Signal Village National High School

SIGNAL VILLAGE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Council
POLITICAL DYNASTY: INSIGHTS OF RESIDENTS TOWARD DYNASTIC
PERSISTENCE IN THE CITY OF TAGUIG
A Qualitative Research Presented to the Faculty of

Signal Village National High School Senior High School
Council Taguig City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements in
Practical Research 1
Submitted by
BAGUIO, MA. MERCHELLE

BITONIO, STEPHANIE M.
CERENO, ALTHEA MARI C.
DALUMPINES, ALEAH JOY C.
DAMASEN, JOMBETH R.
GABRENTINA, MARIA ALYANA C.
OLALO, ROMEO JR.
REGONAY, JOBETH C.
VEGA, JAN FRANCHESCA R.
Submitted to:
DR. JONATHAN R. NONATO
JUNE, 2021
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
According to popular perception, the Philippines is full of dynastic families
who are the country's elites. In our country, political dynasties are very common
because people tend to vote for powerful and influential families. The term
"political dynasty" refers to a situation in which members of the same family are
elected in succession to the same position. Families that have gained political or
economic dominance in a province and have orchestrated efforts to advance
to national government or other positions in national politics that provide people
with recognition are typically defined as such.
Political dynasty is a common ground of politics here in the Philippines. It is
normal for a politician’s wife, son, daughter or any member of his family to run for
the same or other government position in a certain place where his family is
influential. They tend to monopolize the power of the government. Political
dynasties (Paterno, 2014) present a greater threat to democracy when much of
them control the majority of power in the country. In the Philippines, political
dynasties are a normal occurrence. It is common for a politician's wife, son,
daughter, or any other family member to run for the same or another government
position in a location where his family has clout. They have a tendency to
monopolize political influence. Political dynasties have existed for decades. In
certain cases, a political dynasty can be found in Taguig City. We don't realize it
when we're young that a political family has dominated our city's government.
The links between the elite family members continue to form a bond and result
in an alliance today. The Cayetano family is the most well-known and long-serving
family. Senator Allan Peter Cayetano and his wife, Mayor Ma. Lani Lopez
Cayetano, are among the popular figures. Senator Allan Cayetano's siblings, Lino
and Pia Cayetano, were also present. Taguig City, also known as the City of
Taguig, is a densely populated area in Metro Manila, Philippines. With the passing
of Republic Act No. 8487 in 2004, Taguig became a highly urbanized city. The
Cayetano family has established itself as a leader among the people in recent
years. Mayor Lino Cayetano is expected to lead a distinct leadership in Taguig
City if he is offered another term, which is given to his younger brother.
Political dynasties have existed in Taguig City for many years and are still in
use. They were the ones in charge of the area. They handed it over to their family
in line after their term ended, who decided to carry on their legacy in politics by
serving the Filipino people. The Arising Political Dynasty in Taguig City continues to
expand and expand its membership. That is why we can see the progression of
one family links to secondary ties that work in politics on a regular basis. It's a
troubling act to know that it's still going on, and that it's not being given a chance
to follow the law and satisfy the wishes of our fellow Filipinos.
The rise of a political dynasty in Taguig is an opportunity to learn more about
and gain a better understanding of the governance in our community from
someone who is aspired to a place of service. It is to find a solution for Taguig's
dynasty and provide new leaders to rule the city and usher in a polished age. This
study is significant in the fields of humanities and political science because we
believe it will help them better understand what is going on and what will happen
if it happens in Taguig.
In addition, some groups and organizations, such as Taguigenos, will benefit
from this because they will be better educated about Taguig's past and the
growing number of political dynasties. Finally, this paper can be used as a
resource for future researchers interested in the same topic. This research will not
only tackle about the negative things about Political Dynasty, but we will also
prove and show that the Political Dynasty has benefits for the citizens like us.
Conducting a research about The Arising Number of Political Dynasty will give us
knowledge to learn how the political system of our local government unit (LGU)
became dynastic, what are the effects of this problem both positively and
negatively, this can be a basis for our fellow Filipino Citizens to choose a leaders
to govern Taguig City in the future, and this can also be considered by the future
researchers to thoroughly conduct and gather information to their topic related
in this field.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The conceptual framework discussed the flow of the study. Our study used
the systems approach. The system of three frames is composed of input which
went through the process or operation and emerged as the output.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This research intents to work towards the Insights of Residents Toward Dynastic
Persistence of Taguig City.
Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. How does a political dynasty shape the political landscape of the town of
Taguig?
2. What is the perception of local residents towards the on-going political

dynasty?
3. Why do residents keep voting for the same family again and over?
4. What strategies do the respondents employ to reach their voting decisions?
5. How does the way of serving by the dynastic officials affect the fellow citizens
of Taguig City?
SCOPE & LIMITATIONS
The aim of this study is to ascertain residents’ perspective regarding dynastic
persistence in the city of Taguig. The respondents comprised 15 verified voters
who were asked to express their viewpoints and opinions on the Dynastic
Persistence in the City of Taguig. This study ensures that the idea of this research is
to mainly perform thorough investigations on the on-going Political Dynasty here
in the City of Taguig. The goal of this team is to see and understand the
speculations and responses of each participant to the Dynastic Officials.
Regulating questionnaires, online surveys, and the use of tabulated responses of
the gathered information were used in collecting the data and using the data. It
also determines and limit questions and statements following on how does a
political dynasty shape the political landscape of the town of Taguig, what is the
perception of local residents towards the on-going political dynasty, why do
residents keep voting for the same family again and over, what strategies do the
respondents employ to reach their voting decisions and lastly, how does the way
of serving by the dynastic officials affect the fellow citizens of Taguig City.
This study was conducted throughout the school year 2020-2021.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is deemed significant to the following:
Citizens of Taguig - may gain convenience and advantage as they study or
read this research since they will acquire enough knowledge and information
about that certain candidate, including its background. This will help us, the
citizens of Taguig, to be more careful and also to be more cautious about who
we choose as our leaders. Hence, it will not only affect our lives, but it will also
affect the next generation.
For the Community - the result of this research is extremely applicable to
society. This research study will benefit the citizens of the community of Taguig by
voting for a wise leader that will build their trust. Therefore, by selecting a wise
leader, people can be better informed about policies that impact
their communities, states, and the country.
For Students - may use this as their future reference when they are studying
politics and may also put it to use when they are about to vote for party lists or
politicians in Taguig. They would be more open to all possible instances because
this research will be a big part of their lives starting as an adult who consistently
waits for change.
For Future Researchers - as this topic is related to the field of humanities and
political science, future researchers may consider our findings for this study helpful
and may use them as a resource for the betterment of their research studies in
terms of gathering data and information.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
City - refers to a large human settlement. It can be defined as a permanent and
densely settled place.
Dynasty - refers to a powerful group or family that maintains its position for a
considerable time.
Dynastic - refers to a succession of people from the same family who play a
prominent role in business, politics, or another field.
Insights - denotes the capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive
understanding of a person or thing.
Persistence - refers to a firm or obstinate continuance in a course of action in spite
of difficulty or opposition.
Political - denotes a relation to, or concern with, the making, as opposed to the
administration of governmental policy.
Residents - denotes a person who lives somewhere permanently or on a long-term
basis.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE & STUDIES
FOREIGN LITERATURE & STUDIES
A handful of papers have documented the presence of political dynasties
in the U.S. and elsewhere. Camp (1982) documents that high percentages of
Mexican political leaders between 1935 and 1980 belonged to politically
established families. Clubok, Wilensky and Berghorn (1969) use biographical data
of U.S. legislators to look at the percentage of legislators belonging to politically
connected families. They describe the evolution of that magnitude over time and
across regions of the U.S. until 1961 and argue that the observed decrease cannot
simply be explained by population growth. Brandes Crook and Hibbing (1997)
examine the impact of the change towards direct election of senators on a
number of dimensions, including the percentage of senators with relatives
previously in Congress.
Our work is also related to work on legislative careers (Diermeier, Keane and
Merlo, 2005; Merlo and Mattozzi, 2005; Snyder and Padró i Miquel, 2006) and the
composition of the political class (Dal Bó and Di Tella, 2003; Caselli and Morelli,
2004; Messner and Polborn, 2004; Besley, 2005; Dal Bó, Dal Bó and Di Tella, 2006 ).
Also related is a paper by Acemoglu and Robinson (2006b) who offer a model of
the persistence of elite power through investments in political influence.
Our paper is related to the incumbency advantage literature in that we
attempt to measure the effect of political attainment on future political prospects
(see, among many others, Erikson, 1971; Gelman and King, 1990; Levitt and
Wolfram, 1997; Ansolabehere, Snyder and Stewart, 2000). An important difference
with the incumbency advantage literature is that we identify a spillover effect
that is interpersonal rather than intrapersonal. As such, our work underscores the
social network dimension, given by family ties, of the effects that current political
selection has on the future political class. As most papers in the incumbency
advantage literature, we focus on identifying the effect and abstract from the
interesting problem of its direct consequences (an exception is King and Gelman,
1991, who specifically investigate the impact of incumbency advantage on
political responsiveness and partisan bias).
Finally, our work is also related to a vast empirical literature measuring
withinfamily income correlations across generations (see, for instance, Solon,
1999, and references therein) and to a vast literature in sociology that has
measured intergenerational mobility across occupations and status levels (see
Ganzeboom, Treiman and Ultee, 1991, for a survey).
A dynasty’s democratic culture may not only affect the values of its members
but also their beliefs in the benefits of the system. If a dynasty of politicians has
been able to emerge in a democracy, those politicians will be more likely to
consider the regime as beneficial. Their assessment of the relevance of the regime
will be improved by their forbearers’ experiences with democracy. This intuition
rests on Piketty’s (1995) model of dynastic learning. In that model, voters infer the
relative role of luck and effort on economic success from their family history. If
they observe upward mobility, they will update the role of effort versus luck
upward and support less redistribution.
Dynastic politics in democracies strikes many people as a puzzling
phenomenon. Public and scholarly interest in the topic has always been large.
Concerns that the political class may become hereditary if not in law then in
practice were already raised at the start of the twentieth century by such authors
as Mosca (1939) and Michels (1968). A political class can be self-perpetuating if it
can use democratic institutions to control entry into politics. However, it is also
possible that a vocation for public service is instilled in children of politically active
parents. These individuals may be more motivated to enter into politics
Recently interest in the topic of political dynasties has grown. Bohlken and
Chandra (2013) investigate dynasties in India and ask to what extent dynastic
success can be explained by the party’s promotion of these candidates. They
find that dynastic candidates with relatives in politics before them are more likely
to be re-nominated by their parties, and when they are re-nominated by their
parties they also receive a higher vote share in the election. They argue that party
organisation matters. Sequential dynasties (dynasties whose members follow one
another but do not serve together) are more prominent in the parties with weak
leadership, while concurrent dynasties are more common in parties with strong
leadership.
In line with their theory, I found that list type and district magnitude affect
how people process information, i.e. whether or not they remember any names
of candidates that ran in their constituency (Van Coppenolle, 2013c). I found that
the effects on name recognition were stronger for non-voters than for voters.
These results support an interpretation suggesting that the type of system shapes
incentives for candidates to present certain types of campaign messages, and
that voters as a consequence process information about these candidates
differently.
The first paper to exploit exogenous variation in tenure length to identify
dynastic entrenchment is the seminal paper by Dal Bó, Dal Bó and Snyder (2009)
about the US Congress. They consider all US legislators over the period between
1789 and 1996. In this period about 9% of Congress had a relative following or
preceding them. Using regression discontinuity and an instrumental variable
approach the authors identify a dynastic incumbency effect, or what they call a
power-treatment effect: having served in Congress for more than one term almost
doubles a politician’s chances of having a relative in office after him. The fact
that exogenous shocks to dynastic power (winning or losing by small margins)
affect the political chances of junior family members indicates that power is
selfperpetuating: shared political capital (e.g. fixed traits such as talent or drive)
cannot be the only explanation of the presence of political dynasties.
Another contribution exploits exogenous variation in tenure length
following a natural experiment that occurred in Argentina at the time of return to
democracy (Rossi, 2009). In 1983, three hundred new members of parliament and
senators were elected for the bicameral Argentinean parliament. However, the
constitution specified that one half of the House was to be renewed every two
years and a third of the Senate every three years. So, to decide which half
(respectively third) would be renewed first, the newly elected members of
parliament and senators were randomly assigned different tenure lengths. Rossi
uses this random assignment in tenure length to instrument total tenure length. In
the second stage of a two-stage least squares regression he uses the instrumented
total tenure length to predict the possibility of having a relative entering Congress
afterwards. In this way he concludes that five additional years in office (the
average tenure length for legislators in Argentina) are associated with an 8%
increase in the possibility of having posterior relatives entering Congress.

LOCAL LITERATURE & STUDIES
The Impact of Continuing Clan and Dynastic Politics on the Philippine
Development I can still recall the Recovery Program of Sen. Leticia Shahani when
it mentioned about the Filipino values inherent in the Filipino family. Some of these
values are genuine, deep love, and concern for the family. Undoubtedly, these
values lead to extreme family centeredness that result in lack of concern for the
common good and acts as a block to national consciousness. This observation
was affirmed by the survey of Philippine politics by Jean Grossholtz (McCoy, 1994:
1) when she remarked that “the communal values of the family are often in
conflict with the impersonal values of the institutions of the larger society.“ It is
tempting to say that continuing clan and dynastic politics in the Philippines would
lead to corruption and rent seeking which are detrimental to Philippine economic
development.
According to the Routledge Handbook of the Contemporary Philippines:
House of Clans: Political Dynasty in Legislature, based explicitly on a historical
study of the United States Congress, the political powers are self-perpetuating; it
is when one holds more power, it becomes more likely that this person initiates a
dynasty. Political power in democracies becomes an inheritable defector for
reasons other than variations in abilities or political vocation across families.

From a paper entitled Term Limits and Political Dynasties in the Philippines:
Unpacking the Links, studies of political dynasties in the Philippines provide
evidence on how political dynasties self-perpetuate and undermine the quality
of democracy and how persistence could be linked to deeper poverty and
underdevelopment (Mendoza et al., 2016; Tusalem & Pe-Aguirre, 2013). Lifting
term limits with dynasties in power will be identical to giving them even more
control of their positions over more lengthened periods.
According to the Ateneo School of Government Working Paper Series,
empirical evidence suggests that dynasties harm governance and development.
Political dynasties linked to greater poverty, especially outside Luzon. It hints that
the few developed economic, social, and political institutions in provinces away
from the capital allow dynasties to retain political power without promoting
desirable development outcomes. It determines the need to regulate dynasties
because it provides a fair environment for actual competition and inclusiveness.
It also likely improves governance at the local level and may help enhance the
development impact of decentralization and other reforms (Mendoza et al.,
2016).
According to an article, In many government areas, checks and balances are
quick to bypass. It can be through bribes, kickbacks, "bonuses," and loyalty that
the people in government who are supposed to safeguard taxpayer money turn
a blind eye to its misuse. The main reason for the said "political family" situation is
that there is profit in politics. Eliminate the profit factor, and eliminate the draw of
elected office as a family business. Then if we would want to reduce the harmful
effects of dynasties, we should not try to control the families; we should try to
control the profit.
The evidence provided in this paper suggests that term limits do not
effectively increase the turnover of incumbent families in congress and provincial
governorships in the Philippines. Moreover, term limits may backfire due to the
behavior they induce in incumbents and challengers before and after they bind.
Term limits may allow lower quality politicians to remain in power for longer periods
of time, relative to a scenario without term limits where political competition is
stiffer. By making incumbents safer in their earlier terms, term limits may
exacerbate the dynastic nature of Philippine politics by providing incentives to
incumbents to bring additional members of their family to power and thus control
several offices simultaneously. (Pablo Querubin)
The theory of “rent seeking” best explains the economic relations between the
Filipino elite and the Philippine state. As defined by economist James Buchanan,
rents are created when a state gives an entrepreneur an artificial advantage by
restricting “freedom of entry” into the market (McCoy, 1994: 11). Joel Migdal finds
that social organizations such as “families, clans, tribes, patron-client dyads”
continue to act as competing sources of authority (McCoy, 1994: 11).

With this case, the Philippines will remain a weak captive state. This is proven
by Temario Rivera in his study of the postwar economy, “Enjoying little autonomy
from dominant social classes and entrenched particularistic groups, the state is
captured by competing societal interests (McCoy, 1994: 11). While protected by
their private armies, political dynasties in the Philippines will promote the
extraction of natural resources through logging, mining, or fishing – the basis for
wealth in many localities (McCoy, 1994: 15). This is proven by politicians under the
post war republic who reinforce their influence with private armies included Floro
Crisology (in Ilocos Sur) Armando Gutilo (Negros Occidental), Ramon Durano, Sr.
(Cebu), Mohamad Ali Dimporo (Lanao del Sur), and Rafael Lacson (Negros
Occidental) (McCoy, 1994: 14). Clan and dynastic politics in the Philippines will
continue to rely on the use of violence to establish their political and economic
base. McCoy said that after securing wealth and power in a locality through
armed force, provincial politicians can begin to barter votes to win both immunity
from prosecution and benefices in the form of rents, cheap credit, or licenses
(McCoy, 1994: 15).
SYNTHESIS OF REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
The related literature above shows their similarities and differences to the
study at hand. The study above shows related studies regarding Political Dynasty:
Insights of Residents toward Dynastic Persistence in the City of Taguig.

Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter best shows the methodology and the procedures used in the
research paper. This chapter presents the research design, research participants,
the data gathering procedure and, lastly, the research instruments that are used.
This study will determine the Insights of Residents Toward Dynastic Persistence in
the City of Taguig.
RESEARCH DESIGN
In order to gather the necessary data and information, Qualitative research
is used to gather the necessary data for this study. Qualitative research is defined
as a market research method that focuses on obtaining data through open
ended and conversational communication. According to several prominent
qualitative scholars (Creswell 2002; Pope & Mays 1995; Denzin & Lincoln, 1994).
Qualitative research methods are designed in a manner that help reveal the
behavior and perception of a target audience with reference to a particular
topic. Ethnography is the type of qualitative research that we particularly used
since it obtains processes such as observations, interviews and documentary data
in order to produce detailed and comprehensive accounts of different social
phenomena.
RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
The participants in this study were ten registered voters from Taguig City who
were chosen at random. Random sampling, often known as simple random
sample, is used to collect them. A random sample is one in which every member
of the population has the same chance of being selected. A simple random
sample is one in which each individual in the population, as well as any group of
individuals, has an equal chance of being chosen.
(courses.lumenlearning.com). To prevent face-to-face interaction, the
researchers will collect data via Google forms and questionnaires, as well as
following the government's safety regulations throughout the New Normal Set up.
In this case, the respondents will set aside time in advance to indicate the
questions that our responders must answer.
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
Because of the rising number of COVID-19 instances, the researchers took
safety precautions when collecting qualitative data for the study. During the
online interview of the participants, researchers employ Google
forms/questionnaires to perform the study. Batubara (2012) states that Google
forms are suitable to be used by students, teachers, lecturers, and professionals
who like to create a quiz, form and online survey. Google form is a free service
from Google, which emulates an online survey system (Kim & Park 2012). Each of
the researchers will send the selected respondents a link to the online surveys. The
researchers will assess the information gathered in order to obtain the needed
information.
When collecting data, the researchers took precautions to ensure their safety.
The researchers collect data by doing online surveys and online questionnaires
with our teacher's permission. All responses will be simultaneously transcribed and
recorded. Respondents can be certain that the researchers will keep their
responses and personal information confidential.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The researchers used an online survey to collect information for this study.
Online surveys are used to gather data and information over the internet in order
to acquire insight and feedback on particular questions. This instrument will be
conducted by means of the online platform Google Form, to be able to gather
the needed data in this in spite of the current situation.

Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
The researchers analyzed the information acquired from survey,
observations, and documentation to obtain the necessary information on the
Insights of Residents Toward Dynastic Persistence in the City of Taguig. Thematic
content analysis was used to analyze the responses of the participants from the
Google forms questionnaire. This study deals to know the Insights of Residents
Toward Dynastic Persistence in the City of Taguig.
TABLE 1
(Respondents' insights on how political dynasty shape the political landscape in Taguig.)
THEME RESPONSE
R13 "By giving an excellent behavior to all taguigeño, and also giving an opportunity to
all people in this township like the Lani Scholarship It has a vital part of course as to
how a member of politics reign the town."
The Continuation of
R2 "Because of political dynasty, the next candidate can still continue the projects
Opportunities made made by the previous candidate."
by the Political R6 ""Napatakbo nila ito gamit ang mga nagawa nila sa lungsod ng taguig."
family R9 "For me it has its own way where positivity occur for they know the plans on how
and where to continue their projects wether it might be a short or a longer plan to
serve the Taguigeños in this way personal agendas may lessen for they know their
goals towards our city and that is to impose fairness, transparency, perseverance and
resiliency to their constituents."
R4 ” They continue the project of their relatives"

R5 responded, "Satingin ko ang political dynasty ay na kakaapekto sa pag bibigay ng
mas mataas na serbisyo sa mamayan ng lungsod. At na dodomina nito ang Pag boto ng
Tao sa kung sino dapat ang uupo sa Posisyon dahil na nga rin sa Impluwensya o
nakasanayang pangalan na nakaupo sa pwesto.."
Negative effects of
abusing political R14 responded, "It is not convenient that only one family will
hold different position for governace. There is a need for check and balance and not
power may get only one family has the qualifications to serve the people of Taguig.Monopoly is not a
good practice and not healthy to avoid abuse of power.."
worst
R12 responded “It depends to the leader if he/she can handle her/his jurisdiction but for
me political dynasty would bring us into a worst happening just like our country..”
The relation of R11 "It is relative on the political dynasty that is shaping one's place. It will depend on
the legacy being left by the preceding one."
political family to
R10 "Because of political dynasty, the next candidate can still continue the projects
run for an election. made by the previous candidate."
Politicians trying R1 "I think, political dynasty here is good since Cayetano's are really doing their job
every year."
their best in
R3 "Masasabi kong meron namang naging magandang nagawa ang pamilyang
managing political nakaupo ngayon sa taguig at napatakbo o nahulma nila ito ng maayos sa mga
magagandang nagawa din nila noon."
economy
R15 "They are giving their best I think."
Political Dynasty: R8 “Residents of Taguig City are very used with the cycle. Basically, here, it's just
Cayetano Vs Tinga. Political Dynasties influence what is considered the "norm" here and
Limiting people's limit people's choices.”
choice R7 "It has a vital part of course as to how a member of politics reign the town".
The themes presented on Table 1 were derived from the coded responses of
the participants when they were asked about their insights on how political
dynasty shape the landscape in Taguig. It shows that there were (5) major themes
which emerged from the analysis. These are the (1) Continuation of Opportunities
made by the Political family, (2) Negative effects of abusing political power, (3)
The relation of political family to run for an election, (4) Politicians trying their best
in managing political economy, and, (5) Political Dynasty: Limiting people's
choice.
The First theme which is "The Continuation of Opportunities made by the
Political family "indicates that the respondent said that the family did what they
were supposed to do in our city. They also provide opportunities to people living
in Taguig. Due to the political dynasty, the next candidate can continue the
projects made by the previous candidate.
According to (Mancur Olson's) Political dynasties have the advantage of
continuity. The more control the family has over the government unit, the more
members of the family can occupy positions of power. Political dynasties can use
this continuity by promoting and enacting laws and ordinances that are long term
in nature; with only a slim chance of other candidates outside of the dynasty
interfering with the plans. As stated by R13 (Respondent #13) from one of our
participant that claims "By giving an excellent behaviour to all Taguigeño, and
also giving an opportunity to all people in this township like the Lani Scholarship It
has a vital part of course as to how a member of politics reign the town. "supports
the claim of the study. Furthermore, according to R2 (Repondent#2) says
"Because of political dynasty, the next candidate can still continue the projects
made by the previous candidate." Moreover, according to one of our
respondents in which we called R6 (Respondent #6), "Napatakbo nila ito gamit
ang mga nagawa nila sa lungsod ng taguig." As regards to, R9 (Respondent #9)
who freely says that "For me it has its own way where positivity occur for they know
the plans on how and where to continue their projects wether it might be a short
or a longer plan to serve the Taguigeños in this way personal agendas may lessen
for they know their goals towards our city and that is to impose fairness,
transparency, perseverance and resiliency to their constituents.“ In addition R4

(Respondent #4) stated that "They continue the project of their relatives".
The second theme which emerged is “The Negative effects of abusing political
power” signifies that the clans have been running from one position to another
and they replaced by their children, spouse and siblings if they reached the term
limit. They are very influential in their respective cities and they always get the
votes of the people. These political dynasties result to a monopolization of power.
According to Michael Brown (2021) So if we want to reduce the harmful effects
of dynasties, we shouldn't try to control the families; we should try to control the
profit. The dynasty is another problem that will simply evaporate once its root
causes are addressed.
A statement from one of our participant called that R5 (Respondent) claims
that "Satingin ko ang political dynasty ay na kakaapekto sa pag bibigay ng mas
mataas na serbisyo sa mamayan ng lungsod. At na dodomina nito ang Pag boto
ng Tao sa kung sino dapat ang uupo sa Posisyon dahil na nga rin sa Impluwensya
o nakasanayang pangalan na nakaupo sa pwesto."supports the claim of the
study. According to R14 (Respondent #14) states that "It is not convenient that
only one family will hold different position for governance. There is a need for
check and balance and not only one family has the qualifications to serve the
people of Taguig. Monopoly is not a good practice and not healthy to avoid
abuse of power." In addition, according to one of our respondents in which we
called R12 (Respondent #12) claims that “It depends to the leader if he/she can
handle her/his jurisdiction but for me political dynasty would bring us into a worst
happening just like our country.”
Then, the third theme, “The relation of political family to run for an election”,
emerged that according to our respondents the next candidate can continue
the projects of the previous candidate. Political dynasties have the advantage of
continuity. The more control the family has over the government unit, the more
members of the family can occupy positions of power. According to Brian D.
Feinstein (2010) Political dynasties, families in which multiple members have held
elected office, commonly feature in the U.S. Congress. I explored the electoral
origins of this phenomenon and determined that members of political dynasties
have a significant advantage over first-generation politicians in open-seat House
elections. Using an original dataset containing candidate- and district-level
covariates for all candidates in open-seat House contests between 1994 and
2006.
As stated by R11 (Respondent #11) from one of our participant that claims that
"It is relative on the political dynasty that is shaping one's place. It will depend on
the legacy being left by the preceding one.” On the other hand, according to
one of our participant which we called R10 (Respondent# 10) said "Because of
political dynasty, the next candidate can still continue the projects made by the
previous candidate."
Then, the fourth theme which eloped “The Politicians trying their best in
managing political economy”, represents how political families who run in their
respective part doing their best just to gain the people's votes to build a better
economy. An article According to Jeffry Frieden (2020) A basic political economy
principle is that the winners don’t like being taxed to compensate losers. And the
battle is joined, not over what is best for society but rather over who will be the
winners and losers. What is best for the country may not be best for my region, or
group, or industry, or class—and so I will fight it.
As stated by R1 (Respondent#1) claims that "I think, political dynasty here is
good since Cayetano's are really doing their job every year supports the claim of
the study.” Moreover, according to R3 (Respondent #3) stated that "Masasabi
kong meron namang naging magandang nagawa ang pamilyang nakaupo
ngayon sa taguig at napatakbo o nahulma nila ito ng maayos sa mga
magagandang nagawa din nila noon." On the other hand, according to R15
(Respondent #15) "They are giving their best I think," clearly supports the claim of
the study.
The fifth theme, which is “The Political Dynasty: Limiting people's choice”,
indicates that the respondents has a significant role in how a politician governs
the community and how they were able to shape the "norm" in our culture and
limit people's options.” Occasionally, as stated by Clarissa David (2015) "It’s time
for us to stop blaming voters for electing political dynasts into office. They have
had no choice, they have been powerless. It is an unjust and unfair situation. The
system has evolved into one that is rigged against the poor.
A statement from one of our participant R8 (Respondent #8) claims that
“Political Dynasties influence what is considered the "norm" here and limit people's
choices.” As well as, stated by one of our respondents in which we called R7
(Respondent #7) claims that "It has a vital part of course as to how a member of
politics reign the town”.

TABLE 2
(Respondents’ perceptions toward the on-going political dynasty in Taguig”)
THEME RESPONSE
R3 responded “I commend them for doing so much good in Taguig City.”
“They operate the City efficiently, especially in the area of education.” R7 says.
“They have a solid track record of project implementation in Taguig.” R9 said.
“It's alright, because they make Taguig City a better town.” R11 responded.
Competent
Authorities “They really help student to have the privileged in learning financially and that is enough
for me to say that they did something not only in changing future but also lives, perspective
and belief.” R15 says
R6 responded, “I am satisfied with their performance even for the previous years.”
R13 says, “For me its OK I have definitely got no problem with that because I see it in
my own 2 eyes how passionate and competent they are as a leader and they created
much and improve changes in our City.”
“Their leadership is absolutely not perfect but there is an improvement in our city's state
and I witnessed the growth economically.” R2 claims.
R4 says “Hindi tunay na perpekto ang pamamahala at pamamalakad nila, ngunit hindi
Aiming for and maitatanggi na sa paglipas ng panahon tunay na nag-iimprove at mas umaayos ang
lungsod dahil sa mga plano at platforms nila dito.”
Improving Leaders
R10 responded, “For me, they are providing the best for the students especially when
you are at college, they are always consider many rooms for improvement and great
investment for the sake of their people”
R14 says, “The way how they always aim to cope-up with changes and needs of it’s
residents is very fascinating, I know absolutely that they’re not perfect leaders they
have so many failures and falls but they’re good at improving and aiming for the best”
R5 responded, “I'm not a fan of it. In my opinion, they should train someone from the
younger generation to pass on their legacy.
”
Opposed to the “They don't have to stay in the office for too long, if they really care for the city and the
Current Political residents, they should look for someone younger to pass the baton.” R8 response.
Dynasty R1 responded “Regarding the Cayetano's I'm dissatisfied. There is good Cayetano leader
but there is also a lazy leader.”
R12 says “For me, it should be stop when it comes in political dynasty because it is one
of the reasons why we are still in a poor situations, as we all know that Cayetano's reign
is unchangeable and that's the worst thing”
the participants when they were asked about their perceptions toward the on-
going political dynasty in Taguig. It shows that there were three (3) major themes
which emerged from the analysis. These are (1) Competent Authorities, (2) Aiming
for and Improving Leaders, and lastly, (3) Opposed to the Current Political
Dynasty.
The Competent Authorities signifies that the respondents respect and admire
the political dynasty that has been taking place in our city. According to their
responses, they are content, and having a political dynasty does not bother them
because they run the city efficiently, and they commend them for accomplishing
so much good in Taguig City. Taguig is just one of the cities in NCR to get a few of
ongoing and future infrastructures under the Build, Build, Build program. The city
has seen several development projects since the Build, Build, Build program of the
national government was launched (JDC, 2020).
A statement from one of our participant R11 (Respondent #11) that claims that
“It's alright, because they make Taguig City a better town” supports the claim of
the said study. According to R15 (Respondent #15) “They really help student to
have the privileged in learning financially and that is enough for me to say that
they did something not only in changing future but also lives, perspective and
belief.” Also, according to one of our respondents in which we called R9
(Respondent #9), “They have a solid track record of project implementation in
Taguig.” And as for R7 (Respondent #7) “They operate the City efficiently,
especially in the area of education.” And when it comes to R13 (Respondent #13)
who freely says, “For me its OK I have definitely got no problem with that
because I see it in my own 2 eyes how passionate and competent they are as
a leader and they created much and improve changes in our City. ”On the
other hand, a statement from R3 (Respondent #3) said that “I commend them
for doing so much good in Taguig City.” Conversely, according to one of our
respondents in which we called R6 (Respondent #6) says, “I am satisfied with their
performance even for the previous years.”
Then, the second theme which emerged is Aiming for and Improving Leaders
which means leaders who acknowledged their weaknesses were better able to
create teams who communicated honestly about problems and performed well
through the process. An article created by (Wang, 2020) which states that, Taguig
is the fastest growing city in NCR and in the entire country according to Mayor
Lino Cayetano. And with this in mind, he believes that arts can help the city
attract more talents, encourage more businesses to open, and eventually grow
its economy even more.
A statement from one of our participants called R2 (Respondent #2) claims
that “Their leadership is absolutely not perfect but there is an improvement in our
city's state and I witnessed the growth economically.” supports the claim of the
said study. On the other hand. according to R4 (Respondent #4) says “Hindi tunay
na perpekto ang pamamahala at pamamalakad nila, ngunit hindi maitatanggi
na sa paglipas ng panahon tunay na nag-iimprove at mas umaayos ang lungsod
dahil sa mga plano at platforms nila dito.” For R10 (Respondent #10) in his words,
“For me, they are providing the best for the students especially when you are at
college, they are always consider many rooms for improvement and great
investment for the sake of their people” Analogously, R14 (Respondent #14)
states that, “The way how they always aim to cope-up with changes and needs
of it’s residents is very fascinating, I know absolutely that they’re not perfect
leaders they have so many failures and falls but they’re good at improving and
aiming for the best”.
The third theme, which eloped the Opposed to the Current Political Dynasty,
represents the respondents' opinion and perspective on their apparent disdain
and disapproval of the current political dynasty in our City. The presence of
political dynasties has been in our political system for a long time now and, sad
to say, has continued to expand during the past decades to such a wide extent
that we have now. I believe there is a political dynasty in every province and
chartered city. If so, we have close to 100 families, mini monarchies, governing us
continuously for a very long time now. Occasionally, a dynasty drops out and a
new one emerges to replace it. In this respect, we are still living in the Middle Ages.
(Punongbayan, 2018).
According to R5 (Respondent #5), “I'm not a fan of it. In my opinion, they
should train someone from the younger generation to pass on their legacy." Also,
according to one of our respondents in which we called R8 (Respondent #8)
stated that, “They don't have to stay in the office for too long, if they really care
for the city and the residents, they should look for someone younger to pass the
baton.” On the other hand for R1 (Respondent #11) in his own words, “Regarding
the Cayetano's I'm dissatisfied. There is good Cayetano leader but there is also a
lazy leader.” Analogously, R12 (Respondent #12) states that “For me, it should
be stop when it comes in political dynasty because it is one of the reasons why
we are still in a poor situations, as we all know that Cayetano's reign is
unchangeable and that's the worst thing.

TABLE 3
(Respondents’ view on why they kept voting for the same family again and over.)
THEME RESPONSE
R2 responded, “Because of their projects that helps people of Taguig.”
R12 said, “I think because of the benefits they receive from them.”
R7 stated, “For they already proved that they could do something that there is
The people who have faith on still a room for change in this world full of corruption and rotten government
the Cayetano Family in terms officials, there's still someone who will serve people.”
of ruling and giving benefits to
the citizens of Taguig. R14 responded that, “Because they always do what they promise and make it as
the best City.”
R3 said that” Because in this town people nowadays, vote the right person to
handle this town and specially to maintain the Taguig in the top 10 cities in
Metro Manila.”
R4 stated that like in the instance of the Cayetanos', if most people here in
Taguig appreciates their concern for the barangay they are leading on, the
people will keep on voting for the person who will be next in line because the
people trust them that they will be helped in time of need.
The people who think that they

are responsible for their votes R10 stated, “Dahil may karapatan tayong makapili ng karapat-dapat.”
and rights.
The people who opposed to R5 explained that “Because it's the norm here! Political dynasties are so
the idea of voting the same normalized. Every household knows the Cayetanos and Tingas. Some are blinded
family repeatedly. to empty promises, and some are just not open to new leadership. They feel like
we are doing good and should stay this way. They are no longer looking for
progress but for sustainability.”
The people who doubt the R15 stated, “With the current trends now that there is dissatisfaction with the
personnel who oversee the handling of automated election by Smartmatic Asia result last election I doubt.”
ballots.
R6 said, “I think people are afraid of beginnings. they think that once they
The people who are afraid to appointed a new electee, previous campaigns and programs will not continue.
go against. Cayetano's campaigns gave benefits and privileges for the people of Taguig that
is why they continue to vote for the family over again.”
The people who think that R9 explained that “Voting is personally costly. It takes time to register and to
voting is time consuming. learn about the candidates' views. On election day, you may need to leave work,
stand in long lines or slog through harsh weather, knowing all the while that the
chances your individual vote will make a difference among the thousands, or
millions cast, are pretty much zero.”
The people who are unsure R13 responded, “I have no certain answer, but I guess because either they
about their views on voting the already built trust towards the residents or the other way around.”
same family again and again.
R8 said that “Maybe they are satisfied with the previous officials.
The people who think that the R11 said, “Para sa akin dahil sila yung mga pamilyang may kapit sa pamilyang
reigning family is only using cayetano o kaya'y may koneksyon.”
connections and power to gain
votes. R1 responded, “Dahil na rin siguro sa malaking impluwensya ng mga ito dahil sa
tagal nila sa posisyon.”
the participants when they were asked about their view on why do they think
residents keep voting for the same family again and over. It shows that there were
eight (8) major themes which emerged from the analysis. These are (1) The people
who has faith on the Cayetano Family in terms of ruling and giving benefits to the
citizens of Taguig, (2) The people who think that they are responsible for their votes
and rights, (3) The people who are opposed to the idea of voting the same family
repeatedly, (4) The people who doubt the personnel who oversee the ballots, (5)
The people who are afraid to go against, (6) The people who think that voting is
time consuming, (7) The people who are unsure about their views on voting the
same family again and again, (8) The people who think that the reigning family is
only using connections and power to gain votes.
The people who have faith on the Cayetano Family in terms of ruling and
giving benefits to the citizens of Taguig shows that the respondents are really
benefiting and trusting the Cayetano family. According to their responses, the
families are voting for them again because people believes that they made
projects that is useful for every Taguigeno. According to an article created by
(Lalu, 2021) states that, all 28 barangays in Taguig have received food packs as
part of the aid the city government is giving during the prevailing enhanced
community quarantine over Metro Manila and four adjacent provinces, which
was declared due to the recent COVID-19 surge. Previously, Cayetano urged his
constituents to keep taking precautions against COVID-19 — such as wearing of
masks, maintaining physical distancing, and frequent washing of hands.
A statement from one of our respondent R2 (Respondent #2) claims that
“Because of their projects that helps people of Taguig. “Supports the claim of the
study. According to R12 (Respondent #12), “I think because of the benefits they
receive from them.” Also, according to one of our respondents named R7
(Respondent #7) stated that, “For they already proved that they could do
something that there is still a room for change in this world full of corruption and
rotten government officials, there's still someone who will serve people.” Also, R14
(Respondent #14) responded that, “Because they always do what they promise
and make it as the best City.” When it comes to R3 (Respondent #3), that
participant answered, “Because in this town people nowadays, vote the right
person to handle this town and specially to maintain the Taguig in the top 10 cities
in Metro Manila.” Conversely, according to one of our respondents in which we
called R4 (Respondent #4) stated that “like in the instance of the Cayetanos', if
most people here in Taguig appreciates their concern for the barangay they are
leading on, the people will keep on voting for the person who will be next in line
because the people trust them that they will be helped in time of need.”
Then, the second theme which The people who think that they are
responsible for their votes and rights which means people believes that they have
the rights to vote and the rights to choose who is the politician that they wanted
to be in the position. Voting represents the power of all citizens to keep the
government system working. It’s a privilege every citizen should enjoy. The people
we elect are tasked to develop and implement various policies for our benefit.
So, it’s only fair to wisely select the ones who uphold the right principles. But voting
isn’t just about choosing the future leader, it can also be about exercising the
rights our ancestors fought for. Whether first-time voters of not, this country needs
intelligent votes now more than ever. Voting isn’t simply our right—it’s our power.
(Romero, 2019).
According to R10 (Respondent #10), “Dahil may karapatan tayong makapili ng
karapat-dapat.”
Third theme which is The people who opposed to the idea of voting the same
family repeatedly, represents the respondent’s opinion who opposed that some
people are blinded by the politicians’ promises. An article on Manila Times by
(Wootton, 2016) On the face of it, there is something wrong about allowing
people to possibly deliberately lie in order to win votes and then simply not deliver
on the promise made. But the law should not interfere in politics. Perhaps people
just accept it as normal that politicians will promise anything to win votes.
R5 explained that “Because it's the norm here! Political dynasties are so
normalized. Every household knows the Cayetanos and Tingas. Some are blinded
to empty promises, and some are just not open to new leadership. They feel like
we are doing good and should stay this way. They are no longer looking for
progress but for sustainability.”
Fourth theme which is The people who doubt the personnel who oversee the
ballots represents that some voters in Taguig City did not believed the results of
the past elections that happened. Based on an article by (Mayer, 2020), Research
consistently finds that when people get an unfavourable outcome but believe
the process used to make the decision was fair, they react more positively. They
may be disappointed, but they tend to accept the decision and stay loyal to the
institution that made the decision. This is known as the “fair process effect”: the
tendency for fair procedures to mitigate negative reactions to an unfavourable
decision. However, he and his mates conducted a research in 2009 where they
identified an important caveat to this effect. We found that when an
unfavourable decision is very important to someone – that it is central to their
identity as part of a group or their personal values – they tend to look for flaws
demonstrating that the process used to make the decision was unfair.
One of the respondents, R15 (Respondent #15) stated that, “With the current
trends now that there is dissatisfaction with the handling of automated election
by Smartmatic Asia result last election I doubt.”
Fifth theme is The people who are afraid to go against that represents people
that are afraid to not follow or to be against it because they are afraid that the
projects will not continue.
R6 (Respondent #6) said, “I think people are afraid of beginnings. they think
that once they appointed a new electee, previous campaigns and programs will
not continue. Cayetano's campaigns gave benefits and privileges for the people
of Taguig that is why they continue to vote for the family over again.”
Then, the sixth theme which is The people who think that voting is time
consuming means that some voters or some Taguigenos think that voting is not
really an essential. Easier registration could mean more voting. Burden and his
colleagues showed that during the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections, a “one-
stop shop” where people could register and vote at the same time increased
voter turnout. By contrast, making it easier for people to vote by letting them vote
before Election Day (known as early voting), actually lowered the voting rate. The
researchers published their findings in 2013 in the American Journal of Political
Science. (Brookshire, 2016).
One of our respondents called R9 (Respondent #9), explained that “Voting is
personally costly. It takes time to register and to learn about the candidates'
views. On election day, you may need to leave work, stand in long lines or slog
through harsh weather, knowing all the while that the chances your individual
vote will make a difference among the thousands, or millions cast, are pretty
much zero.”
The seventh theme which is The people who are unsure about their views on
voting the same family again and again represents the people who are not sure
about their political views about political dynasty.
R13 (Respondent 13) responded, “I have no certain answer, but I guess
because either they already built trust towards the residents or the other way
around.” R8 (Respondent #8) also said that “Maybe they are satisfied with the
previousofficials.”
The last and the eighth theme states The people who think that the reigning
family is only using connections and power to gain votes that represents voters or
Taguigenos who thinks that politicians use their power to gain more popularity
and votes. Not only those celebrities have easy access to Filipino voters but also
to have some relatives in politics can easily be known by Filipino people. They will
know easily because of the people behind them if they have some relatives or
family member who is in the position in the government. Furthermore, celebrities
also have their own power because they are popular before they enter politics.
The political dynasty started in the provinces in the Philippines. Many politicians in
the different region have many relatives and family members who are in their
position and now running for this coming election to replace their relatives who
finish their terms in the government. political dynasty is common in the Philippines
and also in other country but it is more effective here in the Philippines.
(lookupgrade,2019)
R11 (Respondent #11) said, “Para sa akin dahil sila yung mga pamilyang
may kapit sa pamilyang cayetano o kaya'y may koneksyon.” R1 (Respondent #1)
also responded, “Dahil na rin siguro sa malaking impluwensya ng mga ito dahil sa
tagal nila sa posisyon.”

TABLE 4
(Respondents’ view on how they strategize to reach their voting decisions every
election.)
THEME RESPONSE
R3 said that first s/he does background check like does this person really qualified?
What educational background does he/she have? How involved is he/she in the
community? Second, s/he educates him/herself and review their campaigns and
propaganda. Lastly, s/he do not vote for someone because his/her family/friends say
so. s/he does research and decide for his/her own.
Background checks
on each candidate R7 stated, “Kinokosedira ko ang mga iboboto ko na talagang magagampanan nila
yung mga ipinangako nila at kinokosedira ko yung mga nakikitaan ko na kaagad ng
mga magagandang nagawa.”
R8 replied that “Their leadership background, should have projects especially in

education, and also if they can provide the needs of the citizens if they are needed.”
Campaign & R4 stated that if the running candidate's campaigns are humane, will give benefits for
Propaganda the greater good of his/ her people and will remain true to his/her words, especially
now that we are facing a great pandemic and will give actions and preparedness
before, during and after calamities.
Candidates based on
their traits and R5 explained that “Vote politician who are not good in speaking but good in actions.”
achievements
R11 explained that s/he must have knowledge about the rule and have courage to
Candidates that are face all the crime in this town.
well-educated and R14 said, “I mostly preferred the official who have the potential and have a good heart
has good intentions and a helping hand.”
for the city
R9 said, “Always choose the candidate who has pure intentions for making it as better
city.”
People who trust the

same Political Family R6 responded, “The Taguig people know who is the best for that.”
People who vote the R1 replied that, “Vote their team straight.”
whole party list
Unsure but still R2 said, “I am not sure as of now because I am still on the process of doing so.”
trusts them with
R10 explains, “No need of strategies just be aware with the current issues,
their campaign & performance of the candidates and never sell your votes.”
propaganda
R12 stated that “Maasahan at maisasakatuparan ang mga pangako hanggang huli.”
Watch how they run R13 stated, “My strategy is by watching the way they speak their promises and plans
things in their own for our country on a conference and by looking at their personality. If I can tell that
they are worthy for their position, I will vote them.”
way.
The concept shown on Table 4 were obtained from the responses of each
anonymous participants when they answered our survey about how they
strategize things to reach their voting decisions every election in Taguig City. It
can be seen above that there are eight (8) themes which appeared from our
analysis. These concepts are (1) Background checks on each candidate, (2)
Campaign & Propaganda, (3) Candidates based on their traits and
achievements, (4) Candidates that are well-educated and has good intentions
for the city, (5) People who trust the same Political Family, (6) People who vote the
whole party list, (7) Unsure but still trusts them with their campaign & propaganda,
and (8) Watch how they run things in their own way.
The Background checks on each candidate indicates how much attention
the citizens give to the politician’s life, beliefs, and customs. That is why, most
people stick to one Political family since most of them knows their stand and their
customs. As stated by one of our participants, they vote politicians who are not
just good in speaking laws and campaigns but also good in deeds.
In accordance with one of our participants, R3 (Respondent #3) states that
“S/he first does background checks like does this person really qualified? What
educational background does he/she have? How involved is he/she in the
community? Second, s/he educates him/herself and review their campaigns and
propaganda. Lastly, s/he do not vote for someone because his/her family/friends
say so. s/he does research and decide for his/her own.” And in relations to R7
(Respondent #7), “Kinokosedira ko ang mga iboboto ko na talagang
magagampanan nila yung mga ipinangako nila at kinokosedira ko yung mga
nakikitaan ko na kaagad ng mga magagandang nagawa.” And lastly, in line
with R8 (Respondent #8) s/he stated that “Their leadership background, should
have projects especially in education, and also if they can provide the needs of
the citizens if they are needed.”
The Campaign and Propaganda shows that people really seek the outcome
of each candidacy of every electee that they vote. According to R4 (Respondent
#4) s/he stated that if the running candidate's campaigns are humane, will give
benefits for the greater good of his/ her people and will remain true to his/her
words, especially now that we are facing a pandemic and will give actions and
preparedness before, during and after calamities. Hence, s/he pursues to see the
results of the electee’s advocacies and campaigns to his/her community. This

specifies that people, observes and notices the big or small changes that you do
to the community.
Candidates based on their traits and achievements means that most voters
focus on the candidate’s personality and his/her past accomplishments. Well,
according to R5 (Respondent #5) s/he said that “vote a politician who is not only
good in speaking but in good efforts too.”
According to an article, For the general public, politicians do not always
embody honesty. In an annual survey conducted by Gallup, just 12% of
respondents said they believed members of Congress had high ethical standards,
second from the bottom of the list. (The George Washington University, 2020)
Just like the others, Candidates that are well-educated and has good
intentions for the city which conveys that personality and achievements are not
enough. People also look for candidates who are wise and witty enough to rule
their community just as R11 (Respondent #11) said that s/he must have
knowledge about the rule and have courage to face all the crime in this town. In
alignment with what R11 said, R14 (Respondent #14) responded that, “I mostly
preferred the official who have the potential and have a good heart and a
helping hand.” Also from R9 (Respondent #9) said, “Always choose the candidate
who has pure intentions for making it as better city.”
The People who trust the same Political Family indicates that most voters are
more comfortable voting candidates who came from the same family that they
voted before. As stated by R6 (Respondent #6), s/he responded that most citizen
of Taguig knows what is best. That is why, most chose to vote the same family
repeatedly since s/he knows that they would be like the other ones who came
first.
Well, it is indicated that generally speaking, self-awareness isn’t an acquired
trait. Becoming more cognizant of how you’re coming across to other people has
to be developed and worked on over time. Political leaders who practice self-
awareness on an ongoing basis can be effective leaders by leveraging their
talents and getting staffers’ feedback on whether their comportment, statements
or interactions are resonating with the public or their peers. (The George
Washington University, 2020).
While People who vote the whole party list are the voters who are unsure of
who to vote during the elections possibly due to pressure and to confusion, most
of them simply vote the whole party list just like what R1 (Respondent #1) replied
that, “Vote their team straight.”
Accordance to an article, voters' political choices have presumably come to
depend more on their personal preferences and less on their social characteristics in
Western democracies. We examine two aspects of personality that may influence
political choice, traits, and personal values, using the Five Factor Model of personality
traits and the Schwartz (1992) theory of basic personal values. (Political Psychology,
2006).
Just like the “People who vote the whole party list. ”The unsure but still trusts
them with their campaign & propaganda” indicates that some people do not
mind voting unfamiliar candidates if they see potential in them like what R2
(Respondent #2) said, “I am not sure as of now because I am still on the process
of doing so.” And according to R10 (Respondent #10), “No need of strategies just
be aware with the current issues, performance of the candidates and never sell
your votes.” But to R12 (Respondent #12) stated that s/he believes that as long as
the candidate is “Maasahan at maisasakatuparan ang mga pangako
hanggang huli.” s/he is assured with his/her vote.
Lastly, the “Watch how they run things in their own way” shows that most
citizens look closely on how the previous electees do their campaigns and
propaganda in this way they are aware of how s/he would run the community in
their own pace. According to R13 (Respondent #13) s/he stated that, “My
strategy is by watching the way they speak their promises and plans for our
country on a conference and by looking at their personality. If I can tell that they
are worthy for their position, I will vote them.”
Based on an article, whether they write their own speeches or have a
speechwriter on staff, many politicians are known for their eloquence and
rhetorical flourish. Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s “The only thing we have to fear is
fear itself” is one of many iconic statements from presidents that have inspired
Americans during times of adversity. But great leaders must also let their actions
do the talking for them. If they don’t practice what they preach, voters will take
notice and decide they can no longer support them. Leading by example is a
quality that goes in tandem with honesty. If politicians say that they’re going to
do something, they must follow through. If they can’t, good leaders should explain
why and take actions that may help to mitigate the consequences. (The George
Washington University, 2020).

TABLE 5
(Respondents’ view on how dynastic officials serve the citizens in Taguig.)
THEME RESPONSE
R5 responded, “They build one of the most important foundations in voting, and that is
trust. I start to believe these officials when I see changes and projects that are truly
Trust among the beneficial not for their families but really for the Taguigeños. They are proven trustworthy
residents for their and leaders with empathy and heart to serve.”
chosen party. R8, “Nakakaapekto ito sa tiwala ng mga tao dahil pag sila ay nangangampanya ay dami
niyang sinasabi na gagawin sa lungsod ng taguig tapos pag sila na iyong nakaupo hindi
na nila ito magawa ng maayos o hindi talaga magawa.”
R11 responded, “Naapektuhan ito ng sa ibat ibang dahilan pero para sa akin ay
naapektuhan nito ang aking tiwala dahil hindi gaano ang ginagampanan ng maayos ang
pamamahala.”
R4 responded, “Allow all local people in this town, like this pandemic, to vaccinate all the
people.”
R12 responded, "The Cayetanos know how to deliver. For example, the ongoing
Delivery used by the vaccination program is one of the best in the country. However, as for the negative effect,
dynastic officials for I would say their decision to stay in the office for far too long limits the residents' mindset
the Covid-19 and hinders them from desiring change. We will not realize our need for change if we are
vaccine. "satisfied" with the present. I honestly think that if they care about the residents, they
must be willing to open or share the office with someone else who has potential."
R14 responded, “Why, just recently, the Philippines — despite having one of the worst
COVID-19 infection rates due to the lack of a coherent plan to curb the spread of the virus
— bore witness to a drama. Not just any drama, but a family drama. And not just any
family drama, but an inter-family drama.”
Dynastic officials R1 responded, "It improves the life of every Taguig citizen."
provide a delicate R3 responded, "It certainly affects the livelihood and the environment of the residents in
Taguig because they are people who live there.
hometown and R7 responded, "Dynasty officials give citizens a beautiful and peaceful hometown."
livelihood for its
Citizens Livelihood
Politicians greatness R2 responded, "It affects because Cayetano's are doing great, so people do not
complain."
The beliefs of the R13 responded, “It is somehow one-sided. They will focus on what they see. New
citizens affect their politicians mean new ideas.”
view of the new R15 responded, “It may lead to an unequal or unfair serving in justice.”
politicians.
Governance by R10 responded, “No place has a little talent of governing one place, since it resulted in
Dynastic politicians unqualified members of the family to sit in a certain position because of their popularity.
You can observe it now.”
Citizens' preference R9 responded, “Satingin ko may mga ilan namang residente ng taguig ang magaling mag
for choosing a party. kilatis ng isang kandidato na talaga namang gagampanan ang kanyang tungkulin. Ngunit
dahil sa epekto ng malaking impluwensya ng nakaupo sa pwesto at ang kanyang mga
pangako sa tingin ko doon na dodomina ang boto ng na nakararami.”
Free access for R6 responded, “The way people see the law is limited to the wishes or the way the family
understanding law punishes those who committed the crime. so I think citizens of Taguig city are now familiar
with how they would act in order to know the level of their offense and as to how they
leads to fair crime can acquire benefits.”
monopolization.
the participants when they were asked about the effects of the way the dynastic
officials serve the fellow citizens of Taguig City. It shows that there were eight (8)
major themes which emerged from the analysis. These are (1) Trust among the
residents for their chosen party, (2) Delivery use by the dynastic officials for the
Covid-19 vaccine, (3) Dynastic officials provide a delicate hometown and
livelihood for its citizens, (4) Politicians greatness, (5) The beliefs of the citizens
affect their view of the new politicians, (6) Governance by Dynastic politicians, (7)
Citizens' perception for choosing a party and (8) Free access for understanding
law leads to fair crime monopolization.
The Trust among the residents for their chosen party signifies how the citizens
value trust the most, and that is why they seek another party list that is the same
as what they are looking for. According to the responses it shows that even small
things that are inclined with trust, the citizens mostly see all of it, and they tend to
be strict as the word "trust" came to happen. Public trust in government is
important as it speaks to the quality of the relationship that exists between citizens
and their government (Porumbescu 2015).
A statement from one of our participant R5 (Respondent #5) that claims that,
“They build one of the most important foundations in voting, and that is trust. I start
to believe these officials when I see changes and projects that are truly beneficial
not for their families but really for the Taguigeños. They are proven trustworthy and
leaders with empathy and heart to serve.” According to R8 (Respondents #8),
“Nakakaapekto ito sa tiwala ng mga tao dahil pag sila ay nangangampanya ay
dami niyang sinasabi na gagawin sa lungsod ng taguig tapos pag sila na iyong
nakaupo hindi na nila ito magawa ng maayos o hindi talaga magawa.” Also,
according to one of our respondents in which we called R11 (Respondent #11),
“Naapektuhan ito ng sa ibat ibang dahilan pero para sa akin ay naapektuhan
nito ang aking tiwala dahil hindi gaano ang ginagampanan ng maayos ang
pamamahala.”
Delivery use by the dynastic officials for the Covid-19 vaccine means that
the officials whose job is to fulfill the wishes of its people heard the wailing and
provide the vaccination for all the citizens. The response shows that the ongoing
vaccination here in Taguig City was faster than in other cities. That is why they are
genuinely grateful for the officials and wanted to say that they are good at
delivering the message of the people into action. Without doubt, citizens demand
their government to uphold their democratic and human rights and serve their
interests. Citizens are also expecting their government to be responsible for all
their works and for what they do and to ensure that citizens’needs are met
(Farazmand, 2004a, b:1).
“Allow all local people in this town, like this pandemic, to vaccinate all the
people.” According to R12 (Respondents #12), "The Cayetanos know how to
deliver. For example, the ongoing vaccination program is one of the best in the
country. However, as for the negative effect, I would say their decision to stay in
the office for far too long limits the residents' mindset and hinders them from
desiring change. We will not realize our need for change if we are "satisfied" with
the present. I honestly think that if they care about the residents, they must be
willing to open or share the office with someone else who has potential." Also,
according to one of our respondents in which we called R14 (Respondent #14),
“Why, just recently, the Philippines — despite having one of the worst COVID-19
infection rates due to the lack of a coherent plan to curb the spread of the virus
— bore witness to a drama. Not just any drama, but a family drama. And not just
any family drama, but an inter-family drama.”

Then Dynastic officials provide a delicate hometown and livelihood for its
citizens means that they intended to provide a beautiful and peaceful
hometown. The response shows that these certain officials provide a livelihood to
help the people feed their families and access their daily needs. The Taguig City
government has initiated a program aimed at helping street vendors and those
affected by the city’s intensified road clearing operations. The local government
opened the Weekend Markets project in three locations in the city to give
residents more livelihood opportunities (Zurbano, 2020).
"It improves the life of every Taguig citizen." According to R3 (Respondents #3), "It
certainly affects the livelihood and the environment of the residents in Taguig
because they are people who live there. Also, according to one of our
respondents in which we called R7 (Respondent #7), "Dynasty officials give
citizens a beautiful and peaceful hometown."
The Politician's greatness means that there are politicians who deserve to be
called great. They are the ones who became role models for the people that
most of us aspire to be. The responses show that Cayetano's reign had an impact
on its people that they no longer complain. They are satisfied enough to
contribute and pay respect to them.

"It affects because Cayetano's are doing great, so people do not complain."
Then The beliefs of the citizens affect their view of the new politicians means
that personal beliefs leave a mark that needs to have action. As the citizens follow
their beliefs, they are lined into different sections as they pursue what they want.
The responses show that people's minds are the representation of their beliefs. Di
Tella and MacCulloch (2005) find that the same outcomes affect people’s life
satisfaction differently, depending on which party they support, and that these
differences cannot be traced back to income differences.
A statement from one of our participant R13 (Respondent #13) that claims
that,“It is somehow one-sided. They will focus on what they see. New politicians
mean new ideas.” According to R15 (Respondents #15), “It may lead to an
unequal or unfair serving in justice.”
Then Governance by Dynastic politicians means that a particular official's
ruling is not doing great. The responses show that when a politician ruled, it is either
she/he sits there and does lame work, and that is not fair at all. It is unequal
compared to how the other politicians do their best to support their people. At
this time, the responses show that popularity ruled the election that is why they
are in this position. The octupus’ tentacles are indicative of the operations of the
of the political dynasties’ tentacularity over power and influence (Ardivilla, 2020).
that, “No place has a little talent of governing one place, since it resulted in
unqualified members of the family to sit in a certain position because of their
popularity. You can observe it now.”
Then Citizens' preference for choosing a party signifies how the citizens would
like to define others based on how they interpret the actions of the politicians who
ruled their city. The response shows that citizens have the eye of a bird, which
means that they are good at choosing the right person to support the whole city.
It also says that choosing a party must know that the popularity affects the
promises they give among the citizens that it dominates the voters. Wiesehomeier
and Doyle (2012), the common understanding of left and right political choices
depends on the circumstances and the context in which individuals are, and it is
permeated by the information reached by these individuals. Using these two
factors (former experiences and information about general attributes), individuals
make their choices about political positioning and provide the support it is
demanded from them.
“Satingin ko may mga ilan namang residente ng taguig ang magaling mag kilatis
ng isang kandidato na talaga namang gagampanan ang kanyang tungkulin.
Ngunit dahil sa epekto ng malaking impluwensya ng nakaupo sa pwesto at ang

kanyang mga pangako sa tingin ko doon na dodomina ang boto ng na
nakararami.”
Lastly, Free access for understanding law leads to fair crime monopolization
means that there are families who wish to have the rights to state the wrongdoings
of others who committed a crime. It says that citizens are now able to familiarize
themselves with the rules and how they would act to know the level of their
offense. Finally, it brings them to a conclusion on how they can acquire benefits.
When a right is violated or damage is caused, access to justice is of fundamental
importance for the injured individual and it is an essential component of the rule
of law (Francesco Francioni, 2007).
that, “The way people see the law is limited to the wishes or the way the family
punishes those who committed the crime. so I think citizens of Taguig city are
now familiar with how they would act in order to know the level of their offense
and as to how they can acquire benefits.

Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents the summary of the research work, undertaken, the
conclusion drawn, and the recommendations made as an outgrowth of the
study. This study is all about the Political Dynasty: Insights of Residents Toward
Dynastic Persistence in the City of Taguig.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
1. The political dynasty shaped the political landscape of the town of

Taguig.
5 out of 15 respondents, says that the continuation of opportunities made by the
political family shapes the political landscape of the town of Taguig. 3 out of 15
of our respondents responded that the negative effects of abusing political
power may get worst because of the political dynasty that is shaping the Taguig.
2 out of 15 respondents said the relation of political family to run for an election
also shapes the political landscape of Taguig. 3 out of 15 respondents said that
the politicians are trying their best in managing political economy in Taguig. 2 out
of 15 respondents responded that political dynasty is limiting the people’s
choices. In conclusion, some Taguigenos had different point of views on how does
a political dynasty shape the political landscape of the town of Taguig.

2. The opinion of residents towards the on-going political dynasty in the
City, specifically the Cayetano’s reign.
The majority (6 out of 15) of our respondents stated that the Cayetanos are
competent authorities. 4 out of 15 respondents stated their opinion that they are
aiming for the better and they are aiming for improving leaders. 4 out of 15
respondents as well responded that they opposed to the current political
dynasty that is happening in Taguig City. In conclusion, some Taguigenos
believe that Cayetanos are proficient in leading the Taguig City, and some of
them believe that there is always a room for change, and some of them
believed that the political dynasty that is happening in Taguig has to stop.
3. The thoughts and viewpoints of the Taguig City residents about voting for
the same family again and over.
According to our survey, forty percent (40%) of our participants responded that
most believes on the same family repeatedly because of the faith they
established during their previous period of reigning in City of Taguig while fifty-
three-point three percent (53.3%) of our respondents were either hesitant from
the topic of frequently voting the same family over and over again while some
were against the idea of often voting the same family over the same position in
the election. And the remaining six-point seven percent (6.7%) of our
respondents showed neutrality, that s/he does not mind whether the electee is
from the same family or not.
As per their responses, that most of the residents have demonstrated rational
thinking and logical judgement when it comes to voting for a candidate for their
city.
4. The strategies and qualities residents firsthand considered every election.
3 out of 15 respondents, says That they Background checks on each candidate.
1 out of 15 of our responded that based on Campaign & Propaganda. 1 out of
15 respondents said Candidates based on their traits and achievements. 3 out of
15 respondents said based on Candidates that are well-educated and has good
intentions for the city. 1 out of 15 said people who trust the same Political Family.
1 out of 15 respondents say People who vote the whole party list. 3 out of 15
Respondents That Unsure but still trusts them with their campaign & propaganda.
1 out of 15 Respondents respond Watch how they run things in their own way. In
conclusion, The public' level of interest in a politician's life, views, and customs is
shown for each candidate. As a result, most individuals identify with a single
political family since they are familiar with its beliefs and practices. They vote for
politicians that are not just excellent at discussing laws and campaigns, but also
good at doing them.

5. The ways on how dynastic officials way of serving affects the citizens of
Taguig in any possible ways.
In accordance with our survey, the first twenty percent (20%) showed that the
trust among the residents for their chosen party is important while forty percent
(40%) of our respondents points out that they are more concerned on how they
would provide for the citizens well-being and livelihood. And thirteen-point three
percent (13.3%) of our respondents thinks that the personality and way of
governance may affect the service to every resident while the remaining
twenty-six-point seven percent (26.7%) said that their beliefs and point-of-views
may influence their strategy of performance to the residents. In relation to their
responses, almost half of our respondents appeared to be concerned about the
after effect of every dynastic officials to their community.
CONCLUSION
Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions are drawn:
1. The researchers discovered that the citizens could be distributed among
different sections based on the given responses. The people who seek
opportunity, political authority turns worst as it is handled negatively by a
political dynasty, relation towards the political family, excellent
management that forms from the authority, lastly limiting actions provided
by the political dynasty towards the citizens help to shape the landscape of
Taguig.
2. The researchers found out that there are three conclusions according to the
beliefs and preferences of the citizens towards the on-going political
dynasty. The responses among the people who believe that the Cayetanos
are competent enough to have full authority, people's preference to wait
to have a new leader to witness the city's improvement, the people who
oppose a political dynasty in Taguig.
3. The researchers discovered the reason why citizens of Taguig keep voting
for the same family over and over again based on the views and responses
of our respondents in our self-made poll. The first reason is that people have
reliance and respect in the Cayetano Family to rule and provide a fair share
of benefits to its residents. Following that residents are voting for them again
because they believe they have created projects and programs that are
beneficial to all Taguigenos in a variety of ways. And lastly, is that people
believe that they are responsible for their votes and rights, therefore they
vote for someone who is competent and has a huge heart for the city, not
just by flowery words and promises but also through their actions.
4. The researchers discovered that there are numerous strategies and thoughts
that voters consider while casting their votes for every election. Every
respondent has a different approach and a different strategy for selecting
their own politician. First, they do background checks on each candidate
and evaluate the politicians' campaigns and propaganda. Following that,
they assess the candidate's characteristics and capabilities as a leader, and
lastly, they consider how well-educated that particular politician is, and if
they truly have a good aim for the betterment of the city.
5. The researchers discovered that the public's level of interest in a politician's
life, views, and customs is shown for each candidate. The background of
each candidate, campaign and propaganda for the party list, the traits
and achievements of the candidates, education level and the intention to
serve the people, the trust for the same political family, individuals who are
unsure but still trust the candidates by their campaign and propaganda,
and lastly those who see how the candidates handle the city in their way.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The citizens of Taguig should be better knowledgeable and well-
informed in order to vote for the best candidate in the election. As a
result, by being informed of their rights and benefits, they will be able to
differentiate how the politician serves its people by acquiring superior
management that forms from the authority, particularly in political
authorities and law enforcements.

2. It is strongly advised for the community to be familiar with voting for the
proper individual in the election. Measuring the politician's projected
campaigns and goals to achieve, as well as the trust and power that
such an official obtained during his previous term, They can detect the
politician's goals when it comes to leadership so that they may
determine whether the rule of that specific official can be trusted, as
well as by watching the improvement of the city's state.
3. Since students are not yet eligible to vote in the election, it is important
that they understand the importance of voting and be aware of how
each electee or political party handled their responsibility as an official
in their last term by performing background research. Throughout the
course of the service, they will primarily form their own opinions about
the politician's characteristics and accomplishments.
4. For future researchers, we strongly advise them to consider our findings,
such as people's perceptions, beliefs, and points of view, which may
influence their strategy in terms of voting the dynastic officials based on
their responses, because it can be of great assistance in improving their
research.
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SIGNAL VILLAGE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Senior High School Council

POLITICAL DYNASTY: INSIGHTS OF RESIDENTS TOWARD DYNASTIC

PERSISTENCE IN THE CITY OF TAGUIG

A Qualitative Research Presented to the Faculty of

BAGUIO, MA. MERCHELLE

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

According to popular perception, the Philippines is full of dynastic families

economic dominance in a province and have orchestrated efforts to advance

to national government or other positions in national politics that provide people

with recognition are typically defined as such.

Political dynasty is a common ground of politics here in the Philippines. It is

influential. They tend to monopolize the power of the government. Political

dynasties (Paterno, 2014) present a greater threat to democracy when much of

dynasties are a normal occurrence. It is common for a politician's wife, son,

years. Mayor Lino Cayetano is expected to lead a distinct leadership in Taguig

City if he is offered another term, which is given to his younger brother.

and gain a better understanding of the governance in our community from

someone who is aspired to a place of service. It is to find a solution for Taguig's

study is significant in the fields of humanities and political science because we

In addition, some groups and organizations, such as Taguigenos, will benefit

growing number of political dynasties. Finally, this paper can be used as a

researchers to thoroughly conduct and gather information to their topic related

went through the process or operation and emerged as the output.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Persistence of Taguig City.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

2. What is the perception of local residents towards the on-going political

4. What strategies do the respondents employ to reach their voting decisions?

SCOPE & LIMITATIONS

The aim of this study is to ascertain residents’ perspective regarding dynastic

persistence in the city of Taguig. The respondents comprised 15 verified voters

to mainly perform thorough investigations on the on-going Political Dynasty here

speculations and responses of each participant to the Dynastic Officials.

Regulating questionnaires, online surveys, and the use of tabulated responses of

perception of local residents towards the on-going political dynasty, why do

This study was conducted throughout the school year 2020-2021.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study is deemed significant to the following:

Citizens of Taguig - may gain convenience and advantage as they study or

affect the next generation.

For the Community - the result of this research is extremely applicable to

leader, people can be better informed about policies that impact

their communities, states, and the country.

waits for change.

terms of gathering data and information.

City - refers to a large human settlement. It can be defined as a permanent and

densely settled place.

prominent role in business, politics, or another field.

Insights - denotes the capacity to gain an accurate and deep intuitive

understanding of a person or thing.

Persistence - refers to a firm or obstinate continuance in a course of action in spite

administration of governmental policy.

Residents - denotes a person who lives somewhere permanently or on a long-term

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE & STUDIES

FOREIGN LITERATURE & STUDIES

A handful of papers have documented the presence of political dynasties

Mexican political leaders between 1935 and 1980 belonged to politically

of U.S. legislators to look at the percentage of legislators belonging to politically

simply be explained by population growth. Brandes Crook and Hibbing (1997)

examine the impact of the change towards direct election of senators on a

number of dimensions, including the percentage of senators with relatives