Globalization
 It has quite different consequences on one side
GLOBALIZATION
 The process by which the world, previously
Isolated through physical and technological
Distance, becomes increasingly interconnected.
 It is manifested by the increase in interaction
Between people around the world that involves
the Sharing of ideas, cultures, goods, services,
Economic, political, cultural, ideological
investment Environmental and processes aided
by information Technology.
 Globalization first appeared in the 1940s but did
Not gain widespread traction until the 1990’s.
 It is sometimes mistaken for an unstoppable
Juggernaut “Amercanizing the world.
 However, a more nuanced understanding of theI
between the local, national, regional And global.
Indiscriminate use of the word “globalization is
confusing.
 Globalization is a set of social processes that
Lead to the social condition of globality, through
The growing consciousness of global connectivity
 There is no consensus on exactly what
Processes constitute globalization, but common
themes include the creation of
networks,Expansion of social interaction, and
theA of social exchange.
 Globalization is commonly thought of as a new
Phenomenon, but contact between diverse
Individuals is not new.
 It begun when prehistoric tribes settled and were
able to out muscle wandering tribes.
 The pre-mordern period saw technological
Advances that allowed trade and communication
To flourish.
 The intensification of worldwide social relations
Which link distant localities in such a way that
local happening share shaped by events
occurring man miles and away. (Giddens,1990).
 He explained (2000), “globalization is not a single
set of processes and does not lead into a single
direction. It produces solidarities in some places
and destroys them in others.
of the world from the other. In other words, it is a
wholly contradictory process.
 It is not just about fragmentation. I see it more as
a shake-out of institutions in Which new forms of
unity go along with new forms of unity go along
with new forms of fragmentation”
 Globalization is a reflection of the Triumph of a
capitalist world economy Bonded by a global division
of labor. (Wallerstein, 1998)
 World politics expressed that Globalization has long
been Experienced by the Third World called
Colonization. (Khor, 1995)
 Globalization is composed of multiple sameness and
interconnectedness that go beyond nation states
where individuals and organizations in one part of the
world is affected by the activities, affairs, and
convictions on another part of the globe. (Mcgrew,
1990)
 The Intensification of economic, Social and cultural
relations across Borders. (Holm and George,1998)
 It is the process by which the Peoples of the world are
incorporated Into a single world society, global
Society. (Albrow, 1990)
 A condition where the world is Becoming a global
shopping mall in Which ideas and products are
available Everywhere at the same time. (Kanter,
1995)
 A set of social processes that appear to Transform our
present social condition ofWeakening nationality into one
globality. It is about the unprecedented Compression of
time and space as a result of Political, economic and
cultural change, as Well as powerful technological
innovations. (Steger, 2009)
Manfred further differentiated globalization, globality and
Globalism.
Globalization is a process, Globality signifies a future social
Condition characterized by thick economic, political and cultural
interconnections and global flows that make currently existing
Political borders and economic barriers irrelevant.
Globalism means globalization as an ideology reflecting shared
ideas, norms, values accepted as truth. He adds That there are
three kinds of globalism namely:
- Market Globalism
- Justice Globalism
- Religious Globalism
Market globalism
Advocates promise a consumerist, neoliberal, free-
market world. This ideology is held by many powerful
individuals, who claim it Transmits democracy and benefits
 everyone. However, it also Reinforces inequality, and can be
politically motivated.
Neoliberalism is contemporarily used to refer to market-
oriented reform policies such as “eliminating price controls,
deregulating capital markets, lowering trade barriers” and
reducing, especially Through privatization and austerity, state
influence in the economy.
Justice globalism
Envisages a global civil society with fairer relationships
and Environmental safeguards. They disagree with market
globalists who View neoliberalism as the only way.
Religious globalism
Strives for a global religious community with superiority
over secular structures.
Globalization as the expansion and Intensification of social
relations and Consciousness across world-time and world
space. (Steger, 2009) He explained that globalization has
several Dimensions:
- Economic
- Political
- Cultural
- Ecological
Economic
The economic dimension of globalization explores how
the way people have undertaken Economic production has
changed.
Political
The political dimension of globalization’ looks at political
arrangements beyond the Nation-state. Traditional politics
harbored an ‘us’ and ‘them’ mentality. Contemporary
Globalization has led to a permeation of those borders. The
modern nation-state came into Being after the Protestant
Reformation, characterized by centralized government and self-
Determination.
Cultural
The cultural dimension of globalization’ explores the
intensification and expansion of Cultural flows across the globe.
Critics of cultural globalization claim that the world is being
Homogenized or ‘Americanized’.
Ecological
The ecological dimension of globalization’ examines the
effects of global alliances on Ecological issues. There is an
inexorable link between all humanity and the planet Earth. The
Industrial Revolution has caused many ecological problems,
including, resource and food Shortages, overpopulation,
reduced biodiversity, pollution, and climate change.
Furthermore Cox (1999) provides the characteristics of Globalization
trend:
▪ internationalizing of production
▪ globalizing of finance and securities trading
▪ changing international division of labor
▪ vast migratory movements from South to North
▪ competitive environment that accelerates these Processes
▪ internationalizing of the state making states into agencies of
the globalizing world
5 Characteristics of Globalization
1. The expansion and intensification of social relations and
Consciousness across world-time and across world-space.
– Manfred Steger.
2. Globalization involves the creation of new social networks
and the Multiplication of existing connections.
3. Expansion, stretching and acceleration of these networks.
4. Intensification and acceleration of social exchanges and
activities.
5. Globalization processes do not occur merely at an
objective, Material level but also involve the subjective
plane of human Consciousness
GLOBALIZATION Primarily an economic process.
GLOBALISM Is a widespread belief among powerful people that the
global Integration of economic markets is beneficial for everyone.
GLOBALITY Is a social condition characterized by globalization,
political, cultural, Environmental interconnectedness, borderless
irrelevant.
Manifestation – value of individualism and competition.
Existence of economic system of private property.
Communal and Cooperative – social relations which is less
capitalistic.
Kinds of globalization (Arjun Apparudai)
- Ethnoscape – global movement of people
- Mediascape – flow of culture
- Technoscape – circulation of mechanical goods And
software
- Financescape – global circulation of money
- Ideoscape – political ideas move around