WEEK 1: GLOBALIZATION IN THE The contemporary era is an era of

convergence, with people coming

CONTEMPORARY WORLD together through deregulated economic
and ICT systems.
Globalization has led to increase in
Introduction to Globalization
competition.
Globalization is the process by which the
Three Components of Globalization
world, previously isolated through physical
technological distance, becomes and Academic literature commonly subdivides
increasingly interconnected. globalization into three major areas:
It is manifested by the increase in 1. Economic globalization
interaction between people around the
2. Cultural/social globalization
world that involves the sharing of ideas,
cultures, goods, services, economic, 3. Political globalization
political, cultural, ideological, investment
environmental and processes aided by Economic Globalization
information technology. It refers to the widespread international
Globalization is a set of social processes that movement of goods, capital, services,
lead to the social condition of globality, technology, and information.
through the growing consciousness of Economic globalization primarily comprises
global connectivity.
the globalization of:
There is no consensus on exactly what
processes constitute globalization, but 1. Production
common themes include the creation of 2. 2. finance
networks, expansion of social relations, and 3. markets
the acceleration of social exchange. 4. technology
5. Organizational
Globalization refers to the integration of 6. regimes
goods, services, and culture among the 7. institutions
nations of the world. 8. corporations
We have been experiencing globalization 9. labour
since the days of European colonization. • The economic globalization is one
most often mentioned in the media.
Advances in telecommunication and • It is associated with massive amounts
transportation technologies accelerated of financial traded daily on the
globalization. different stock markets around the
label "NEW ECONOMY".
The Internet has made all nations next-door
neighbors.
The early modern period saw the birth of
capitalism and regional markets. The
modern period saw the Industrial Revolution
provide massive advances in technology at
the expense of the environment.
In order to monitor the economy, 3
economic institutions were created:
1. THE INTERNATIONAL MONITARY FUND
(IMF) --would oversee the
international monetary system.
2. The International Banks for
Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD later named the WORLD BANK
(WB) -- would provide loans for
European reconstruction but later
expanded its activities to the
developing world.
3. The General Agreement on Tariffs
and Trade (GATT, renamed of the
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION in
1992) –would oversee multilateral
trade agreements.
For about 30 years, this system
remained in place and provided
economic stability and prosperity to
Western nations.
Cultural Globalization
Cultural Globalization refers to the rapid
transmission of ideas, meanings, and values
and cultural products across around the
world in such a way as to extend and
intensify social relations.
This process is marked by the common
consumption of monocultures that have
been diffused by the Internet, popular
culture media, and international travel,
Entertainment transnational marketing of
particular brands and international tourism -
that transcends local cultural traditions and
lifestyles, and that shapes the perceptions,
aspirations, tastes and everyday activities of
people wherever they may live in the world'.
1. MIGRATION is an important aspect of
cultural globalization.
This process has been going on for several
centuries, with languages, religious beliefs,
and values being spread by military
conquest, missionary work, and trade.
However, in the last 30 years, the process of
cultural globalization has dramatically
intensified due technological advances in
both transportation and communications
technology.
THE GLOBALIZATION OF FOOD is one of the
most obvious examples of cultural
globalization – food consumption is an
important aspect of culture and most
societies around the world have diets that
are unique to them, however the cultural
globalization of food has been promoted
by fast food giants such as McDonald’s,
Coca-Cola, and Starbucks.
The spread of these global food
corporations has arguably led to the
decline of local diets and eating traditions.
2. THE GLOBALIZATION OF SPORT is another
fairly obvious example of cultural
globalization - think of all the international
sporting events that take place – most
notably the World Cup and The Olympics,
and Formula 1, which bind millions together
in a shared, truly global, 'leisure experience'.
THE GLOBAL VILLAGE/ GLOBAL
CONSCIOUSNESS-- Individuals and families
are now more directly plugged into news
from the outside world - some of the most
gripping events of the past decade have
unfolded in real time in front of a global
audience.
According to Giddens this means that more
and more people have a more 'global
outlook' and increasingly identify with a
global audience – for example, television
reporting of natural disasters in developing
countries result in people in wealthier
countries donating money to charities such
as Oxfam to assist with relief efforts. Giddens
developed the concept of
'Cosmopolitanism' to describe this process
of an emerging global identity.
DETRADITIONALISATION—In His classic 1999
text, Runaway World, Anthony Giddens
argues that one consequence of
globalization is detraditionalisation - where
people question their traditional beliefs
about religion, marriage, and gender roles
and so on.
GLOBAL RISKS/ GLOBAL RISK
CONSCIOUSNESS—Ulrich Beck (1992)
argues that a fundamental feature of
globalization is the development of a global
risk consciousness, which emerges due to
shared global problems which threaten
people in multiple countries
EXAMPLES:
• the threat of terrorism,
• international nuclear war
• the threat of global pandemics
• the rise of organized crime funded
primarily through international drug
trafficking
• the threat of planetary melt-down
due to global warming.
The cultural dimension of globalization
explores the intensification and expansion
of cultural flows across the globe.
Critics of cultural globalization claim that
the world is being homogenized or
'Americanized'. However, advocates say
that globalization reinvigorates niche
cultures instead of eliminating them.
The United Nations member states are the
193 sovereign states that are members of
the United Nations (UN) and have equal
representation in the UN General Assembly
and 51 founding countries.
The UN is the world's largest
intergovernmental organization which is
based in New York (Headquarter).
Political Globalization
One of the key aspects of the political
globalization is the declining importance of
the nation-state and the rise of other actors
on the political scene.
The creation and existence of the United
Nations has been called one of the classic
examples of political globalization.
United Nations and its role in Globalization
It is an international organization created
on 24th October of 1945 when the UN
charter was signed.
MAIN OBJECTIVES ARE:
1. to maintain international peace and
security and
2. promoting human rights and global
development.
THE STRUCTURE OF GLOBALIZATION
• The Global Economy
• Market Integration
• The Global Interstate System
• Contemporary Global Governance
Global economy or economic globalization
refers to the increasing interdependence of
world economies as a result of the growing
scale of cross-border trade of commodities
and services, flow of international capital,
and wide and rapid spread of technologies
(Shangquan, 2000).
Global economy or World economy refers
to the international exchange of goods and
services through the use of monetary units
of money
Global economy means the free
movement of goods, capital, services,
technology, and information
Global economy or economic globalization
is concerned on the globalization of
production, finance, markets, technology,
organizational regimes, institutions,
corporations, and labor
Global Economy
• Globalization of Organizational
Regimes
• Globalization of Production
• Globalization of Corporation
• Globalization of Technology
• Globalization of Labor
• Globalization of Markets
• Globalization of Finance
• Globalization of Production refers to the
sourcing of goods and services from
location around the globe to take
advantage of national differences in the
cost and quality of factors of production like
land, labor and capital
• Outsource - obtain (goods or a service)
from an outside or foreign supplier,
especially in place of an internal source
• Business Process Outsourcings or BPOs
(Call Center Agencies)
Effect of Globalization on Labor Conditions
• Increase job opportunities
• Pressure firms to correct labor abuses
• Upgrade education system and
leads to more training
• Increase labor standard
• Increase labor productivity
• Pressure firms to correct labor abuses
• Globalization of Technology refers to the
global exploitation of technologies through
the patents (a government authority or
license conferring a right or title for a set
period, especially the sole right to exclude
others from making, using, or selling an
invention) and licenses
• The global sourcing of research and
development (R&D) through alliances and
joint ventures with foreign companies or
universities through the implication of
technologies
The global production of research and
development through overseas
subsidiaries.
• Financial Globalization refers to:
• The liberation of trade in financial
assets
• It is the flow of capital and corporate
investments between various
countries
• World allocation of money leading to
exchange of services and goods
• International Monetary Funds (IMF)
• World Bank
• Globalization of Corporation refers to a
company or group of people authorized
to act as a single entity and recognized
as such law that operates globally or
internationally
• Global corporation refers to a
company or corporation that operates
in more than one country which has
significant investments and facilities in
multiple countries but lack dominant
headquarters
• Global business (as mentioned by
Michael Porter) refers to business that
maintains a strong headquarters in one
country but has investments in multiple
foreign location.
• International company is one that has
headquarters likewise it does business
overseas and might have a large
presence in multiple areas.
 • Multinational company/ corporation
(Coca Cola/ Pepsi/ Samsung/ Apple/
Nestle/ Lacoste/ Penguins/ Guess/ Nike/
Gap)
Globalization of Markets
• Globalization of markets refers to the
process of integrating and merging of
the distinct markets into a single
market
• This involves the identification of
some common norms, value, taste,
preference and convenience and
slowly enables the cultural shift
towards the use of common product
or service.
Impact of Globalization on Consumers
• Broader access to wider variety of
products and services than
neighborhood offers
• Greater vendor diversity leads to
better buying opportunities lower
prices, e.g., Comparison shopping via
internet
• Lost allegiance to domestic
producers
• More volatile labor market with
stronger competition from global
labor supply.
International Financial Institutions (IFIs)
• They are chartered by more than one
country, and they are subjects to
international law
• The owners or shareholders are
generally national governments
• The first IFIs are established after the
WWII to assist in the reconstruction of
Europe and to provide mechanism
for international cooperation in
managing the global financial system
• European Investment Bank
Market Integration refers to:
• Prices among different location or related
goods follow the same patterns over a long
period of time
• Group of prices that often moves
proportionally to each other and relation is
very clear among different markets
• Thus, it can be concluded that market
integration is an indicator that explains how
much different markets are related to each
other’s
A situation in which separate markets for
the same product become one single
market.
Brief Historical Background of Global
Market Integration in the 20th Century
• Between 1882 and 1936 – labor market
integration occurred in the area of Asia
extending from South India to Southeastern
China and encompassing the three
Southeast Asian countries of Burma,
Malaya, and Thailand
• Late 19th century – mass migration of
Indians and Chinese to Southeast Asia gave
rise to both integrated Asian labor market
and period of real wages convergence
(divergent trends in unskilled real wages)
• 1880s – steamships had largely replaced
sailing vessels for transport within Asia as well
as to Western markets (shipping fares had
begun to fall)
• 1880s – mass migration of Indian
(Mandras, India), and Chinese workers
(provinces of Guandong, Fukien, and
Southeast Asia)
• Burma, Malaya, and Thailand are the
chief immigrant-receiving countries in
Southeast Asia
• Late 19th century (early 20th century) –
global migration movement/ European
immigration.
Global Interstate System
STATE
• Body of people politically organized
under a government within a definite
territory.
• A nation or territory considered as an
organized political community under one
government
• Organization of political positions and the
structure of political relation in society
World
• A community of persons, more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a
definite portion of territory, independent of
external control, and possessing an
organized government to which the great
body of inhabitants render habitual
obedience.
WORLD-SYSTEM
• It refers to existence of the division of labor
• It deals with inter-regional and
transnational division of labor, which divides
the world into:
• Core countries
• Semi-periphery countries
• Periphery countries
• Modern world-system has a multi-state
political structure (interstate system). Thus,
the division of labor are considered
international/ global division of labor
• GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM – means:
• Multi-state political structure and
• the international or global division
of labor of the core, semi-periphery,
and periphery countries
World System
• World System Theory (World Systems
Analysis/ World Systems Perspectives – is a
multidisciplinary, macroscale approach to
the world history and social change which
emphasizes the world-system as the primary
unit of social analysis
Contemporary Global Governance
• World Governance
Movement towards political cooperation
among transnational actors, aimed at
negotiating responses to problems that
affect more than one state or region
These have limited or demarcated power to
enforce compliance
•Institution of Global Governance
• United Nations
• International Criminal Court
• World Bank
Institution of Global Governance
United Nations
•Functions of United Nations
• The main function of UN is to
maintain peace and security for all of
its member-states.
• The UN does not have its own
military, but it has peacekeeping
force which are supplied by the
member states
• The UN aims to protect human rights
and provide humanitarian assistance
when needed
• The UN plays an Integral part in
social and economic development
through its UN Development Program
• The UN likewise annually publishes
the Human Development Index to
rank countries in terms of poverty,
literacy, education, and life
expectancy
• UN General Assembly – occupies
the central position as the chief
deliberative, policymaking, and
representative organs of the United
Nations.
Challenges of Global Government in the
21st Century
• Climate Change, Poverty, Violent
Conflict, Intolerance, and Extremism
present direct threats to the unity and well-
being of the International or Global
Community
• Attacks on cultural rights and cultural
heritage, particularly in Syria, Iraq, and Mali
threaten the Inter-Cultural Tolerance.
3 Points to Address the Challenges of Global
Government in the 21st Century (Irina
Bokova, Director General of UNESCO, 2016)
• First, openness of mind and out-of-box
thinking is crucial. New ideas must be
transformed into norms (Efforts to teach
people about the history of the Holocaust/
program promoting internet literacy/ help
to instill common values to the youth/
create environments that are conducive to
respectful dialogue)
• Second, the international community
must build resilient societies (Fighting
exclusion and fostering inclusion/
Participation of women in all sectors)
• Third, new thinking about peacebuilding.
(The world urgently needs legitimate and
effective peace efforts, before, during, and
after conflicts. Preventive measures are key
and must involve the soft power embodied
by UNESCO’s educational and inter-cultural
program)
Globalization VS. Internalization
Globalization refers to global economic
integration of many and formerly national
economies into one global economy –
mainly by free trade and free capital
mobility.
Globalization refers to the
interconnectedness of people and business
across the world that eventually led to
global, cultural, political, and economic
integration
Global means worldwide
 Internalization refers to the increasing
importance of international trade,
international relations, treaties, alliances
and others
International means between or among
nation
Globalism refers to the operation or
planning of economic and foreign policy
on a global basis
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
The Attributes of Today's Global System
1. countries of states are independent and
govern themselves.
2. these countries interact with each other
through diplomacy.
3. international organizations facilitate
these interactions (i.e., UN); and
4. international organizations also take on
lives of their own.
Nation-state - relatively modern
phenomenon in the human history whereby
it composed of two non-interchangeable
terms: nation and state.
a. Nation, according to Benedict Anderson,
is an "imagined community" and does not
go beyond a given "official boundary". It is
inherently limited and sovereign. It has
boundaries, meaning not anyone can be a
Filipino.
- this refers to large group of people who
share common characteristics such as
language, traditions, and ethnicity.
b. State, in layman's terms, refers to a
country and its government.
- a community of persons more or less
numerous occupying a definite territory
completely free of external control and
possessing an organized government to
which the great body of inhabitants render
habitual obedience.
Interstate system - a system of competing
and allying states.
Treaty of Westphalia - set of agreements
signed in 1648 to end the Thirty Years' War
between the major continental powers of
Europe. It was designed to avert wars in the
future by recognizing that the treaty signers
exercise complete control over their
domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in
each other's affairs and provide stability for
the nations of Europe.
Concert of Europe - alliance of "great
powers" of the United Kingdom, Austria,
Russia and Prussia that sought to restore the
world of monarchial, hereditary and
religious privileges of the time before the
French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.
This Metternich system (named after the
Austrian diplomat, Klemens von Metternich,
the system's main architect) lasted from
1815 to 1914, at the dawn of World War I.
The above interstate system have been
attempted to be transcend. They imagine
system that heightened interaction
between the nation states, the one in the
box are the principles they employed in
creating the systems and below it are its
examples or manifestation in history.
Principles of Interstate System
NATIONALISM - a doctrine and/or a political
movement that seeks to make the nation
the basis of a political structure especially a
state. It is a sense of national consciousness
that generally exalts one's own nation
above others and focuses on the promotion
of interests.
INTERNATIONALISM- desire for greater Jerry Bentham - British philosopher who
cooperation and unity among states and coined the term "international" in 1780. He
people. In a more comprehensive believed that objective global legislators
definition, it is a political principle that should aim to propose legislation that would
places the interests of the entire world create "the greatest happiness of all nations
above those of individual nations and taken together".
argues for cooperation among nations for
Giuseppe Mazzini - first thinker to reconcile
common good. This can be divided into
nationalism with liberal internationalism in
two broad categories: liberal
19th century. He believed in a Republican
internationalism and socialist
government and proposed a system of free
internationalism.
nations that cooperated with each other to
Liberal internationalism - set of related create an international system and that
concepts on how to best organize free, independent states would be the basis
international relations between states and of an equally free, cooperative
non-state actors that emphasize a belief in international system. Moreover, as a
international progress, interdependence, nationalist internationalist, he believes that
cooperation, diplomacy, multilateralism, free, unified nation-states should be the
and support for international political basis of global cooperation.
structures and organizations. The theory
Woodrow Wilson - American president
assumes that we can move past the
during 1913-1921 who became one of the
violence and anarchy of the international
20th century's most prominent
system through cooperation. Liberal
internationalist. He believed in the principle
internationalists believe that humans by
of self-determination - the belief that the
nature are good, or at least, not naturally
world's nations had a right to a free and
aggressive. They also have faith in the good
sovereign government. He hoped that free
that both domestic and international
nations would become democracies only
organizations and institutions can do.
by being such would they be able to build
Socialist internationalism - believes that it is a free system of international relations
possible to build a better world based upon based on international law and
the twin goals of equality and social justice. cooperation.
Nations should work together to create a
League of Nations - established in 1919 and
more peaceful world and finally bring an
a concretization of liberal internationalism.
end to capitalist exploitation. They argue
This is a venue for conciliation and
that there is a shared common interest
arbitration to prevent another war. Despite
amongst the working-class. Our identity is
being a failure, it gave birth to some of the
determined by economic forces rather
more task-specific international
than artificially imposed national
organizations that are still around until
boundaries.
today.
Immanuel Kant - first major thinker of liberal
internationalism that likened states in a
global system to people living in a given
territory.
Karl Marx - German socialist philosopher
and internationalist and one of Mazzini's
biggest critics. He believed that any true
form of internationalism should deliberately
reject nationalism which rooted people in
domestic concerns instead of global ones.
Instead, he placed a premium on
economic quality; he did no divide the
world into countries but into classes.
The Socialist International (SI) - union of
European socialist and labor parties
established in Paris in 1889.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) - a
more radical version of the collapsed SI. It is
a revolutionary government led by the
Bolshevik Party and its leader, Vladimir
Lenin. The Bolsheviks did not believe in
obtaining power for the working class
through election. Rather, they exhorted the
revolutionary "vanguard" parties to lead the
revolutions across the world.
Communist parties - parties that provide
power for the working class using methods
of terror if necessary.
Communist International (Comintern) -
established by Lenin in 1919 that served as
the central body for directing Communist
parties all over the world. After World War II,
it is late re-established as
Communist Information Bureau
(Cominform)
The following are the effects of Globalization
to Governments
1. It led to emergence of 'post-sovereign'
governance
2. It spurred several shifts in the main
attributes of 'States'.
3. It promoted moves toward multilayered
governance.
4. It encouraged some privatization of
governance.
THE UNITED NATIONS AND CONTEMPORARY
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
International Organizations (10s) -
international intergovernmental
organizations or groups that are rimarily
made up of member-states
According to international relations
scholars Michael N. Barnett and Martha
Finnemore, the following are the powers of
IOs:
1. Power of clarification - 10s can invent and
apply categories, they create powerful
global standards.
2. Power to fix meanings - 10s are viewed as
legitimate sources of information. The
meanings they create have effects on
various policies.
3. Power to diffuse norms - 10s do not only
classify and fix meanings; they also spread
their ideas across the world thereby
establishing global standards.
Institutions Governing International
Relations
1. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
established in 1944 and promotes world
trade. It has 184 member countries.
Headquartered in Washington D.C. It works
to improve the financial condition of its
member countries
2. World Wildlife Fund (WWF) was set up in
1961 and is the world's largest conservation
organization. Its main aim is to protect
endangered animals and the places where
they live.
3. World Health Organization (WHO) is a
part of the United Nations. It promotes
health matters worldwide and aims to raise
medical standards and monitor diseases
4. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
was set up in 1947. It works to improve the
health and welfare of children and mothers
in developing countries.
5. United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was
set up in 1946. It encourages countries to
get together on matters such as education,
culture, and science.
6. World Bank is an international financial
institution was founded in 1944 which works
on reducing poverty. It helps developing
countries by giving loans.
7. World Trade Organization (WTO)
encourages international trade by
establishing trade agreements between
countries. With 153 member countries and
consisting more than 97% of entire world
trade, it propagates the international trade
policies.
8. The Group of 8 (G8) is made up of the
world's leading industrial countries
(Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan,
UK, USA, and Russia). The heads of the G8
countries meet each year to discuss global
issues such as world poverty and security.
9. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
was founded in 1949 in Washington. The
foreign ministers of 10 countries signed a
defense treaty that committed to helping
each other in the event of an attack There
are now 26 country members with
headquarters in Belgium.
10. United Nations (UN) was founded in
1945. Most countries of the world - a total of
191, are members. The general assembly of
UN makes the decision about
peacekeeping and human rights.
Functions:
a. Maintain international peace and
security
b. Protect human rights
C. Deliver humanitarian aid
d. Promote sustainable development
e. Uphold the international law
UNITED NATIONS' primary goal is to avert
another global war. The UN is divided into
five active groups:
1. General Assembly that acts as UN's "main
deliberation making and representative
organ”.
2. Security Council takes lead in
determining the existence of a threat to the
peace or an act of aggression.
3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)
which is the principal body for coordination,
policy review, policy dialogue and
recommendations on social and
environmental issues, as well as the
implementation of internationally agreed
development goals;
4. International Court of Justice whose task
is to settle, in accordance with international
law, legal disputes submitted to it by the
states and to give advisory opinions referred
to it by authorized United Nations organs
and specialized agencies; and
5. Secretariat consisting of the Secretary-
General and ten thousands of international
UN staff members who carry out the day-to-
day work of the UN as mandated by the
General Assembly and the organization's
other principal organs
Challenges of the United Nations
1. Limits placed upon its various organs and
programs by the need to respect state
sovereignty
2. Issues of security
Challenges Faced by International
Organizations
1. Lack of multilateral outcomes
2. Size and number of issues
3. Competition to be the classical
international organizations
4. Speed of technological change
5. Acceleration of history and
multilateral processes
5. Geopolitical change
7. Blurring distinction between public and
private
8. Digital environment
9. Incoherence, exclusion
inappropriate governance
accountability
Relevance of State Amid Globalization
The functions and role of the State have
been transformed substantially. The general
configuration of its responsibilities has
changed and this has introduced important
modifications both in the policy arena and
in the State's requirements for high-level
skills, qualitatively and quantitatively.
The course of change points to a shift of
focus away from hands-on management
and the direct production of services and
goods towards strategic planning with a
view to the establishment and
maintenance, refinement and reform of an
enabling framework for private enterprise
and individual initiative.
The governments that seem to "be 'riding
the wave of globalization' are those that
have opened their [policy] analysis to
uncertainty, ambiguity and change
In these globally aware governments,
institutions have been created or altered to
scan the rapidly changing environment, to
promote policy invention and policy
dialogue, to speed up decision- making in
order to take advantage of emerging
opportunities, and to embrace short-term
failures in favor of creating long-term
sustainable strategies.
Governments without adequate capacity
to recognize and respond to change are
slow destined to be forever behind the 'waves of
change'.
The ability to embrace change is related to
an attitude of openness to diversity, comfort
with uncertainty, and optimism about the
future. With the advance of globalization,
the State has an important role to play in
the establishment and preservation of an
and "even playing field" and an enabling
and environment for private enterprise,
individual creativity and social action.
Strong democratic states are necessary to
protect the children, the sick, the elderly
and other vulnerable segments of society,
combat the social exclusion of minority
groups and ensure a more equitable
distribution of the benefits of globalization.
A democratic State, which is proactive and
strategic, is required to arrest and, in the
medium- term, reverse poverty and
underdevelopment. It is important to
underline that an intelligent, democratic
State can also be socially proactive, but
does not mean "big government". It means
"quality" not "quantity" or volume of
government activity. It implies a State with
lean but strong democratic institutions.
-FIGHTING!!!!! Ithyyl