines SPANISH COLONIZATION
 900 - 1400 GOVERNMENT GIVEN BY SPAIN

 (900) Indian Kingdom of Tondo established around Bay of Manila 1. Maharlika – Nobles Governor General – appointed by the king of
Spain
 (1200 - 1300) Migrants from Borneo spread into southern Philippines 2. Timawa – free men King (Spain), Viceroy (Philippines)
 (1380) Muslim Arabs arrived at Sulu Archipelago, built a mosque in Jolo 3. Alipin – Slaves Famous Governor General

 (1475) Muslim sultanate of Maguindanao founded on Mindanao; Islam spread

throughout the archipelago reaching as far as central Luzon.
Age of Exploration
1. MARCO POLO – 1st
western who went to Asia
Spices
Tariff – reason for another route
Venice, Milan, Genoa, Florence
Western European countries who
PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
3. FERDINAND MAGELLAN – Portuguese
(westward route)
 King Charles V – gave him 5 ships: Trinidad,
Victoria, Concepcion, Santiago, San Antonio
 discovered Homonhon Island, "Archipelago de San
Lazaro"
 Namamahay – they have rights
Saguiguilid – they are exploited
 ALCALDAS – Pacified (Alcalde)
 CORREGIMIENTOS - unpacified
(Cabesa)
 PUEBLOS – Gobernadorcillo (mayor
today)
 BARANGAY/BARRIOS – Cabesa de
Miraflor C. Capara – CBRC |
 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – 1st
governor general
 Jose Basco – Tabacco Monopoly
 Narciso Claveria – Spanish Surnames
 Diego delos Rios – last governor
general
6
 looked for another route – Spain,  blood compact – Magellan and rajah Kulambo barangay (tax collector)
Portugal, France, England
 Cebu – first baptism
2. CHRISTOPHER  Limasawa – first Christian mass
PHILIPPINES UNDER IMPERIAL SPAIN
COLUMBUS – Italian SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT SOCIAL STRUCTURES
 Battle of Mactan with Lapu – Lapu  Centralized form of government.  Principalia
new world (America)
he proposed westward route 4. SEBASTIAN DEL CANO – replaced Magellan  Frailocracia  Ilustrados
King Ferdinand and Queen with the ship, Victoria
Isabela – Funded him  Loisa – from Mexico, the head captain died RELIGION EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
 Christianity's Introduction  Educational Decree 1863
 Cabot – reached Pacific Ocean  focused on the Christian Doctrines
 Saavedra – from Mexico  SYSTEM OF WRITING
 Ruy Lopez de Villalobos – named Mindanao as  Latin alphabet
“Las Islas Felipinas”
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – went to Cebu (Rajah  Manila – Acapulco Trade
Sikatuna) 1st Spanish resettlement  Forced Labor (Polo y servicio) – for 40 days of men ranging from 16 to 60 years of age
who were obligated to give personal services to community projects.
 The Tobacco Monopoly made the Philippines the greatest tobacco-growing country in
the Orient. All farmers had a quota of tobacco to raise annually and all were sold to the
Government.
Rise of Nationalism
 Opening of World trade PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS
 Middle class family 1. AGUINALDO
 Liberalism – Governor General dela Torre  1ST President Malolos Constitution
 Secularization  Exiled in Hong Kong
 Governor General dela Torre – Governor General Isquirdo  Revolutionary government
 Cavite Mutiny (February 17, 1872) – Governor General Isquirdo 2. QUEZON
 PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT – La Solidaridad(official paper) Established by Rizal (1988)  Commonwealth President
 st
Jaena – 1 editor (Diego Laura)  Ama ng Wikang Pambansa
 nd
Del Pilar – 2 editor (Plaridel) 3. LAUREL
 Rizal – (Dimasalang)  President 2nd republic
 La Liga Filipina – Union Archipelago (July 3, 1892)  De facto presidency – puppet government
 July 7, 1892 – the La Liga Filipina was dissolved 4. OSMENA

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  Katipunan was established  Restoration of the Commonwealth government
 Andres Bonifacio – Supremo 5. ROXAS
 Apolinario Mabini – Utak ng Himagsikan  WWII President
 August 19, 1896 – Katipunan was discovered  1st President 3rd republic
 Katipunan – Magdalo (Aguinaldo) – Baldomero, Magdiwang (Bonifacio) – Mariano 6. QUIRINO
Alvarez
 HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga Hapones)
 execution of Rizal – December 30, 1896
7. MAGSAYSAY
 Tejeros Convention – March 22, 1897
 Man of the masses
 Bonifacio’s death – May 10, 1897
 Pro – American Policy
 Pact of Biak na Bato – Aguinaldo
 Died in Plane Crash
 USS Maine – February 18, 1898
 Spanish – American war – April 25, 1898
8. GARCIA

 Battle of Manila bay – May 1, 1898

 Filipino first Policy

 Aguinaldo’s Arrival – May 19, 1898

 Prince of the Visayan Poet

 Philippine Independence – June 12, 1898

9. MACAPAGAL

 San Francisco de Malabon band – Marcha Nacional Filipina  The incorruptible president
 Established land reform code
 Lupang Hinirang – Patria Adorada – Chosen Land 10. MARCOS
 Julian Felipe – music (himig)  Martial law (Proclamation 1081)
 Jose Palma – lyrics (titik)  Parliamentary – Modified Parliamentary
 Miracle Rice
 Nuclear power plant – bataan
AMERICAN
 “make this country great again”
 Revolutionary Government – June 24, 1898
11. AQUINO (CORY)
 Treaty of Paris – December 10, 1898
 st
1 Female president (Phipinnes and in Asia)
 Malolos Republic – June 28, 1899
 Restored democracy
 Filipino American War – February 4, 1899 (Benevolent assimilation) 12. RAMOS
 1st Commission – Shurman Commission  Centennial president – Philippines 2000
 Military – Taft  Reinstated death penalty

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  1934 Tydings – Mc Duffie  Signed peace agreement with MNLF
 10 year transition (1935 – 1945) 13. ESTRADA
 Taft – Civil Governor  Erap para sa mahirap
 Bicameralism  Father of the masses

 WW II – December 8, 1941 – pearl harbor (sphere of influence)

 Experienced the Impeachment trial
14. ARROYO
 Two defenses of PH
 Strong republic
 Bataan – April 9, 1942
 Expressway (SCTEX and TPLEX)

Corregidor – May 6, 1942
 Zero corruption
JAPANESE
 ZTE broadband
 2nd republic – Japanese Sponsored
 Hello Garci scandal
 Jose P. Laurel – Puppet Government
 4Ps project
 Mc Arthur – October 20, 1944 (Leyte landing) – Pres. Osmena 15. AQUINO (PNOY)
 Hiroshima – August 6, 1945  No to wang wang
 Nagasaki – August 9, 1945  Daang matuwid
 WW II ended – September 2, 1945  K to 12 curriculum

July 9, 1946 – Manuel Roxas (Pro – American Policy) 16. DUTERTE

rd
3 republic 1st President from Mindanao
 Quirino  War on drugs
 Magsaysay – Opened Malacanang (Palupa para sa Magsasaka)  TRAIN Law
 Marcos  Zero tuition fee – Tertiary
 Plaza Miranda bombing – August 21, 1971
 Martial Law – September 21, 1972 (Proclamation 1081)
 August 21, 1972 – Ninoy Aquino Assasination
 Snap election – February 7, 1986
 February 23 – 25, 1986 Edsa People Power

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PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT IN TRANSITION
PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT IN TRANSITION
PRE-SPANISH GOVERNMENT
1. Unit of Government - The
Philippines was composed of
settlements or villages each called
barangay, named after balangay, a
Malayan word meaning “boat.”
 Datu - Each barangay was ruled by a
chief called datu in some places and
rajah, sultan or hadji. He was its
chief executive, law giver, chief
judge and military head. In the
performance of his duties, however,
he was assisted usually by a council
of elders (maginoos) which serves
as his advisers. In form, the
barangay was a monarchy with the
datu as the monarch. One could be
a datu chiefly by inheritance,
wisdom, wealth or physical
prowess.
 Social Classes in the barangay - The
people of the barangay were
divided into four classes, namely:
the nobility (maharlika), to which
the datu belonged, the freemen
(timawa), the serfs (aliping
namamahay), and the slaves (aliping
sagigilid).
GOVERNMENT DURING THE SPANISH
PERIOD
 Spain’s title the Philippines – It was
based on the discovery made by
Ferdinand Magellan in 1521,
consummated by its conquest by
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi forty-five
years later and long possession for
almost four centuries, until it was
terminated in 1898, when by the
Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was
ceded by the Spain to the United
States.
 Spanish colonial government -
From 1565 to n1821, the Philippines
was indirectly governed by the King
of Spain through Mexico. From 1821
when Mexico obtained her
independence from Spain, to 1898,
the Philippines was ruled directly
from Spain. The council in Spain
responsible for the administration
of the Philippines was the Council of
the Indies. In 1837, it was abolished
and legislation for the Philippines
was temporarily performed by the
Council of Ministers, from 1863, the
Ministry of Ultramar (colonies)
exercised general powers of
GOVERNMENT DURING THE
REVOLUTIONARY ERA
1. The Katipunan Government -The
Katipunan was the secret society that
precipitated our glorious revolution on
August 26, 1896. It was organized by Andres
Bonifacio, who, together with a group of
Filipino patriots, signed the covenant of the
Katipunan with their own blood on July 7,
1892. The central government of the
Katipunan was vested in a Supreme Council
(Kataastaasang Sanggunian). In each
province there was a Provincial Council
(Sangguniang Balangay) and in each town, a
Popular Council (Sangguniang Bayan). The
judicial power was exercised by a Judicial
Council (Sanggunian gHukuman).
The Katipunan was the first clear break from
Spanish rule with the ultimate goal to
establish a free and sovereign Philippines. It
was replaced by another government whose
officials headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo as
President, were elected in the Tejeros
Convention held on March 22, 1897.
2. The Biak-na-Bato Republic - On
November 1, 1897, a republic was
established by Gen. Aguinaldo in Biak-
naBato (now San Miguel de Mayumo,
THE PREVIOUS PHILIPPINE REPUBLICS
Under Joint Resolution No. 93, approved by
the United States Congress on June
29,1994,the President of the United States
was authorized to proclaim the
independence of the Philippines prior to
July 4.1946, after the Japanese had been
vanquished and constitutional processes in
the country restored. The Republic of the
Philippines was formally inaugurated on July
4, 1946 with Manuel A. Roxas as the first
President and Elpidio Quirino as the first
Vice-President. Roxas and Quirino also
served from May 28, 1946 as the last
Commonwealth President and Vice-
President, respectively.
The 1935 Constitution served as the
fundamental law not only for the
Commonwealth Government which was
interrupted by the Second World War but
also for the Republic of the Philippines Until
the “ratification” of the 1973 Philippine
Constitution establishing a parliamentary
form of government, effected by virtue of
Proclamation No.1102 of President
Ferdinand E. Marcos on January 19, 1973,
after the declaration of martial law on
September 21, 1972.
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 Early Laws - The two known written
codes in the pre-Spanish era are the
“Maragtas Code” which was said to
have been written about 1250 A.D.
by Datu Sumakwel of Panay and the
“Kalantiaw Code” written in 1433
A.D. by Datu Kalantiaw, also of
Panay. The unwritten laws consisted
of customs and traditions which
have been passed down from
generation to generation.
 Comparison with other ancient
governments – It can be said that
the laws of the barangay were
generally fair. The system of
government, although defective
was not so bad considering the
conditions in other lands in the age
during which it flourished. An
eminent scholar has written: “The
Filipino people, even in the
prehistoric times had already shown
high intelligence and moral virtues;
virtues and intelligence clearly
manifested in their legislation which
taking into consideration the
circumstances and the epoch in
which it was framed, was clearly as
wise as prudent, and as humane, as
that of the nation’s then at the head
of civilization.
supervision over Philippine affairs.
 Three times during the Spanish
period (1810-1813, 1820-1823, and
1836-1837), the Philippines was
given representation in the Spanish
Cortes, the legislative body of Spain.
A basic principle introduced by
Spain to the Philippines was the
union of the church and the state.
 Government in the Philippines
Unitary - The government which
Spain established in the Philippines
was centralized in structure and
national in scope. The barangays
were consolidated into towns
(pueblos) each headed by a
goberrnadorcillo (little governor),
popularly called capitan, and the
towns into provinces, each headed
by a governor represented the
Governor General in the province.
Cities governed under special characters
were also created. Each of these cities had
an ayuntamiento or cabildo (city council).
Cebu was the first city to be established in
1565 in the Philippines. The second city was
Manila, in 1571.
The Governor-General - The powers of the
government were actually exercised by the
Governor-General who resided in Manila.
He was “Governor-General” “Captain
Bulacan). It had a constitution which was to The first Republic was established on
take effect for two years only. It declared January 23, 1899 under the Malolos
that the aim of the revolutions was the Constitution; the Second on October 14,
“separation of the Philippines from the 1943 under the Japanese sponsored
Spanish monarchy and their formation into Constitution, and the Third, on July 4 1946
an independent state.” The Biak-na-Bato under 1935 Constitution. President
Republic lasted up to December 15, 1897, Ferdinand E. Marcos, in his inauguration
with the conclusion of the “Pack of Biak-na- address on June 30, 1981 proclaimed the
Bato.” birth of the Fourth-Republic under 1973
Constitution which, as amended in a
3. The Dictatorial Government - Following plebiscite on April 7, 1981, installed a
the outbreak of the Spanish-American war modified parliamentary system of
on April 25, 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo, in view of government thus making him its first
the chaotic conditions in the country, President. All in-all, there were nine
established the Dictatorial Government on President in the previous three-republics,
May 23, 1898. The most important including President Marcos in his two(2)
achievements of the Dictatorial Government terms in the Third Republics.
were the Proclamation of Philippine
Independence at Kawit, Cavite on June 12,
1898 and the reorganization of local
governments.
4. The Revolutionary Government - On June
29, 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo established the
Revolutionary Government replacing the
Dictatorial Government with himself as
President and a Congress whose function
was advisory and ministerial. The decree
making such change stated that the new
governments were “to struggle for
theindependence of the Philippines, until all
nations including Spain will expressly
recognize it,” and “to prepare the country
for the establishment of a real Republic.”
5. The First Philippine Republic - On
Miraflor C. Capara – CBRC | 11
General,” and “vice-royal patron.” As
Governor-General, he had executive,
administrative, legislative, and judicial
powers. As Captain-General, he was
Commander-in-chief of all the Armed Forces
in the Philippines. As the vice-royal patron,
he exercised certain religious powers.
Because of these broad powers, it has been
said that the Governor General enjoyed
more powers than the King of Spain himself.
This was justified, however, because of the
distance of the Philippines from Spain.
The first Spanish Governor-General in the
Philippines was Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
(1565-1571) and the last was Gen. Diego de
los Rios (1898).
The Judiciary- The Royal Audencia which
was established in 1583 was the Supreme
Court of the Philippines during the Spanish
times. Its decision was final except on
certain cases of great importance which
could be appealed to the King of Spain. It
also performed functions of executive and
legislative nature.
Below The Royal Audencia, were two
Territorial Audencias established in 1893-
one in Cebu and the other in Vigan - which
exercised appellate jurisdiction over
criminal cases coming from the surrounding
territory. In 1886, courts of first instance
with both civil and criminal jurisdiction were
established in the provinces. At the bottom
of the judicial system were the justice of the
peace courts which were established in the
September 15, 1898, revolutionary Congress
of Filipino representatives met in Malolos,
Bulacan at the call of the Revolutionary
Government. The Malolos Congress ratified
on September 29, 1898 the proclamation of
Philippine independence made by Gen.
Emilio Aguinaldo in Kawit, Cavite on June
12, 1898 and framed the so-called Malolos
Constitution. This Constitution was the first
democratic constitution ever promulgated
in the whole of Asia. It established a “free
and independent Philippine Republic” which
was inaugurated on January 23, 1899 with
Gen. Aguinaldo as President.
Our First Philippine Republic was not
recognized by the family of nations. It was
nevertheless an organized government
because it actually existed and its authority
was accepted by the people. It existed from
January 23, 1899 to March 23, 1901.
In February, 1899, the United States
annexed the Philippines as a result of the
Spanish-American war and in April, 1901,
Gen. Aguinaldo was captured. Thus, the
Republic was short-lived, its independence
cut short by the superior might of a new
colonial power. The Malolos Constitution
which provided for the establishment of a
Philippine Republic had no opportunity to
operate. However, this in no way diminishes
the historical significance of the Philippine
Revolution of 1896. It was the first war of
independence fought by Asians against
foreign domination and it gave birth to the
Miraflor C. Capara – CBRC | 12
different towns in 1885.
In addition, there were special courts, like
the military and naval courts which had
jurisdiction over military offenses, and the
ecclesiastical courts which had cognizance
of canonical matters and ecclesiastical
offenses. Treasury and commercial courts
were also created but were later abolished.
Evaluation of the Spanish Governments in
the Philippines - The government which
Spain established in the Philippines was
defective. It was government for the
Spaniards and not for the Filipinos. The
Spanish officials were often inefficient and
corrupt. The union of church and state
produced serious strife’s between the
ecclesiastical and civil authorities. Equality
before the law was denied to the Filipinos.
The demerits, however, of the Spanish
administration were more than offset by its
merits.
(a.) The Spanish rule, when viewed in the
broader light of global colonization, was
generally mild and humane. The Filipino
people were not brutalized. Spaniards and
Filipinos intermarried and mingled socially.
Slavery and tribal wars were suppressed;
(b.) It brought about the unification of the
Filipino people. The diverse tribes were
molded into one people, under one God,
one King, and one government, and out of
their common grievances against Spain,
blossomed the spirit of nationalism; and
first constitutional democracy in Asia and
the West Pacific.
THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT OF 1986
Before Corazon Aquino took her oath of office on the morning of February 25, 1986 at Club
Filipino, San Juan Metro Manila, the last day of a four day “people power” revolt (Feb.22-25)
that culminated in the ouster of President Ferdinand E. Marcos, she read
Proclamation No.1 wherein she declared that she and her Vice-President were “taking power
in the name and by
the will of the Filipino People” on the basis of the clear sovereign will of the people expressed
in the election of February 7,1986.In her oath, she swore to preserve and defend the
“fundamentals law”(not the “Constitutions”) and execute “just laws” (instead of its laws).
1. Revolutionary – The government was revolutionary because it was instituted not in
accordance with the procedure provided in an existing Constitution. There is a
definite acknowledgment in Proclamation No.3 that the provisional government
established there under was revolutionary in character (without calling itself as such)
having been installed by direct action of the people or by “people power,” deriving its
existence and authority directly from the people themselves and not from the then
operating 1973 Constitution.
2. De jure /de facto. – The first is one constituted or founded in accordance with the
existing constitution of the state (according to law), while the other is not so
constituted or founded but has the general support of the people and effective
control of the territory over which it exercises its powers. A de facto government
acquires a de jure status when its gain wide acceptance from the people and
recognition from the community of nations.
At its inception, the revolutionary government was illegal for lack of constitutional basis not
having been sanctioned by either the 1935 or the 1973 Constitution. It was de facto
government but acquired a de jure status. There was no question then that the revolutionary
government had won continuous public acceptance and support without ant resistance
whatsoever anywhere in the Philippines and the recognition of practically all foreign
governments.
Miraflor C. Capara – CBRC | 13
(c.) Spain uplifted the Filipinos from the
depth of primitive culture and paganism
and gave them the blessings of Christianity
and European civilization.
3. Constitutional, democratic, and transitory. – The provisional government was not a
purely revolutionary one but hybrid constitutional revolutionary government, i.e. a
revolutionary government governing under a provisional or interim constitution the
people could invoke to protect their rights and to promote their welfare, to exist for
a limited period until the ratification and effectively of a permanent constitution.
There was nothing, however, to prevent the government from amending, suspending
or abrogating the Provisional Constitution and adopting a new one or operating
without any constitution.

In other words, the Provisional Constitution did not have the status of a supreme or
fundamental law because the government was not created by it and was not bound to obey
it.

The provisional government was claimed to be democratic because it was installed by direct
action of the people as a direct expression or manifestation of their sovereign will, and,
therefore, it was based on the consent of the governed and the approval of the people.

4. Powers. - A revolutionary government being a direct creation of the people derives

its powers from the people to whom alone it is accountable. It is said that a
revolutionary government is clothed with unlimited powers because it makes its own
laws; it is “a law unto itself.” However, with the adoption of the Provisional
Constitution, the revolutionary government opted to abide with and to subject itself
to the provisions thereof, pending approval of a new charter.

5. The Provisional Constitution- Instead of declaring the 1973 Constitution with certain
amendments and minus certain articles and provisions, as the interim Constitution.
Proclamation No.3 promulgated a Provisional Constitution to replace the former,
adopting in toto insofar as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of the
Republic came into being upon the ratification of the 1987 Constitution on February
2, 1987. By its very nature, the Provisional Constitution (as well as the revolutionary
government which operated under it) self-destructs upon the ratification and
effectivity of the new Constitution on February 2, 1987.

Miraflor C. Capara – CBRC | 14

PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY
PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY
 Philippine Archipelago
 Regions
 Titles of Provinces and Cities, tourist spot
 Specialty food and native products
REGION CAPITAL, CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES TOURIST DESTINATION FAMOUS PRODUCTS AND DELICACIES
 ILOCOS NORTE – Laoag City  Ilocos – bagnet, empanada, Vigan
 Baluarte ni Marcos longganisa
 Bangui windmill  La Union – wine, haluhalo de
 Pagudpud iloko, okoy, grapes
 Paoay - also known as the St. Augustine Church. During  Pangasinan – Bangus, tupig
1896 for the Katipuneros during the Philippine
revolution against the Spaniards, and again by the
Filipino guerillas during the Japanese occupation in
 ILOCOS NORTE – Laoag City World War II.
REGION I  ILOCOS SUR – Vigan City  ILOCOS SUR – Vigan City
Ilocos  LA UNION – San Fernando City  Baluarte Resort and Mini Zoo

 PANGASINAN – Lingayen
REGION II  BATANES – Basco
Cagayan Valley  CAGAYAN - Tuguegarao City
 Calle Crisologo
 Bantay bel l tower
 LA UNION – San Fernando City
 Surfing Capital of the North

Bahay na bato
 PANGASINAN
 Lingayen – Hundred Island Islands
 Dagupan – Bangus capital of the Philippines
 Manaoag Church
 BATANES  CAGAYAN
 Ireland of the Philippines  pansit batil patong
Miraflor C. Capara – CBRC | 15

 ISABELA – Ilagan
 NUEVA VIZCAYA - Bayombong
 QUIRINO - Cabarroguis
REGION III
Central Luzon
 BULACAN - Malolos City
 BATAAN – Balanga City
 PAMPANGA - San Fernando City
 NUEVA ECIJA - Palayan City
 TARLAC - Tarlac City
 ZAMBALES - Iba
 Stone houses  chichabao – Chicharong kalabaw
 Honesty store  alcala Milk candy
 CAGAYAN  pawa – made from steamed
 Palaui Island glutinous rice filled with
 Callao Cave - 7-chamber limestone show cave features a sweetened grounded peanuts.
chapel & numerous rock formations.  Ybanag Longganisa
 Callao man – can be the descendants of Aetas of Luzon  ISABELA
 Our Lady of Piat  Pansit Cabagan
 ISABELA – Rice granary of the North  NUEVA VIZCAYA
 2nd largest province  Pie (buko Pie, Pineapple Pie)
 NUEVA VIZCAYA - Bayombong  Rarad - rice cake wrapped in alaw
 Citrus Capital of the Philippines leaves, steamed and then
 Capisaan Cave System sweetened with latik (cooked
 St Dominic Cathedral coconut milk)
 QUIRINO – Forest Heartland Of Cagayan  QUIRINO
Tubikoy – Tupig, Bibingka, Tikoy
 Aliwan Festival
Inandila – kakanin with latik
 Dinadiawan Beach
 Governor's Rapids
 Aglipay Caves
CENTRAL LUZON – Rice Granary of the Philippines  BULACAN
 BULACAN Burong Bulakan – Burong Pula
 Barasoain Church – Malolos Constitution Chicharon
 Biak na bato – officially referred to in its constitution as  Bataan
the Republic of the Philippines
 Philippine Arena - world's largest indoor arena.  Pampanga
 Carabao festival  Nueva Ecija
 Bocaue – fireworks Capital of the Philippines
 Tarlac
 BATAAN  Zambales
 Mt. Samat – Dambana ng Kagitingan (Shrine of Valour)
 Corregidor – Philippine’s last defense
 PAMPANGA – Culinary Capital of the Philippines
 San Fernando City – Christmas Capital (Giant Lantern
Miraflor C. Capara – CBRC | 16

 BATANGAS - Batangas City
 CAVITE- Trece Martirez City
 LAGUNA - Santa Cruz
 QUEZON - Lucena City
 RIZAL - Antipolo City
REGION IV-A
CALABARZON
 MARINDUQUE - Boac
 OCCIDENTAL MINDORO -
Mamburao
REGION IV-B
 ORIENTAL MINDORO - Calapan City
MIMAROPA
 PALAWAN - Puerto Princesa City
 ROMBLON - Romblon
REGION V  ALBAY - Legazpi City
Bicol  CAMARINES NORTE - Daet
 CAMARINES SUR- Pili
 CATANDUANES - Virac
 MASBATE - Masbate City
Festival)
 NUEVA ECIJA - Palayan City
 Minalungao National Park
 TARLAC - Tarlac City – Melting Pot of Central Luzon
 Monasterio de Tarlac
 Tarlac City – Malatarlak Festival
 ZAMBALES – Iba
Talisayin Cove, Anawangin Cove, Capones Island, Potipot
Island
 BATANGAS - Batangas City
 CAVITE- Trece Martirez City
 LAGUNA - Santa Cruz
 QUEZON - Lucena City
AURORA – named after Aurora Aragon, the wife of Pres.
Manuel L. Quezon
 Baler – known for surfing
 Dingalan – Batanes of the East
 Pahiyas festival – Lucban Quezon
 RIZAL - Antipolo City
 MARINDUQUE
 Moriones Festival
 OCCIDENTAL MINDORO - Mamburao
 ORIENTAL MINDORO - Calapan City
 PALAWAN - Puerto Princesa City
 ROMBLON - Romblon
 ALBAY - Legazpi City
 CAMARINES NORTE – Daet
Calaguas Island
 CAMARINES SUR
Caramoan Islands
Miraflor C. Capara – CBRC | 17

 SORSOGON - Sorsogon City
 AKLAN - Kalibo
 ANTIQUE - San Jose
 CAPIZ - Roxas City
 GUIMARAS - Jordan
REGION VI  ILOILO - Iloilo City
Western Visayas  NEGROS OCCIDENTAL- Bacolod City
 BOHOL - Tagbilaran City
 CEBU - Cebu City
REGION VII  NEGROS ORIENTAL - Dumaguete
Central Visayas City
 SIQUIJOR - Siquijor
 BILIRAN - Naval
 EASTERN SAMAR - Borongan City
 LEYTE - Tacloban City
REGION VIII  NORTHERN SAMAR - Catarman
Eastern Visayas  SOUTHERN LEYTE - Maasin City
 WESTERN SAMAR - Catbalogan City
 ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE- Dipolog
City
REGION IX  ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR - Pagadian
Zamboanga Peninsula City
 ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY - Ipil
 CATANDUANES - Virac
 MASBATE - Masbate City
 SORSOGON - Sorsogon City
 AKLAN – Kalibo
 Ati-atihan – Kalibo
 Boracay Island
 ANTIQUE - San Jose
 CAPIZ
 Roxas City – Seafood Capital of the Philiipines
 GUIMARAS - Jordan
 ILOILO - Iloilo City
 NEGROS OCCIDENTAL – Sugar bowl of the Philippines
 Bacolod City – City of Smiles (Masskara Festival)
 BOHOL - Tagbilaran City
 CEBU
 Cebu City – Queen City of the South
 Sinulog Festival (Sto. Nino)
 NEGROS ORIENTAL - Dumaguete City
 SIQUIJOR – Mystique City
 BILIRAN - Naval
 EASTERN SAMAR - Borongan City
 LEYTE
 Pintados – Tacloban City
 NORTHERN SAMAR - Catarman
 SOUTHERN LEYTE - Maasin City
 WESTERN SAMAR - Catbalogan City
 ZAMBOANGA DEL NORTE
 Dipolog City – orchid capital of the Philippines
 ZAMBOANGA DEL SUR - Pagadian City
 ZAMBOANGA SIBUGAY - Ipil
Miraflor C. Capara – CBRC | 18
  BUKIDNON - Malaybalay City
 CAMIGUIN - Mambajao
 LANAO DEL NORTE - Tubod
REGION X  MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL - Oroquieta
Northern Mindanao City
 MISAMIS ORIENTAL- Cagayan de
Oro City
 COMPOSTELA VALLEY - Nabunturan
 DAVAO DEL NORTE - Tagum City
REGION XI
 DAVAO DEL SUR - Digos City
Davao
 DAVAO ORIENTAL - City of Mati
 COTABATO (NORTH COTABATO) -
REGION XII Kidapawan City
SOCCSKSARGEN  SARANGANI - Alabel
 SOUTH COTABATO - Koronadal City
 SULTAN KUDARAT - Isulan
 AGUSAN DEL NORTE - Cabadbaran
City
REGION XIII  AGUSAN DEL SUR - Prosperidad
CARAGA (Northeastern  DINAGAT ISLANDS - San Jose
Mindanao)  SURIGAO DEL NORTE - Surigao City
 SURIGAO DEL SUR - Tandag City
 BUKIDNON - Malaybalay City
 CAMIGUIN - Mambajao
 LANAO DEL NORTE - Tubod
 MISAMIS OCCIDENTAL - Oroquieta City
 MISAMIS ORIENTAL
Cagayan de Oro City – White water rafting
Camiguin – Lanzones Capital of the Philippines (sweetest)
 Pintados – Davao City
 COMPOSTELA VALLEY - Nabunturan
 DAVAO DEL NORTE - Tagum City
 DAVAO DEL SUR - Digos City
 DAVAO ORIENTAL
 City of Mati – coconut Capital of the Philippines
 COTABATO (NORTH COTABATO) - Kidapawan City
 SARANGANI - Alabel
 General Santos City – Tuna Capital of the Philippines
 SOUTH COTABATO - Koronadal City
 SULTAN KUDARAT - Isulan
 AGUSAN DEL NORTE - Cabadbaran City
 AGUSAN DEL SUR - Prosperidad
 DINAGAT ISLANDS - San Jose
 SURIGAO DEL NORTE - Surigao City
 SURIGAO DEL SUR - Tandag City

ARMM REGION  BASILAN - Basilan  BASILAN - Basilan •

Autonomous Region In Muslim
Mindanao
 LANAO DEL SUR - Marawi City
 MAGUINDANAO - Shariff Aguak
(Maganoy)
 SHARIFF KABUNSUAN - Datu Odin
Sinsuat
 SULU - Jolo
 TAWI -TAWI - Panglima Sugala
(Balimbing)
 LANAO DEL SUR - Marawi City
 MAGUINDANAO - Shariff Aguak (Maganoy)
 SHARIFF KABUNSUAN - Datu Odin Sinsuat
 SULU - Jolo
 TAWI -TAWI - Panglima Sugala (Balimbing)

Miraflor C. Capara – CBRC | 19

 • ABRA - Bangued Baguio City – Panagbenga Festival
• APAYAO - Kabugao ABRA - Bangued
CAR REGION • BENGUET - La Trinidad APAYAO - Kabugao
Cordillera Administrative • IFUGAO - Lagawe BENGUET - La Trinidad
Region •  KALINGA - Tabuk IFUGAO - Lagawe
•  MT. PROVINCE - Bontoc  KALINGA - Tabuk
 MT. PROVINCE - Bontoc
Cities: Cities:
• Caloocan • Caloocan
• Las Pinas • Las Pinas
• Makati • Makati
• Malabon • Malabon
• Mandaluyong • Mandaluyong
• Manila • Manila
• Marikina • Marikina
NCR REGION • Muntinlupa • Muntinlupa
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION • Navotas • Navotas
• Paranaque • Paranaque
• Pasay • Pasay
• Pasig • Pasig
• Quezon City • Quezon City – City of Stars
• San Juan • San Juan
• Taguig • Taguig
• Valenzuela • Valenzuela
Municipality: Pateros Municipality: Pateros

Duterte Administration – New Laws

RA 10929 – free internet access in public areas
RA 10928 – extension of the Philippine passport validity to ten from five years
RA 10930 – driver's license to five from three years

Miraflor C. Capara – CBRC | 20

RA 10965 – General Appropriations Act, allotting a P3.7-trillion national budget for 2018, which is 12 percent higher than the 2017 budget
RA 10931 – free tuition and other fees in state universities and colleges
RA 10932 – strengthens the provision of emergency health care service to patients by prohibiting medical practitioners from demanding advance payments from patients needing immediate
care
RA 10966 – in celebration of the Catholic feast of the Immaculate Concepcion
RA 10927 – amended the Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001 by extending its coverage to include casinos
RA 10951 – People spreading false news may be penalized by imprisonment of up to six months or a fine of up to P200, 000
RA 10952 – postponed barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections from October 23 to the second Monday of May 2018
RA 10925 and RA 10926 into law, which respectively extended the franchise of GMA Network and Smart Communications, Inc
RA 10963 – Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion (Train)

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