Lesson 1: Meaning and Relevance of History
History might be written on the papyrus, walls, temples, coliseums,
sphinx, obelisks and other monumental relics of the past. Ancient
scribes and writers wrote the most critical event in their time for
memoriam, but their written text eventually become the reference to
understand the following events.
History lets you travel through a world of books, documents, artifacts,
digital media and images to places. Studying History is excellent at
developing attributes for life and a range of skills for employment,
and it provides you with curiosity and creativity to understand the
world.
History is being written based on the actual evidence, manuscripts
and written documents which provide sources of historical
information.
2 CATEGORIES OF HISTORICAL DATA
Primary Source
 It provides direct or firsthand evidence about an event,
object, person, or work of art.
 It contains first hand knowledge about historical events ,
figures and people
 It provides compelling and direct evidence of human
activity.
 These are the things that were created or in use during the
period which is being studied.
 These sources are actual records that have survived from
the past.
Examples of Primary Sources:
Autobiography, Memoirs, Eyewitness Accounts, Diary, Fossils,
Relics, Letters, Photographs, Speeches, Videos, Legal documents,
Ornaments, Clothing, Tools.
I TELL YOU SOMETHING, I AM THE PRIMARY SOURCE .
Secondary Sources
 It is something that was made by someone or by a group of
people who participated in the historical era which is being
studied.
 These are usually created by historians and scholastic
writers based on their interpretation of the primary sources.
 These are sources of historical data which are created later
or after the historical event which is being studied and
provided by the people who were not present in that event.
 It describes, discuss, interpret, comment upon, analyze,
evaluate, summarize, and process primary sources.
Examples of Secondary Sources
Biography, Encyclopedia, Textbooks, Thesis, Dissertation,
Interviews, News reports, Movies, News Articles, Scholarly Journals,
Transcriptions, Almanacs, Dictionaries.
SOMEONE ELSE WHAT I TOLD YOU, YOU ARE THE SECONDARY
SOURCE.
Two Ways to Examine the Historical Sources for the Scholastic
Writers and Historians to Validate the Authenticity of the Sources that
They Collected:
1.Internal Criticism
o It looks within the data itself to try to determine the truth-
facts and the reasonable interpretation
o It includes looking at the personal data providers apparent
or possible motives.
o It indicates the accuracy, trustworthiness and integrity of
the materials to which historical data will be based
2. External Criticism
o It applies experimental science to certify the authenticity of
the material that holds the data in which historical
information will be based.
o It entails such physical and technical tests as the dating of
paper when a document is written.
o It involves knowledge of when certain things existed, or it
supports the claim whether it is possible or impossible to
exist.
o It evaluates the authenticity and genuineness of data.
TWO CLASSIFICATIONS OF DATA
Primary data
o Means original data that has been collected especially for
the purpose in mind, this type of data is generally afresh
and collected for the first time. It is useful for current
studies as well for future studies.
Primary Research Methods and techniques
Primary Research
Quantitative – based on numbers. (Quantitative)Survey Experiments
Mechanical Observation Simulation
Qualitative – more detail. (Qualitative) Focus Groups Individual
Depth Interviews Human Observation Case Studies
Quantitative Research Categories Sampling Methods:
Random Sample - Equal chance of anyone being picked.
Stratified or Segment Random Sampling – Samples on the basis of a
representative strata or segment.
Quota Sampling – By segment, not randomly selected.
Advantages of primary data
o Targeted issues are addressed Data interpretation is better
Efficient spending for information Decency of data
Proprietary issues Addressed specific research issues
Greater control
Disadvantages of primary data
o High cost, time consuming, inaccurate feed-back, a greater
number of resources is required
Secondary data
o Secondary data is data that has been collected for another
purpose, it involves less cost, time and effort. Secondary
data is data that is being reused.
Internal Sources – Marketing Applications, Sales Record, Marketing
Activity, Cost Information, Distributor Reports, Costumer Feedback.
External Sources – Financial Applications, Journals, Books,
Magazines, Newspaper, Libraries, The Internet
Advantages of secondary data
o Ease of access, Low cost to acquire, Clarification of
research question, may answer research questions
Disadvantages of secondary data
Quality of research, not specific to researchers needs, incomplete
information, not timely
Lesson 2: site of the first
Mass in the Philippines
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
o Around 1491 when he was born at Vicenza, republic of
Venice or was know now as Italy and died at the aged of
39-40 around 1531.
o He studied astronomy; geography and cartography.
o An Italian scholar and explorer from the republic of Venice.
o He travelled with the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand
Magellan and his crew on their first voyage around the
world.
o He was one of the 18 men who returned to Spain in 1522.
o The first Catholic Mass in the Philippines was held on
March 31, 1521 (Eastern Sunday)
o Father Pedro de Valderrama.
o Located at the southern Leyte.
o A popularly known as the birthplace of the church in the
Philippines.
o Holy first mass marked the birth of roman Catholicism in
the Philippines.
PLANTING OF THE CROSS
o In the afternoon, Magellan instructed his comrades to plant
a large cross on the top of a hill overlooking the sea.
CONTROVERSIES BETWEEN LIMASAWA AND MASAO/BUTUAN
MASAO/BUTUAN
1872
o A monument to commemorate the site of first mass on the
Philippines was erected in Butuan.
1953
o The people in Butuan asked the Philippine Historical
Committee to rehabilitate the monument or place a marker
on the site.
o On the basis of this objection the monument was re
erected but the marble slab stating it was the site of first
mass was removed.
o Zaide identified Masao in Butuan as the location of the first
mass. The basis Zaide’s claim is the diary of Antonio
Pigafetta, chronicle of Magellan’s voyage.
EVIDENCE FOR MASAO
o The name of the place, The route from Homonhon, The
latitude position, The geographical features, The bonfire,
The balanghai, House, Abundance of gold, A developed
settlement
LIMASAWA
Jaime de Veyra
o Stated that the first mass was celebrated in Limawasa not
in Butuan.
Historian Pablo Pastells
o Stating by the footnote to Francisco Colin’s Labor
Evangelica that Magellan did not go to Butuan but form
Limasawa to Cebu.
o Francisco Albo
o Pilot of Magellan’s flagship does not mention the first mass
but he writes that they erected a cross on a mountain
which overlooked three islands the west and the
southwest.
James Robertson
o Agreed with Pastells in a footnote that “Mazua” was
actually Limasawa
o In the authentic account of Pigafetta, the port was not in
Butuan but an island named Mazua (Masawa).
Father Bernard
o studied all the Pigafetta’s maps, which place in Mazau off
the southern tip of the larger island of Leyte., a check with
the modern maps will show that this jibes with Limasawa
and not Masao or Butuan.
EVIDENCE FOR LIMASAWA
1. The evidence of albo’s log-book
2. The evidence of pigafetta pigafetta’s testimony regarding the route
3. The evidence of pigafetta’s map
4. the two native kings
5. The seven days at “mazaua”
6. An argument from omission
7. Summary of the evidence of albo and pigafetta.
8. Confirmatory evidence from the legazpi expedition.
Proclamation of the National Shrine
o The legislative fiat declared the site in Magallanes,
Limasawa Island in the Province of Leyte, where the first
Mass in the Philippines was held is hereby declared a
national shrine to commemorate the birth of Christianity in
the Philippines. Magallanes is east of the island of
Limasawa.
Lesson 3: Jose Rizal’s
Retraction
Retraction
 Retraction is a statement of saying that something you said
or wrote at an earlier time is not true or correct. For more
understanding it simply withdrawal or taking back
promises, statement, opinion, etc.

HE DID OR HE DID NOT?
 A question that was raised up following Jose Rizal’s
execution on December 30,1896 at Bagong Bayan. From
the accounts of priest and Spanish newspaper, he
retracted but for those who opposed, there was a secret
letter hidden inside Jose Rizal’s shoes denying the
retraction and a claim that friars published a fake copy of
retraction. Regardless of whether he retracted or not, the
love for his country is admirable and worthy of emulation.
Arguments Favoring the Retraction
o According to rumor favoring that Jose Rizal’s retraction, the
Spanish friars who visited him before he get executed
convinced him to make retraction, for the approval of
marrying Josephine Bracken because according to some
information he wanted to marry Josephine Bracken when
he was on Dapitan. On the other hand, he did retraction for
the reason that he died as Catholic.
Father Balaguer’s Text
o The second is form Father Balaguer’s text dated January
1897.
Father Manuel Garcia’s Text
o The third is alleged “original” text discovered by Father
Manuel Garcia on May 18, 1935
Letters of Josephine Bracken
o According to De Viana (2013), in the Jose Rizal National
Centennial Commission published Rizal’s letters to his
friends and relatives. Included among these letters was
one made by Josephine Bracken in 1897 which was a brief
 If Bracken, in her diary claimed that Rizal married her
hours before Rizal’s execution and the fact that she
even used “Rizal” as username. Then, there could be
a retraction. It is a condition of the priest before
solemnizing the marriage of Rizal and Bracken that
the former (Rizal) retracted first.
 07:00 - 07:03 a.m. Sounds of gun. Rizal turns halfway
around, falls down backwards and lies on the ground
facing the sun. Silence. Shouts of vivas for Spain .
An Eyewitness Account by Rev. Fr. Antonio Rosell
o “I heard Fathers Balaguer and Villaclara tell of the
conversation of the condemned man with all the details of
discussion and observations that took place among them.
Likewise, I heard them relate the Rizal Spontaneously
asked his confession to be heard, receiving many times
this Sacrament and that after the dawn of the thirtieth he
took communication and was united in Holy Matrimony with
the young Irish Josefina. There was according to these
fathers a brief but complete retraction written and signed by
Rizal himself. I do not remember literally the text of this
abjuration and profession of Catholic faith”.
The account both mentioned about the retraction and marriage
between Jose Rizal and Josephine Bracken.
Arguments against Retraction
Statement of Baron Fernandez
o Baron Fernandez a spanish who worked for almost half
century in two secret archives in Madrid and Segovia. He
found a thick sheaf of Rizal’s defense (unofficial defense-
ADCIORES AI DEFENSA) which he had written before his
execution in December 30, 1896.
Manoling Morato “Exposes”
o Manoling Morato, a friend of Baron Fernandez, bought
from Fernandez the alleged documents containing Rizal’s
denial of the said retraction that took place hours before his
execution. Morato said in his “EXPOSE” that the friars
forged the retraction letter and published in the CLERICO-
FASCIST newspapers at that time. Morato maintained the
Rizal never retracted although friars managed to publish a
fake copy of his retraction (Pasigui & Cebalu, 2006).
Josephine Bracken Failed to Produce Marriage Contract
o After Jose Rizal’s death in 1896 Josephine Bracken sued
the Rizal Family in order to produce the so-called “Jose’s
Last Will and Testamend” and even wrote Ferdinand
Blumentritt asking help to claim some properties entitled to
her being thw window of Rizal. When Basa received the
demand from Josephine and her lawyers, he only asked
Josephine’s proof marriage with Jose Rizal, a marriage
certificate issued by church authorities in Manila or even a
certification from the British Consul in Manila. Josephine
was not able to produce the document and so she failed to
claim some properties of Rizal. (If there is no marriage then
there could be no retraction that took place before Rizal. (If
there no marriage then there could be no retraction that
took place before Rizal was executed, as retraction is a
condition before the frias will solomenize Jose and
Josephine’s wedding
o For the reason of Baron Fernandez, this man stated that he
has a proof stating that before Rizal faced death, Rizal told
to his sister Narcisa to look on his shoebox, because he
had a letter that could be a proof of Rizal’s denial to his
retraction. The second witness is Manoling Morato, a friend
of Baron Fernandez, he said that the friar forged the
retraction letter and published in the Clerico-Fascist
Newspaper. Both Manoling Morato and Baron Fernandez
have documents to prove that when Rizal was with
Josephine Bracken and Archbishop of Cebu at that time
tried to offer the marriage the archbishop neglect and told
Rizal that he does not do marriage in excommunicated,
and he offers him to retract. Rizal did not retract instead he
and Josephine Bracken lived together and even if they
lived together there are no proofs that they are married.
They don’t have any marriage certificate.
Lesson 4: Cavite mutiny
 Lesson 5: Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin
o The cry of balintawak or pugad lawin is the beginning of the
Philippine Revolution against the spanish empire.
o This history was re-opened before. All our textbooks,
following a resolution from the National Historical
Commission, state that the start of the revolution is with a
cry, followed by the tearing of cedulas led by Andres
Bonifacio in Pugad Lawin, Quezon City.
o The history was re-open because of all the debates on
dates and places which may seem trivial to the general
public but it is also quiddity of historians.
o Re-opening this issue, there are 3 people with different
standpoint depending on the source, the dates and places
do not seem to match.
3 PEOPLE WITH DIFFERENT STANDPOINT
Teodoro A. Agoncillo
o who believed that Bonifacio and his men were in
Balintawak on August 19.
o They left Balintawak for Kangkong on August 21, and
on the afternoon of August 22 they proceeded to
Pugad Lawin.
o The next day, August 23, 1896 in the yard of Juan
Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino better known as
“Tandang Sora” the katipuneros listened to Bonifacio’s
speech, tore their cedulas and vowed to fight.
o He cited Dr. Pio Valenzuela as his primary source who
is a close associate of Andres Bonifacio.
Gregoria de Jesus Nakpil
o who is a widow of Andres Bonifacio.
o In 1928, she wrote a short autobiography entitled “Mga tala
ng aking buhay” where she stated that the cry of
 balintawak took place on August 25, 1896 in Pasong
Tamo.

Julio Nakpil.
o Bonifacio’s associate.
o The composer of Katipunan.
o Th second husband of Gregoria de Jesus Nakpil.
o In 1925, he wrote in his handwritten notes on the Philippine
Revolution in the National Library under Teodoro M. Kalaw
that the first cry of balintawak was on August 26, 1896 in
the place called Kangkong adjacent to Pasong Tamo within
the jurisdiction of Balintawak, Caloocan then within the
province of Manila.

There are a lot more conflicting sources but up until this day, when
searching about the Philippine Revolution the results shown is
August 23, 1896 in Pugad Lawin.

Lesson 6: The battle of Tirad Pass

o The youngest general of Bulacan who fought in the Filipino
and American war in 1889, he is known for his defense due
to the mountains of burning Tirad in Ilocos Sur against the
Americans.
General Gregorio Del Pilar
o was born on November 14, 1875 and lived with his uncle
Deodato Arellano where the first congregation was founded
and he was educated at the Ateneo Municipal De Manila in
1881.
o In March 1886 he graduated from Ateneo De Manila with a
Bachelor of Arts course.
o At an early age he joined the katipunan, became the leader
of the katipuneros and joined the troops of Colonial Vicente
Enriquez
o He also attacked Paombong which also strengthened him
where he held 3,000 thousand Filipinos against Ramon
Blanco’s ranks with 560 hundred Spaniards, as a result of
the Filipinos’ tactical victory.
o When Antonio Luna died In Nueva Ecija Gregorio Del Pilar
succeeded Aguinaldo’s small army.
o They hide in the mountains of Ilocos Sur, Aguinaldo
gathered the combined forces in Cavite and Bulacan
o The Tirad pass, is a mountain gap in the Cordillera, where
Filipino soldiers fought against American soldiers on
December 2, 1899 so that Emilio Aguinaldo could walk.
o In November 1899 Aguinaldo’s party reached the town of
Conception Ilocos Sur and they climbed to the top of Mt.
Tirad.
o Del Pilar ordered to dig 3 lines. Del Pilar left with sixty
soldiers to watch out for the Americans, while Aguinaldo
and the rest were left in Cervantes.
o It was the second of December in the year 1899 when the
battle broke out between Del Pilar and Payton March’s
 ranks in the Tirad mountains and it was called “The Battle
of Tirad Pass”
o The US Army 33rd Infanty Regiment, led by Peyton Marc,
was captured by the town of Conception at the foot of
Mount Tirad. On December 1, 1899, they hurried across
the Pasong Tirad mountainsto cut off Aguinaldo's
communication with General Manuel Tinio's brigades.
o The Americans found it difficult to climb the mountain of
pasong tirad because Del Pilar's ranks were defending the
net at the top of the mountain, but a traitor in Del Pilar's
ranks told the Americans a secret road.
o Of Del Pilar's sixty men, only eight were left, Del Pilar was
killed in a skirmish from a gunshot wound to the neck and
he died instantly.
Gregorio Del Pilar
o Born on November 14, 1875 to Fernando H. Del Pilar and
Felipa Sempio of Bulacan, Bulacan.
o “Goyo” as he was casually known
o Studied at the Ateneo Municipal De Manila
MILITARY CAREER
o He later joined General Emilio Aguinaldo, who had gained
control of the movement in hongkong after the truce at
“Biak-na-bato” During the Spanish American War,
Aguinaldo return to the Philippines and established the
government of the first Philippine Republic.
Lesson 7: The first person who circumnavigate the globe
o Portuguese Fernão de Magalhães, Spanish Fernando de
Magallanes or Hernando de Magallanes, (born 1480, Sabrosa or
Porto? Portugal.
o Magellan was the son of Rui de Magalhães and Alda de
Mesquita, members of the Portuguese nobility.  Valladolid, where they offered their services to King Charles I
o At an early age he became a page to Queen Leonor, wife of John
II (reigned 1481–95) and sister of Manuel I (reigned 1495–1521),
in Lisbon.
EARLY ACCOMPLISMENTS OF MAGELLAN
o In early 1505 he enlisted in the fleet of Francisco de Almeida, first
viceroy of Portuguese India,
o By 1507 Magellan was back in India. He took part, on February
2–3, 1509, in the great Battle of Diu;
o At the end of June 1511, therefore, a fleet under Albuquerque left
for Malacca, which fell after six weeks. This event, in which
Magellan took part;
o By mid-1513 Magellan was back in Lisbon, but he soon joined the
forces sent against the Moroccan stronghold of Azamor
(Azemmour).
ALLEGIANCE TO SPAIN
o The Biak na Bato in San Miguel de mayumo in Bulacan
served as Aguinaldo’s stronghold during their war with their
Spaniards. Here, Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer also
drafted a constitution that paved the way for the
establishment of the Biak na Bato Republic.
o In December 2, 1899, General Gregorio Del Pilar took his
last stand at Pasong Tirad with around 60 Filipino men
facing around 300 Americans. The Battle lasted for more
than five hours, and nearly all of the Filipino forces were
killed.
o The Battle of Tirad Pass helped delayed the Americans in
their pursuit of Emilio Aguinaldo, among those who died in
the Battle was Del Pilar who was twenty-four years old.
o Magellan therefore went to Spain, reaching Sevilla (Seville) on
October 20, 1517. He was joined in December by the Portuguese
cosmographer Rui Faleiro and possibly by Rui’s brother Francisco
Faleiro. Magellan and Rui Faleiro journeyed to the court at
(later, Holy Roman emperor Charles V).
TREATY OF TORDESILLAS (1494)
o A treaty where is set by pope to divide the world in half giving the
east portion to portugues and south portion to spain. To avoid
conflict and lessen the war.
(5) SHIPS OF MAGELLAN IN THEIR VOYAGES TO SPICE ISLAND
o Spanish officials furnished five ships for the expedition, prepared
in Sevilla. Magellan’s flagship, the Trinidad, had as consorts the
San Antonio, the Concepción, the Victoria, and the Santiago.
THE JOURNEY TO SPICE ISLAND WAS GIVEN A PERMISSION.
o On March 22, 1518, their proposal received royal assent.
Magellan and Faleiro were appointed joint captains general of an
expedition directed to seek an all-Spanish route to the
Moluccas.
 o The Spanish seafaring community reacted strongly against the
king’s acceptance of the Portuguese-led expedition.
o Ultimately, the number of Portuguese sailors assigned to the
expedition was strictly limited.
o Nevertheless, Magellan—who in 1517 had married Beatriz
Barbosa, daughter of an important official in Sevilla—said farewell
to his wife and infant son, Rodrigo, before his ships left Sanlúcar
de Barrameda on September 20, 1519.
DISCOVERY OF THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN
o The fleet, carrying about 270 men, predominantly from Spain and
Portugal but also from far-flung parts of Europe and North Africa
o In September 1519 Magellan’s fleet sailed from Sanlúcar de
Barrameda, Spain, and crossed the Atlantic Ocean, which was
then known simply as the Ocean Sea.
o The ships sailed southward, hugging the coast in search of the
fabled strait that would allow passage through South America.
The fleet stopped at Port San Julian where the crew mutinied on
Easter Day in 1520.
o Meanwhile Magellan had sent the Santiago to explore the route
ahead, where it was shipwrecked during a terrible storm.
o In the early days of the navigation of the strait, the crew of the
San Antonio forced its captain to desert, and the ship turned and
fled across the Atlantic Ocean back to Spain.
o After more than a month spent traversing the strait, Magellan’s
remaining armada emerged in November 1520 to behold a vast
ocean before them.
DISCOVERY OF PACIFIC OCEAN
o On November 28, 1520, the Trinidad, the Concepción, and the
Victoria entered the “Sea of the South,” from their calm crossing
later called the Pacific Ocean
o Tortured by thirst, stricken by scurvy, feeding on rat-fouled
biscuits, and finally reduced to eating the leather off the yardarms,
the crews.
DISCOVERY OF GUAM AND PHILIPPINES AND THE DEATH OF
MAGELLAN
o February 13, the voyagers on March 6 made first landfall at Guam
in the Mariana Islands, where they obtained fresh food for the first
time in 99 days.
Lesson 8: The last Filipino General Who surrender to the Americans
o Ola, not Malvar, was the last general to surrender to the
Americans.
o One of the country’s top historians, Teodora A. Agoncillo,
considers Malvar was the last general of the First
Philippine Republic to give up to the Americans on
April13,1902.
o But Ola Surrendered on September 25,1903 a year and
five months after Malvar, tot hen Gov. A. Ubette and Col.
Harry Banholtz, along with 28 of his men and officers, on
the condition that they begranted amnesty. Ola faced trial
that year and was sentenced to three decades of
imprisonment, but he was pardone din 1904.
Simeon Ola
o He born on September 02, 1865.
o He started his education at Colegio de San
Buenaventurade Guinobatan.
o ” He then transferred to Nueva Caceres Seminary, where
he was influenced by the Samahang Kataastaasan,
o In sailing from the Marianas to the islands later called the
Philippines, instead of heading directly to the Spice Islands, he
was doubtless dominated by the idea of gathering provisions and
the advantage of securing a base before visiting the Moluccas.
o Thus, leaving the Marianas on March 9, 1521, Magellan steered
west-southwestward to the Philippines, where, in late March and
early April, he secured the first alliance in the Pacific for Spain (at
Limasawa Island) and the conversion to Christianity of the ruler of
Cebu Island and his chief men. Weeks later, however, Magellan
was killed in a fight with the people of nearby Mactan island.
REACHING THE SPICE ISLAND
o After Magellan’s death only two of the ships, the Trinidad and the
Victoria, reached the Moluccas.
JOURNEY BACK TO SPAIN
o Gonzalo Gómez de Espinosa, Magellan’s master-at-arms,
attempted to return to Spain on the Trinidad, but it soon became
evident that the ship was no longer seaworthy.
o Cano, originally master of the Concepción and a participant in the
mutiny at Port Saint Julian, took the chance of continuing
westward with the Victoria, as he likely determined that the crew
would not survive another extremely hard voyage across the
Pacific.
o On his way across the Indian Ocean and up the western coast of
Africa, he had the chance not to be intercepted by the Portuguese
ships that regularly traveled the route. For taking home to Spain,
on September 8, 1522, the leaking but spice-laden Victoria, with
only 18 other European survivors includings antonio figafetta and
a small number of Moluccans, “weaker than men have ever been
before,”
o Juan Sebastián Elcano received from Emperor Charles an
augmentation to his coat of arms—a globe with the inscription
“Primus circumdedisti me” (“You were the first to encircle me”).
Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan.
Ola was 31 years old when he joined the Katipunan, a
secret societyformedbyFilipinoRevulotionaries against
theSpanish Colonial government. After his release from
prison by the American Colonial regime, Ola served for two
terms as mayor of Guinobatan from 1910 to1919.
o It was January 1900 when the Americans invaded to
province of Albay, The Bicolanos fought hard, But the
powerful weaponry of the foreigners swiftly defeated them.
Many of them brought Bolos, Spear and Arrows. Some had
guns meanwhile the americans had ne wrifles meant for
long distance shooting. At that time, Many Filipinos already
surrendered to the Americans, But not avalliant soldier,
General Simeon Ola who fought until the end.
o From 1900 until 1903, Filipino General Ola continued to
fight the Americans. Who were relentless in hunting him.
But his attitude was “Never say die”. How did he escape
and fight the Americans if he was never captured nor
sighted?
o According to locals in Albay, The General had a mysterious
power. Infact, in one Ola’s last writing sge mentioned this
power. He claimed that talisman was in a small container.
Lumimbot cave in Brgy Mapacoit is believed to be one of
the headquarters ofGeneral Ola. He fought the Americans
during the day and hid in the caves at night. No matter how
many times they haunted him down, The colonizers never
captured him. According to history the Americans tried
many times to make Ola surrender. It even got
toapointthattheytriedtobribehim.Hewasoffered10,000.00he
wasmadhesaidnotallthegoldintheworldcanbuy even one
bullet to putinmyhead.At that time, High ranking officials of
our country have surrendered. Ola was the last general
whore mained f He started fighting against the Spaniards
until the Americans came. Lumimbot Cave in Barangay
Mapaco Guinobatan, Albay which General Ola used while
they were fighting the Americans. Milaos Cave is one of
general Ola’s apparently used it as headquarters general
Ola hid in caves with a body of water it made tracking them
Ingenuinity and skill Ola used as weapons against the
colonizers who were hunting him down. When the forces of
the colonizers started to surround them. General Ola’s
group needed to transfer between towns.
Historians say Ola had an amulet for vanishing.Ola was
dubbed as an escape artist for three years, his courage
and cunningness made life harder and more difficult for the
american forces. For three years, Ola transferred from one
cave to the next to fight foreigners. He was the last General
in the Philippines to surrender to the Americans.
One of the last cave that Ola was stayed is Ola Cave which
can be found at a top of a hill in Guinobatan Albay. Ola
Cave is actually small but this was important in the
planning of many of Ola’s battles. According to history
General Ola’s forces stayed in this cave for a longtime.
When he saw that many have surrendered to the
American, Ola had no choice but to end his battle.
September of 1903, After three years of fighting, Simeon
Ola voluntarily surrendered to U.S colonel Harry Bandholtz.
Lesson 9: Rice Share
Tenancy Act of 1933
o When the Philippine Commonwealth was established,
President Manuel L. Quezon implemented the Rice Share
Tenancy Act of 1933.
o The purpose of this act was to regulate the share-tenancy
contracts by establishing minimum standards.
Primarily, the Act provided for better tenant-landlord
relationship, a 50-50 sharing of the crop, regulation of
interest to 10% per agricultural year, and a safeguard
against arbitrary dismissal by the lstandard.
o The major flaw of this law was that It could be used only
when the majority of municipal councils in a province
petitioned for it.
o Since landowners usually controlled such councils, no
province ever asked that the law be applied. Therefore,
Quezón ordered that the act be mandatory in all Central
Luzon provinces.
o However, contracts were good only for one year. By simply
refusing the renew their contract, landlords were able to
eject tenants.
o As a result, peasant organizations agitated in vain for a law
that would make the contract automatically renewable for
as long as the tenants fulfilled their obligations.
o In 1936, this Act was amended to get rid of its loophole, but
the landlords made its application relative and not absolute.
Consequently, it was never carried out in spite of its good
intentions.
o Infact, by 1939, thousands of peasants in Central Luzon
were being threatened with wholesale eviction.
o By the early 1940s, thousands of tenants in Central Luzon
were ejected from their farmlands and the rural conflict was
more acute than ever.
o Therefore, during the Commonwealth period, agrarian
problems persiste.
o This motivated the government to incorporate a cardinal
principle on social justice in the 1935 Constitution. Dictated
by the social justice program of the government,
 expropriation of landed estates and other landholdings
commenced.
o Likewise, the National Land Settlement Administration
(NSLA) began an orderly settlement of public agricultural
lands. At the outbreak of the Second World War, major
settlement areas containing more than 65,000 hectares

Lesson 10: Agricultural

Tenancy Act
(Republic Act No. 1199)
o To establish agricultural tenancy relations
Therefore, during the Commonwealth period, agrarian
problems persiste.This motivated the government to
incorporate a cardinal principle on social justice in the
1935 Constitution. Dictated by the social justice
program of the government, expropriation of landed
estates and other landholdings commenced.
Likewise, the National Land Settlement Administration
(NSLA) began an orderly settlement of public
agricultural lands. At the outbreak of the Second
World War, major settlement areas containing more
than 65,000 hectares Between landholders and
tenants upon the Principle of school justice.
o To afford adequate protection to the rights of
Both tenants and landholders; to insure an
Equitable division of the produce and income
Derived from the land.
o To provide tenant- farmers with incentives to
Greater and more efficient agricultural Production
o To bolster their economic position and to Encourage
their participation in the Development of peaceful,
vigorous and Democratic rural communities.
Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954
o Allowed tenants to shift From share tenancy to
Leasehold.
o This act prohibited the Ejection of tenants, unless The
Court of Agrarian Relations found a just cause
Systems of Agricultural Tenancy
Share tenancy exists whenever two persons agree on
a joint undertaking for agricultural Production wherein
one party furnishes the land and the other his labor,
with either or both Contributing any one or several of
the items of production, the tenant cultivating the land
Personally with the aid of labor available from
members of his immediate farm household, and the
Produce thereof to be divided between the landholder
 and the tenant in proportion to their Respective
contributions.
Leasehold tenancy exists when a person who, either
personally or with the aid of labor available From
members of his immediate farm household,
undertakes to cultivate a piece of agricultural Land
susceptible of cultivation by a single person together
with members of his immediate farm Household,
belonging to or legally possessed by, another in
consideration of a price certain or Ascertainable to be
paid by the person cultivating the land either in
percentage of the production Or in a fixed amount in
money, or in both.
Tenancy Relationship
o T relationship is a juridical tie which arises
Between a landholder and a tenant once they agree,
Expressly or impliedly, to undertake jointly the
Cultivation of land belonging to the former, either
Under the share tenancy or leasehold tenancy
System, as a result of which relationship the tenant
Acquires the right to continue working on and
Cultivating the land, until and unless he is
Dispossessed of his holdings for any of the just
Causes enumerated in Section fifty or the
Relationship is terminated in accordance with Section
nine. (Severance of relationship)
Tenancy Relationship (How may it be established?)
o Tenancy relationship may be established either
verbally or in Writing, expressly or impliedly.
o Once such relationship is established, the tenant shall
be entitled To security of tenure as hereinafter
provided.
Limitations of relation:
o The relation of landholder and tenant shall be limited
to the person who furnishes Land, either as owner,
lessee, usufructuary, or legal possessor, and to the
person Who actually works the land himself with the
aid of labor available from within his Immediate farm
household.
Severance of relationship
o The tenancy relationship is extinguished by the
voluntary Surrender of the land by, or the death or
incapacity of, the Tenant, but his heirs or the
members of his immediate farm Household may
continue to work the land until the close of The
agricultural year. The expiration of the period of the
Contract as fixed by the parties, and the sale or
alienation of The land do not of themselves extinguish
the relationship. In The latter case, the purchaser or
transferee shall assume the Rights and obligations of
the former landholder in relation to The tenant. In
case of death of the landholder, his heir or Heirs shall
likewise assume his rights and obligations.
Registry of Tenancy Contracts
o For the purposes of this Act, the municipal treasurer
of The municipality wherein the land which is the
subject-matter of a tenancy contract is Situated shall
keep a record of all such contracts entered into within
his jurisdiction, to be Known as “Registry of Tenancy
Contracts.” He shall keep this registry together with a
Copy of each contract entered therein, and make
annotations on said registry of all Subsequent acts
relative to each contract, such as its renewal,
novation, cancellation, Etc.: Provided, That the
municipal treasurer shall not charge any fee for the
registration Of said contracts or of any subsequent
acts relative thereto, none of which shall be subject to
the documentary stamp tax.
Freedom to Contract in General
o The landholder and the tenant shall be free to Enter
into any or all kinds of tenancy contract, As long as
they are not contrary to law, morals Or public policy.
Except in case of fraud, error, Force, intimidation or
undue influence, when Such contract is reduced to
writing and Registered as hereinafter provided, the
latter Shall be conclusive evidence of what has been
Agreed upon between the contracting parties, if Not
denounced or impugned within thirty days After its
registration.
Change of System
o The tenant shall have the right to change the tenancy
contract from one of share tenancy to the leasehold
Tenancy and vice versa and from one crop-sharing
arrangement to another of the share tenancy. If the
share Tenancy contract is in writing and is duly
registered, the right may be exercised at the
expiration of the period of The contract. In the
absence of any written contract, the right may be
exercised at the end of the agricultural Year. In both
cases the changed to the leasehold system shall be
effective one agricultural year after the tenant Has
served notice of his intention to change upon the
landholder.
Rights of the Tenant
o The tenant shall be free to work elsewhere whenever
the nature of his Farm obligation warrants his
temporary absence from his holdings.
o The tenant shall, aside from his labor, have the right
to provide any of the Contributions for production
whenever he can do so adequately and on time.
o The tenant’s dwelling shall not, without his consent,
be removed from the Lot assigned to him by the
 landholder, unless there is a severance of the
Tenancy relationship between them as provided
under Section nine, or Unless the tenant is ejected for
cause, and only after the expiration of Forty-five days
following such severance of relationship or dismissal
for Cause. If the tenant is dismissed without just
cause and he is constrained to work Elsewhere, he
may choose either to remove his dwelling at the
landholder’s Cost or demand the value of the same
from the landholder at the time of the Unjust
dismissal.
o The tenant shall have the right to be indemnified for
his labor and Expenses in the cultivation, planting, or
harvesting and other incidental Expenses for the
improvement of the crop raised in case he is
dispossessed Of his holdings, whether such dismissal
is for a just cause and not, provided The crop still
exists at the time of the dispossession.
Obligations for the Tenant
o To cultivate and take care of the farm, the growing
crop and other Improvements entrusted to him as a
good father of a family, by doing all the work
Necessary in accordance with proven farming
practices.
o To inform the landholder at once of any trespass
committed by a third person Upon the farm.
o To take reasonable care of the work animals and farm
implements used in the Point undertaking. He shall
not use the work animals and farm implements
Entrusted to him by the landholder for purposes other
than those intended, or Allowed their use by other
persons without the knowledge and consent of the
Landholder.The tenant shall not abandon or
surrender his holdings and leave the farm and
Growing crop and other improvements unattended
during the watch season, Except for just and
reasonable cause. In case of such unjustified
abandonment Or surrender, any or all of his expected
share in the crop may, in the discretion of the court,
be forfeited in favor of the landholder to the extent of
the damage Caused thereby.
Any of the following shall be considered just and Reasonable
cause for the tenant to terminate the tenancy relationship
o It shall be unlawful for the tenant, whenever the area
of his Holdings is five hectares or more, or is sufficient
size to make him And the members of his immediate
farm household fully occupied In its cultivation, to
contract to work at the same time on two or More
separate holdings belonging to different landholders
under Any system of tenancy, without the knowledge
and consent of the Land-holder with whom he first
entered into tenancy relationship.
o It shall be unlawful for a share-tenant to employ a
sub-tenant to Furnish labor or any phase of the work
required of him under this Act, except in cases of
illness or any temporary incapacity on his Part, in
which eventuality the tenant or any member of his
Immediate farm household is under obligation to
report such illness Or incapacity to the landholder.
Payment to the sub-tenant, in Whatever form, for
services rendered on the land under this
Circumstance, shall be for the account of the tenant.
o Subject to provisions of the next preceding
paragraph, land Entrusted for cultivation to a
leasehold tenant shall not be sub-let Nor shall the
lease be assigned by the tenant to another person,
Except with the written consent of the lessor.
Rights of the Landholder
o The landholder shall have the right to choose the kind
of crop and the seeds with the tenant shall plant in
His holdings: Provided, however, That if the tenant
should subject, the court shall settle the conflict,Acc
the best interest of both parties.
o The landholder shall have the right to require the use
of fertilizer of the kind or kinds shown by proven Farm
practices to be adapted to the requirements of the
land.
o The landholder shall have the right to inspect and
observe the extent of compliance on the part of the
Tenant with the terms and conditions of their contract
and the provisions of this Act.
o In cases where the crop has to be sold in processed
form before division and the tenant has no
Representative, the landholder, shall have the right to
deal with millers or processors in representation of
the Tenant.
Obligations of the Landholder:
o The landholder shall furnish the tenant an area of not
less than one thousand square meters where the
Latter may construct his dwelling, raise vegetables,
poultry, pigs, and other animals and engage in
minorInd he products of which shall accrue to the
tenant exclusively.
o The landholder shall keep the tenant in the peaceful
possession and cultivation of his landholdings which
Are the subject matter of the contract.
Rice Share Tenancy SHARE BASIS:
o The parties shall, on ricelands which produces a
normal average of more than forty cavanes per
hectare for the three agricultural Years next preceding
the current harvest, receive as shares in the gross
 produce, after setting aside the same amount of palay
Used as seed, and after deducting the cost of
fertilizer, pest and weed control, reaping and
threshing, the amount corresponding to The total
equivalent of their individual contributions, computed
as follows: land 30%, labor 30%, farm implements
5%, work animals 5%, final Harrowing 5%,
Transplanting 25%.
Agricultural year
o is the period of time necessary for the raising of
seasonal agricultural products, including the
preparation of the Land, and the sowing, planting and
harvesting of the crop.
The leasehold tenancy (Landholder-Lessor and Tenant-
Lessee)
o Any person, natural or juridical, either as owner,
lessee, Usufructuary or legal possessor or agricultural
land, who lets, Leases or rents to another said
property for purposes of Agricultural production and
for a price certain or ascertainable Either in an
amount of money or produce, shall be known as the
Landholder-lessor; and any person who, with the
consent of the Former, tills, cultivates or operates
said land, susceptible of Cultivation by one individual,
personally or with the aid of labor Available from
among his own immediate farm household, is a
Tenant-lessee.
SECURITY OF TENURE
o Ejectment of Tenant. – Not with standing any
agreement or provision of law as to the period, in All
cases where land devoted to any agricultural purpose
is held under Any system of tenancy, the tenant shall
not be dispossessed of his Holdings except for any of
the causes hereinafter enumerated and only After the
same has been proved before, and the dispossession
is Authorized by, the court.
Causes for the Dispossession of a Tenant
Any of the following shall be a sufficient cause for the
dispossession of A tenant from his holdings:
o The bona fide intention of the landholder to cultivate
the land Himself personally or through the
employment of farm machinery and Implements:
Provided, however, That should the landholder not
cultivate The land himself or should fail to employ
mechanical farm implements for a Period of one year
after the dispossession of the tenant, it shall be
Presumed that he acted in bad faith and the land and
damages for any loss Incurred by him because of
said dispossession: Provided, further, That the Land-
holder shall, at least one year but not more than two
years prior to the Date of his petition to dispossess
the tenant under this subsection, file Notice with the
court and shall inform the tenant in wiring in a
language or Dialect known to the latter of his intention
to cultivate the land himself, Either personally or
through the employment of mechanical implements,
Together with a certification of the Secretary of
Agriculture and Natural Resources that the land is
suited for mechanization: Provided, further, That The
dispossessed tenant and the members of his
immediate household Shall be preferred in the
employment of necessary laborers under the new
Set-up.
o When the current tenant violates or fails to comply
with any of the terms and conditions Of the contract
or any of the provisions of this Act: Provided,
however, That this subsection shall Not apply when
the tenant has substantially complied with the
contract or with the provisions of this Act.
o The tenant’s failure to pay the agreed rental or to
deliver the landholder’s share: Provided, However,
That this shall not apply when the tenant’s failure is
caused by a fortuitous event or force Majeure.
o When the tenant uses the land for a purpose other
than that specified by agreement of htparties.
o When a share-tenant fails to follow those proven farm
practices which will contribute Towards the proper
care of the land and increased agricultural production.
o When the tenant through negligence permits serious
injury to the land which will impair Its productive
capacity.
o Conviction by a competent court of a tenant or any
member of his immediate family or farm Household of
a crime against the landholder or a member of his
immediate family.
Penal Provision
o Violation of any of the provisions of this Act shall Be
punished with a fine not exceeding two thousand
pesos or imprisonment not exceeding One year, or
both in the discretion of the Court
Lesson 11: Land Reform
Act of 1955
BRIEF HISTORY
o The Agricultural Tenancy Act and Land Reform Act of
1955 are among the laws enacted by President
Ramon Magsaysay to help protect the local farmers.
In his first state at the Nation Address in the election
as the Philippines third President after the World War
2, President Magsaysay announced that agriculture
will be a priority of his administration. He wanted
farmers educated in modern agricultural methods and
called for tge improvement of the irrigation system to
increase the farm productivity. He urged congress to
fund agricultural research and the control of cropt
pests and diseases.
o A banner initiative of his administration was the Land
Reform Act of 1955 that would distribute rice and corn
farmlands to famers. A precursor of Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program and its Extension and
Reform. He sought to ensure that people displaced by
a war, as well as tenants could have a fair share of
the land and its produce.
LAND REFORM ACT of 1955
o LAND REFORM (ALSO AGRARIAN REFORM
THOUGH THAT CAN HAVE BROADER
MEANING) INVOLVE THE CHANGING OF
LAWS, REGULATIONS OR CUSTOMS
REGARDING LAND OWNERSHIP.
o REPUBLIC ACT No. 1400 AN ACT DEFINING A
LAND TENURE POLICY, PROVIDING FOR AN
INSTRUMENTALITY TO CARRY OUT THE
POLICY, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS FOR
ITS IMPLEMENTATION
Section 1. Short title. This Act shall be known as the “Land
Reform Act of 1955.”

Section 2. Declaration of policy. It is the declared policy of the

State to create and maintain an agrarian system which is
peaceful, prosperous and stable, and to this end the
Government shall establish and distribute as many family-size
farms to as many landless citizens as possible through the
opening up of public agricultural lands and the division and
distribution of private agricultural lands where agrarian conflicts
exist, either by private arrangement with the owners or through
expropriation proceedings.
THE LAND TENURE ADMINISTRATION
Section 3. Creation and composition. For the purpose of
carrying out the policy enunciated in this Act, there is hereby
created a Land Tenure Administration, hereinafter called the
Administration, which shall be directly under the control and
supervision of and responsible to the President of the
Philippines. The Administration shall consist of a Chairman
and two members who shall be appointed by the President
with the consent of the Commission on Appointments and shall
hold office for a period of five years. They may be removed for
cause or for incapacity to discharge the duties of their office.
Section 4. Qualifications and compensation of members. No
person shall be appointed Chairman or member of the
Administration unless he is natural born citizen of the
Philippines, at least thirty-five years of age, and not related by
affinity or consanguinity within the fourth civil degree to any
landowner who may be affected by this Act.
The Chairman shall receive an annual compensation of fifteen
thousand pesos and the members shall each receive an
annual compensation of twelve thousand pesos.
Section 5. Functions. It shall be the responsibility of the
Administration to:
(1) Make studies on the land tenure problems throughout the
Philippines, prepare over-all long range plans to solve such
problems, and keep the President and the Congress of the
Philippines fully informed of the progress of the land tenure
reform program;
(2) Initiate immediate investigation in areas reporting land
tenure difficulties and recommend appropriate action without
delay;
(3) Inform the President and the Congress of the Philippines of
any deficiency of the other departments or agencies of the
Government in the implementation of legislation bearing on or
affecting the land tenure reform;
(4) Prepare a plan for the systematic opening of virgin lands of
the public domain for distribution to tenants, preference to be
given to those tenants who are ejected by virtue of
mechanization and to other landless citizens; and
(5) To implement and carry out the expropriation and the
resale or lease of urban lands already authorized by existing
laws.
Section 6. Powers. In pursuance of the policy enunciated in
section two hereof, the Administration is authorized to:
(1) Purchase private agricultural lands for resale at cost to
bona fide tenants or occupants, or in the case of estates
abandoned by the owners for the last five years, to private
individuals who will work the lands themselves and who are
qualified to acquire or own lands but who do not own more
than six hectares of lands in the Philippines;
(2) Initiate and prosecute expropriation proceedings for the
acquisition of private agricultural lands in proper cases, for the
same purpose of resale at cost: Provided, That the power
herein granted shall apply only to private agricultural lands as
to the area in excess of three hundred hectares of contiguous
area if owned by natural persons and as to the area in excess
of six hundred hectares if owned by corporations: Provided,
further, That land where justified agrarian unrest exists may be
expropriated regardless of its area.
(3) Prepare a schedule of areas of family-size farm units, not
exceeding six hectares each, for different crops in different
localities; and
(4) Promulgate such rules and regulations as may be
necessary for the successful implementation of the provisions
of this Act.
Section 7. Appointment of subordinate officials and employees.
To enable the Administration to implement the provisions of
this Act more effectively, it shall have a Legal Staff, a
Technical Staff and a Financial Staff, the personnel of which
shall be appointed by the Administration which shall also fix
their compensation.
The Administration shall appoint, subject to Civil Service rules
and regulations, fix the compensation and determine the duties
of such officials and employees as the exigencies of the
service may require. The Administration shall establish and
prescribe its own rules, regulations, standards and records for
the employment, promotion, transfer, welfare and
compensation of employees and officers of the Administration
and provide a system of organization to for responsibility and
promote efficiency.
Section 8. Assistance of other departments and agencies. The
Administration may call upon any department or agency of the
Government for assistance and cooperation on any matter
connected with the functions and powers of the Administration.
NEGOTIABLE LAND CERTIFICATES
Section 9. Issuance. The President, for the purposes provided
for in this Act and upon recommendation of the Secretary of
Finance and concurred in by the Monetary Board, is hereby
authorized to issue negotiable land certificates upon the
request of the Administration: Provided, That only sixty million
a year will be issued during the first two years, and thirty
million each year during the succeeding years.
Negotiable land certificates shall be issued in denomination of
one thousand pesos or multiples of one thousand pesos and
shall be payable to bearer on demand and presentation at the
Central Bank. These certificates if presented for payment after
five years from the date of issue shall earn interest at the rate
of four per centum per annum; if presented for payment after
ten years from the date of issue shall earn interest at the rate
of four and one-half per centum per annum; and if presented
for payment after fifteen years from the date of issue shall earn
interest at the rate of five per centum per annum.
Section 10. Uses of certificates. Negotiable land certificates
may be used by the holder thereof for any of the following
purposes:
(1) Payment for agricultural lands or other properties
purchased from the Government: Provided, however, That in
the case of purchase of agricultural lands, the purchaser is not
otherwise prohibited to own or hold agricultural lands under the
Constitution;
(2) Payment for the purchase of shares of stock or of the
assets of any industrial or commercial corporations owned or
controlled by the Government;
(3) Payment of all tax obligations of the holder thereof, or of
any debt or monetary obligation of the holder to the
Government or any of its instrumentalities or agencies,
including the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation and the
Philippine National Bank: Provided, however, That payment of
indebtedness shall not be less that twenty per centum of the
total indebtedness of the debtor; and
(4) As surety or performance bonds, in all cases where the
Government may require or accept real property as bonds.
NEGOTIATED PURCHASE OF PRIVATE AGRICULTURAL
LANDS
Section 11. Lands subject to the purchase. The Administration,
acting for and on behalf of the Government, may negotiate to
purchase any privately owned agricultural land when the
majority of the tenants therein petition for such purchase.
Section 12. Action on the petition. Upon receipt of the petition,
the Administration shall;
(1) Within thirty days, determine on the basis of the information
contained in the petition, the suitability of the land for
purchase, notify the petitioners and the landowner accordingly,
and fix the date for preliminary negotiation;
(2) Within sixty days from the preliminary negotiation, conduct
investigations and technical surveys to determine title to the
land and its real value, taking into account (a) the prevailing
prices of similar lands in the immediate area, (b) the soil
conditions topography and climate hazards, (c) actual
production, (d) accessibility, and € improvements; and
(3) Fix, within ninety days from the preliminary negotiation, the
date for final negotiation.
Section 13. Deposit by tenants. Before fixing the date for final
negotiation under section twelve, paragraph (3), and in the
interest of public welfare, the Administration shall require the
tenants to form a cooperative to be affiliated with a government
financing cooperative agency. Such cooperative agency shall
deposit with the Administration an amount not exceeding
twenty-five per centum of the annual gross produce of the
principal crop or crops of such land on the basis of the average
of harvest of the three years immediately preceding the year
the petition was filed. This deposit shall be credited to the
selling price to the tenants in accordance with the individual
contribution of each to said deposit.
Section 14. Payment. In negotiating for the purchase of
agricultural land, the Administration shall offer to pay the
purchase price wholly in land certificates or partly in legal
tender and partly in land certificates: Provided, That the
amount to be paid in legal tender shall in no case exceed fifty
per centum of the purchase price: Provided, further, That the
landowner, if he desires and the Administration so agrees, may
be paid, by way of barter or exchange, with such residential,
commercial or industrial land owned by the Government as
may be agreed upon by the parties.
Section 15. Outstanding debts of tenants. In cases where the
landowner is willing to accept payment wholly in land
certificates, the Administration is authorized to include in the
price to be paid the landowner all the outstanding debts,
evidenced in writing, of the tenants to said landowner, the
Administration to be thereafter reimbursed in accordance with
such rules and regulations as it may promulgate: Provided,
That the resulting increase in price by virtue of such inclusion
will not be more than ten per centum of the total cost of the
land agreed upon in the negotiated sale.
EXPROPRIATION OF PRIVATE AGRICULTURAL LANDS
Section 16. When proper. The Administration may initiate and
prosecute expropriation proceedings for the acquisition of
private agricultural land subject to the provisions of section six,
paragraph (2), upon petition of a majority of the tenants and
after it is convinced of the suitability of such land for
subdivision into family-size farm units, and that public interest
will be served by its immediate acquisition, when any of the
following conditions exists:
(1)That the landowner falling within the terms of section six,
paragraph (2), continues to refuse to sell after all efforts have
been exhausted by the Administration to negotiate for its
purchase; or

Section 17. Petition. The petition, in case the landowner
refuses to sell, shall be filed in the manner and form to be
prescribed by the Administration. However, before initiating
expropriation proceedings, the Administration shall make one
last effort to purchase the land by negotiated sale.
Section 18. Possession of the land; procedure. The
Administration after commencing the expropriation suit may
take immediate possession of the land upon deposit, with the
Court which has acquired jurisdiction over the expropriation, of
money or a certificate of deposit of a depository of the
Republic of the Philippines as provided in section three of Rule
69 of the Rules of Court equal to the value of the land as
provisionally and promptly determined by the Court taking into
consideration the factors mentioned in section twelve,
paragraph (2).
Thereafter the procedure in the Rules of Court with respect to
eminent domain proceedings shall be followed. Pending
judicial expropriation proceedings the owner of the land sought
to be expropriated shall be given annually such allowance as
his latest income tax return, prior to the institution of the
proceedings, shows to be his net income from the land. Such
allowance shall be approved by the court having jurisdiction
and shall be deducted from the final amount awarded as
compensation to the owner.
Section 19. Payment. After the court has made a final
determination of the just compensation for the land
expropriated, it shall be paid wholly in cash unless the
landowner chooses to be paid wholly or partly in land
certificates, in which case section fifteen shall apply.
Section 20. Prohibition against alienation. Upon the filing of the
petition referred to in sections twelve and sixteen, the
landowner cannot alienate any portion of the land covered by
such petition except in pursuance of the provisions of this Act,
or enter into any form of contract to defeat the purposes of this
Act, and no ejectment proceedings against any tenant or
occupant of the land covered by the petition shall be instituted
or prosecuted until it becomes certain that the land shall not be
acquired by the Administration.
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Section 21. Resale of lands purchased or expropriated subject
to condition. It shall be a condition in all resale contracts and
annotated on the Torrens titles of lands acquired and
subdivided by authority of this Act that said lands shall not be
subdivided, sold or in any manner transferred or encumbered
without prior consent of the Administration and only to qualified
farmers or tenants or to government banking institutions or
agencies.
Section 22. Exemption from tax. All land certificates issued by
authority of this Act shall be exempt from all forms of taxes.
The purchase price paid by the Government for any
agricultural land acquired for resale to tenants under the
authority of this Act, whether through negotiation or
expropriation, shall not be considered as income of the
landowner concerned for purposes of the income tax.
Section 23. Definition of terms. For the purposes of this Act,
the following terms are defined as follows:
(1) Agricultural lands shall mean lands devoted to agricultural
production and shall include the farm home lots.
(2) Family-size farm units shall mean such area of farm land
not exceeding six hectares as will permit the efficient use of
the labor resources of the farm family, taking into account the
addition of such supplementary labor as may be necessary
either for seasonal peak loads or during the developmental
and transitional stages of the family itself.
(3) At cost shall mean the purchase price plus six per cent
interest per annum for twenty-five years which includes the
one per cent per annum for administration expenses, plus
actual expenses for survey, subdivision and registration. The
total, divided into twenty-five equal installments, shall be the
annual cost to the tenant for twenty-five years.
Section 24. Payment of family-size farms sold to veterans and
other government employees. Veterans of the Armed Forces
of the Philippines and other government employees with
backpay certificates from the Government are hereby
authorized to use their backpay certificates in payment of
family-size farms that may be acquired by them by authority of
this Act.
Section 25. Trust fund. All collections from the redistribution of
the lands acquired by the Administration, after deducting the
one per cent for administration expenses and the actual
expenses for survey, subdivision and registration, shall be kept
in the National Treasury as a special trust fund to be used
exclusively for the redemption of the land certificates and
bonds issued by authority of this Act.
Section 26. Sinking fund; appropriation. A sinking fund shall be
established in such manner that the total annual contribution
thereto, accrued at such rate of interest as may be determined
by the Secretary of Finance in consultation with the Monetary
Board, shall be sufficient to redeem at maturity the land
certificates and bonds issued under this Act. Said fund shall be
under the custody of the Central Bank for which shall invest
the same In such manner as the Monetary Board may
approve; shall charge all expenses of such investment to said
sinking fund; and shall credit the same with the interest on
investments and other income belonging to it.
A standing annual appropriation not exceeding twenty million
pesos is hereby made out of the general fund in the National
Treasury to provide for the sinking fund created in this section
and to carry into effect the purposes of this Act.
In addition, there is hereby appropriated out of the bond issue
authorized under Republic Act Numbered One thousand, the
sum of one hundred million pesos to carry out the provisions of
this Act.
is assured of getting the fruits of their labour and
equality income and wealth.
o Too many arguments in support of land reform focus
on its potential social and economic benefits,
particularly in developing countries, that may emerge
from reforms focused on greater land formalization.
Such as benefits may include eradicating food
insecurity and alleviating rural poverty.

Section 27. Appropriation for the Administration. There is

hereby appropriated out of any funds in the National Treasury
not otherwise appropriated, the sum of three hundred
thousand pesos for salaries, per diems, traveling expenses,
furniture, office supplies and other expenses that may be
incurred by the Administration for the fiscal year 1955-1956.
The expenses of the Administration for the succeeding years
shall be provided for in the corresponding annual general
appropriation acts.

Section 28. Transfer of functions of the Division of Landed

Estates, Bureau of Lands. Upon the organization of the
Administration, the Division of Landed Estates in the Bureau of
Lands shall stand abolished and its functions, powers and
duties, personnel, records, equipment and balances of
appropriation shall thereupon be transferred to the said
Administration.

Section 29. Repeal of laws. All acts or parts of acts which are
inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby
repealed.

Section 30. Effectivity. This Act shall take effect upon its
approval.
Approved: September 9, 1955
LAND REFORM AFFECT AGRICULTURE
o The study found that land reform can assist in
creating more employment-intensive farming systems
by: reducing the size of farming units, while
increasing their total numbers; changing the mix and
scale of farm commodities produced; and. Changing
farming systems so that they become more
employment-intensive.
ADDITIONAL ABOUT LAND REFORM ACT 1400
o Land reforms are also considered essential as it
provides social justice to millions of cultivators. The
land policy that charges tenurial relations in favor of
the actual tiller means that the cultivator/small farmer