CONTEMPORARY GLOBALIZATION
- example, factories closing in the United States
Contemporary World - The circumstances and
ideas of the present age (present times)
Why do we need to study it?
- allows one to make more sense of the current
world
Globalization - the process of interaction and
integration among people, companies, and
governments worldwide.
Factors that accelerated globalization
1. improved trade
2. increased labour and capital mobility
3. improved technology
Contemporary Globalization - Force or process
that involves the entire world and results in
making something world-wide in scope
-Increasing interconnectedness of different
parts of the world through common processes
of economic, environmental, political, and
cultural change.
Global connections today differ in four ways
from past:
1. Function at much greater speed
2. Operates on a much larger scale
3. The scope of global connections is much
broader and has multiple dimensions
4. Interactions and interdependencies among
numerous global actors have created a new
level of complexity for the relationships
between places and regions
Modern Technology - has created quick
movement of money, materials, products,
technology and other economic assets
LOCALIZATION - places might be attractive
because of resources, or it might be suitable for
new factories, extract materials, sell them, etc.
HEIGHTENED ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES
and open in Mexico due to cheaper labor.
SPECIALIZATION ON LOCAL LEVEL
Each place plays a distinctive role based on its
local assets
Economic Globalization - refers to the
increasing interdependence of world economies
as a result of the growing scale of cross-border
trade of commodities and services, flow of
international capital and wide and rapid spread
of technologies.
Commodity Chains - a process used by firms to
gather resources, transform them into goods or
commodities, and finally, distribute them to
consumers. It is a series of links connecting the
many places of production and distribution and
resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged
on the world market.
Transnational Operations- conduct research,
operates factories, and sells products in many
countries, not just where it’s headquarters are
located.
Culture - Culture is the characteristics of a
particular group of people, defined by
everything from language, religion, cuisine,
social habits, music and arts.
Cultural Globalization - refers to the
transmission of ideas, meanings, and values
around the world in such a way as to extend
and intensify social relations.
- This process is marked by the common
consumption of cultures that have been
diffused by the Internet, popular culture media,
and international travel.
POSITIVE REPERCUSSIONS
Globalization has made us more conscious and
tolerant of other's lifestyles and beliefs.
NEGATIVE
1. Cola-Colinization
 2. Cultural imperialism BECOME THE VOICE FOR:
3. Country's’ traditional foods lost to big Youths
fast food chains Disabled person
4. Traditional clothing lost to big clothing Lesbians
brands Homosexual
IDP
Political Globalization- is linked to the growing
Abused
importance of international
Women
organization
Consumers
-One of the key aspects of the political
Environment
globalization is the declining importance of the
Human rights
nation-state and the rise of other actors on the
WORLD RISK SOCIETY - “Risk which is inherent
political scene.
in modern society would contribute towards
IDENTITY GLOBALIZATION the formation of a global risk society.” -Ulrich
Beck-
5 MOST PROMINENT INFLUENCE OF RUNAWAY WORLD - Anthony Giddens
GLOBALIZATION TO IDENTITY: ❑Globalization is an unpredictable destabilizing
1. PRESENCE OF IMPORTED GOODS AND process
SERVICES CONSUMED BY ALL SOCIAL ➢“not settled or secured but freight with
GROUPS anxieties. ”
2. NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOCIAL 2 Consequences of globalization:
INTERACTION ❑Risk consciousness -Technologies open new
3. TRAVEL AND MIGRATION risks after risks.
4. PROMINENT PERSONALITIES ❑Detraditionalization -As new ideas form,
5. HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMANITARIAN traditions are questioned and then comes to an
AGENCIES DEVELOPMENT end.
CRITICAL THEORY OF GLOBALIZATION - a social
MAIN ORGANIZATIONS FOR FACILITATING theory oriented toward critiquing and changing
GLOBALIZATION: society as a whole.
1. International Monetary Fund ➢aim to dig beneath the surface of social life
2. World Bank and uncover assumptions. ➢2 important things:
3. World Trade Organization ✓must account for the whole of society within a
historical context.
Civil Society - Refers to voluntary associations
whose activities seek to shape policies, norms ✓should seek to offer a robust and holistic
and/or deeper social structures critique.
➢True Critical Theory: Explanatory, practical,
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS and normative.
Protection bodies WORLD SYSTEMS PERSPECTIVE
Community-based orgs is a response to the criticisms of Dependency
Academic institutions Theory.
Environmental campaigns • was developed by Immanuel Wallerstein
Cooperatives (1979).
Charitable foundations
• Wallerstein accepts the fact ex-colonies are
not doomed to be forever trapped in a state of
dependency.
4 PRINCIPLES:
• One must look at the world system as a
whole, rather than just at individual countries
• Wallerstein believes that the MWS is
characterized by an international division of
labor consisting of a structured set of relations
between three types of capitalist zone:
➢The core
➢The semi-peripheral zone
➢The peripheral countries
• Countries can be upwardly or downwardly
mobile in the world system.
• The Modern World System is dynamic – core
countries are constantly evolving new ways of
extracting profit from poorer countries and
regions.
THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Westphalian Theory - “is the principle of
international law that each nation state has
sovereignty over its territory and domestic
affairs, to the exclusion of all external powers,
on the principle of non-interference in another
country's domestic affairs, and that each state.”
Imperialism - refers to the “various methods
that one country employs to gain political,
economic and military control over another
country or geographic area.”
-means the practice, the theory, and the
attitudes of the dominating core in ruling the
distant territory.
Colonialism - “Is one of the methods in which
one country takes control of a geographic area
that involves the settlement of settlers and
formal mechanisms of control.”
-the consequences of Imperialism, it is the
implanting of settlements on distant territory.
Post colonial Period - The era of when colonial
masters depart from from their former colonies.
Sandugo - a blood compact, performed in the
island of Bohol in the Philippines, between the
Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi and
Datu Sikatuna the chieftain of Bohol on March
16, 1565, to seal their friendship as part of the
tribal tradition.”
Treaty of Westphalia - The Peace of Westphalia
was a series of peace treaties signed between
May and October 1648, largely ending the
European wars of religion. The Westphalia area
of north-eastern Germany gave its name to the
treaty that ended the Thirty Years’ War.
Role of Colonialism in Shaping Global Political
and Economic hierarchy of Societies
1. Colonialism has shaped modern inequality.
2. It ended up creating very distinct sorts of
societies in different places.
3. Implementation of colonial education and
languages to the importation of technology,
science, and medicine has impacted colonized
societies.
Effect of Globalization on Governments
- Globalization can force local governments to
accept ideas and laws that they don’t agree
with.
-Institutions that Govern International Relations
United Nations (UN)- describes itself as a
“global association of governments facilitating
co-operation in international law, international
security, economic development and social
equity.”
-Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)- is an
“international organization consisting of 57
member states. The organsation attemps to be
the collective voice of the Muslim world and to
safeguard their interest”
Institutions that Govern International
Relations
African Union
Arab League
BRICS
South Asian Association of Regional
Cooperation
Commonwealth of Nations
Council of Europe
NEO-COLONIALISM
- “A new form of global power relationships that
involves not direct political control but
economic exploitation by multinational
corporations.”
INTERNATIONALISM
- “The state or process of being international.
the principle of cooperation among nations, for
the promotion of their common
good,sometimes as contrasted with
nationalism, or devotion to the interests of a
particularnation.”
GLOBALISM
- Globalism refers to various systems with scope
beyond the merely international.
Wallerstein’s World System Theory
- “World economy” is an approach to world
history and social change that suggests there is
a world economic system in which some
countries benefit while others are exploited.
Main Characteristics of World System Theory :
-The world systems theory is established on a
three-level hierarchy consisting of core,
periphery, and semi-periphery areas.
-The core countries dominate and exploit the
peripheral countries for labor and raw
materials.
-The peripheral countries are dependent on
core countries for capital.
-The semi-peripheral countries share
characteristics of both core and peripheral
countries.
-This theory emphasizes the social structure of
global inequality.
CORE
appear to be powerful, wealthy and highly
independent of outside control.
able to deal with bureaucracies effectively
they have powerful militaries and can boast
with strong economies.
Due to resources that are available to them
(mainly intellectual), they are able to be at the
forefront of technological progress and have a
significant influence on less developed non-core
nations.
SEMI-PERIPHERY
less developed economy
not dominant in the international trade.
In terms of their influence on the world
economies, they end up midway between the
core and periphery countries.
they strive to get into a dominant position of
the core nation, and it was proved historically
that it is possible to gain major influence in the
world and become a core country.
PERIPHERY
least economically developed.
One of the main reasons for their peripheral
status is the high percentage of uneducated
people who can mainly provide cheap unskilled
labor to the core nations.
There is a very high level of social inequality,
together with a relatively weak government
which is unable to control country’s economic
activity and the extensive influence of the core
nations.
Three Major Intellectual Building Blocks of
World-system Theory
Annales school
-Historical approach
-Insistence on the long term (la longue dureé)
-Focus on geo-ecological regions as units of
analysis
-Attention to rural history
-Reliance on empirical materials
Marx
-the fundamental reality if social conflict among
materially based human groups
-the concern with a relevant totality
-the transitory nature of social forms and
theories about them
-the centrality of the accumulation process and
competitive class struggles that result from it
a dialectical sense of motion through conflict
and contradiction
Dependence theory
a neo-Marxist explanation of development
processes
popular in the developing world
focuses on understanding the “periphery” by
looking at core-periphery relations, and it has
flourished in peripheral regions like Latin
America
Many contemporary critiques to global
capitalism come from.
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION TO
NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS
GLOBALIZATION –
-Made it possible for countries and people from
all over the world be connected and be
interdependent economically, politically &
socially.
-Affects internal changes of a nation through:
External and internal pressures.
-Great potential opportunities for growth,
human development and political and economic
security for the people.
Its important function is to bestow legitimacy
on different state governments.
National governments
-Holds absolute supremacy over a state or
nation which may have distinct powers at
various levels.
-Executive
-Legislative
-Judiciary
Responsible for establishing national laws and
enforcing them.
External pressures
Compel conformity to global standards. States
are confronted with a variety of penalties and
costs if they refuse to comply with standards
and benefits.
INTEREST BASED ALLIANCES
1. ASEAN
2. APEC
INTERNAL PRESSURES
Seeks stability and social protection through
different social changes which come from
citizens and other state actors such as
institutions and NGO’s.
Behaviors and attitudes of the people of a
nation affect the nation which forces the
national government to make adjustments to
be able to provide the changing needs of the
people.
Westphalia treaty
- “whoever held power was recognized by the
rest of the world as the government, regardless
of how they attained their rule.”
Worldwide governance indicators
- These are a set of composite indicators of
governance published by the World Bank.
- A nation’s score in the WGI will determine its
likelihood or probability to attract foreign
investments, tourism, financial and other forms
of aid and global reputation.
- This is similar to the Westphalia Treaty
because it also focuses on a set of norms which
a country or nation abides to create and to
maintain its peace relations with other nations.
- These set of norms set by the WGI are
elaborated in its 6 dimensions of governance.
6 dimensions of governance
Voice and Accountability
Political Stability and Absence of
Violence/Terrorism
Government effectiveness
Regulatory Quality
Rule of Law
Control of Corruption
1. The process by which those in authority
selected and replaced.
Voice and Accountability
Political Stability and Absence of violence
2. The capacity of the government to
formulate and to implement policies
Government Effectiveness
Regulatory Quality
3. The respect of citizens and state for
institutions that govern interactions among
them.
Rule of Law
Control of Corruption
Imperial manila - To express The dominance of
the capital city (manila) in whether
politics, economy and business or culture affairs
over local governments, are decided by what
goes on in the capital region, without
considering the needs of the rest of the country,
largely because of centralized government.
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT - is a system of
dividing up power between a central national
government and local state governments that
are connected to one another by the national
government. Some areas of public life are under
the control of the national government, and
some areas are under control of the local
governments.
-Empower regions
-Recognize diversity
-More responsive government
-Deter corruption

Politics: the country is a centralized government

that provincial governments favor constitutional
amendments for a shift to federal government.
Economy: Internal colonialism is the uneven
effects of economic development on a regional
basis, otherwise known as “uneven
development" as a result of the exploitation
of minority groups within a wider society and
leading to political and economic inequalities
between regions within a state.
Culture: In Marxist philosophy, cultural
hegemony is the domination of a culturally
diverse society by the ruling class who
manipulate the culture of that society—
the beliefs, explanations, perceptions, values,
and mores—so that their imposed, ruling-
class worldview becomes the accepted
cultural norm; the universally valid dominant
ideology, which justifies the social, political, and
economic status as natural and inevitable,
perpetual and beneficial for everyone, rather
than as artificial social constructs that benefit
only the ruling class.
MARGINALIZATION
Or Social Exclusion is the process of pushing a
particular group or groups of people to the edge
of society by not allowing them an active voice,
identity, or being less important.