LESSON 1
WORLD HEALTH
Defining Globalization
Globalization - people and
countries can exchange information and
goods in an easy way. It represents the
global integration of international trade,
investment, information technology,
and cultures.
Globalization represents the
global integration of international
trade, investment, information
technology, and cultures.
A. WORLD HISTORY
World history- they introduced around
centuries the idea of concept of
globalization; traders explore to buy
rare commodities such as salt, spices,
and gold, which they would then sell in
their home countries.
19th century Industrial Revolution
brought advances in communication
and transportation that have removed
borders and increased cross-border
trade.
Silk Road, when trade spread rapidly
between China and Europe via an
overland route.
B.
ORGANIZATION
“World Health Organization (WHO),“
the increased interconnectedness and
interdependence of peoples and
countries.” Two inter-related elements:
the opening of international borders to
increasingly fast flows of goods,
services, finance, people, and ideas; and
the changes in institutions and policies
at national and international
levels that facilitate or promote such
flows.”
C. THOMAS FRIEDMAN
“The inexorable integration of markets,
transportation systems, and
communication systems to a degree
never witnessed before - defined in a
way that is enabling corporations,
countries, and individuals to reach
around the world farther, faster,
deeper, and cheaper than ever before.
D. MANFRIED STEGER
“The term globalization should be used
to refer to a set of social processes that
are thought to transform our present
social condition into one of globality”
E. UNO - COMMITTEE
ON DEV'T. POLICY
Committee for Development Policy
(a subsidiary body of the United Nations
Organization), increasing
interdependence of world economies
as a result of the growing scale of cross-
border trade of commodities and
services, the flow of international
capital, and the wide and rapid spread
of technologies. It reflects the
continuing expansion and mutual
integration of market frontiers (…) and
the rapid growing significance of
information in all types of productive
activities and marketization are the two
major driving forces for economic
globalization.”
F. ECONOMICS
Economic concept, the flow of products
and services with few barriers in
the integration of market, investment
and trade between nations. At some
point, culture is also assimilated and
trade as they exchange ideas and
traditions.
G. GEOGRAPHY
set of processes (economic, social,
cultural, technological, institutional)
that contribute to the relationship
between societies and individuals
around the world
Manfred Steger- "the expansion
and intensification of social relations
and consciousness across world-time
and world-space."
1.) Expansion - refers to “both the
creation of new social networks and
multiplication of existing connections
that cut across traditional political,
economic, cultural, and geographic
boundaries.”
2.) Intensification - refers to the
expansion, stretching, and acceleration
of these networks.
Manfred further differentiated
globalization, globality, and globalism.
GLOBALIZATION is a process,
globality signifies a future social
condition characterized by thick
economic, political, and cultural
interconnections and global flows that
make
currently existing political borders and
economic barriers are irrelevant.
GLOBALISM means globalization as
an ideology reflecting shared ideas,
norms, and values accepted as truth.
there are
three (3) kinds of
GLOBALISM namely:
Market globalism advocates promise
a consumerist, neoliberal, free-market
world.
Justice globalism envisages a global
civil society with fairer relationships and
environmental safeguards.
Religious globalism strives for a
global religious community with
superiority over secular structures.
ARJUN APPADURAI
an anthropologist believed that
different kinds of globalization occur on
multiple and intersecting dimensions of
integration that he calls “scapes.”
“Enthnoscape”, for example, refers to
the global movement of people.
“Mediascape” is about the flow of
culture.
“Technoscape” refers to the circulation
of mechanical goods and software.
“Finanscape” denotes the global
circulation of money.
“Ideoscape” is the realm where political
ideas move around.
WHAT IS THE COMMON GROUND?
Connected, cooperation, expanding,
interdependence.
HOW DO WE MAKE IT MORE JUST?
Christine Lagarde (IMF) defends we
should pursue globalization policies that
extend the benefits of openness and
integration while alleviating their side
effects.
LESSON 2
Origins and History of
Globalization
A. SILK
Silk (1st century BC-5th century AD,
and 13th-14th centuries AD)-
But as of the 1st century BC, a
remarkable phenomenon occurred. For
the first time in history, luxury products
from China started to appear on the
other edge of the Eurasian continent –
in Rome. Trade had stopped being a
local or regional affair and started to
become global. Silk was mostly a luxury
good, and so were the spices that were
added to the intercontinental trade
between Asia and Europe.
B. SPICE ROUTES
Spice routes (7th-15th centuries)- in
trade happened thanks to
Islamic/Muslim merchants. As the new
religion spread in all directions from its
Arabian heartland in the 7th century,
so did trade. The founder of Islam, the
prophet Mohammed (s.a.w.), was
famously a merchant, as was his wife
Khadija. Trade was thus in the DNA of
the new religion and its followers, and
that showed. By the early 9th century,
Muslim traders already dominated
Mediterranean and Indian Ocean
trade; afterwards, they could be found
as far east as Indonesia, which over
time became a Muslim-majority
country, and as far west as Moorish
Spain. The main focus of Islamic trade
in those Middle Ages was spices. Unlike
silk, spices were traded mainly by sea
since ancient times.
C. AGE OF DISCOVERY
Age of Discovery (15th-18th centuries)-
global trade kicked off in the Age of
Discovery. It was in this era, from the
end of the 15th century onwards, that
European explorers connected East
and West – and accidentally discovered
the Americas. Aided by the discoveries
of the so-called “Scientific Revolution”
in the fields of astronomy, mechanics,
physics, and shipping, the Portuguese,
Spanish and later the Dutch and the
English first “discovered”, The Age of
Discovery rocked the world. The most
(in)famous “discovery” is that of
America by Christopher Columbus,
which all but ended pre-Colombian
civilizations. But the most consequential
exploration was the circumnavigation
by Ferdinand Magellan.
D. WAVES OF
GLOBALIZATION
D.1 First wave of globalization
(19th century-1914)-
By the end of the 18th century, Great
Britain had started to dominate the
world both geographically, through the
establishment of the British Empire, and
technologically, with innovations like
the steam engine, the industrial
weaving machine and more. The
“British” Industrial Revolution made
for a fantastic twin engine of global
trade. But the first wave of globalization
and industrialization also coincided with
darker events, too.
The World Wars- In 1914, the
outbreak of World War I brought an end
to just about everything the burgeoning
high society of the West had gotten so
used to, including globalization. Millions
of soldiers died in battle, millions of
civilians died as collateral damage, war
replaced trade, destruction replaced
construction, and countries closed their
borders yet again. The Great Depression
in the US led to the end of the boom in
South America, and a run on the banks
in many other parts of the world.
D.2 Second and third wave of
globalization
Under the leadership of a new
hegemon, the United States of America,
and aided by the technologies of the
Second Industrial Revolution, like the
car and the plane, global trade started
to rise once again. Iron Curtain divided
the world into two spheres of influence.
the European Union, and other free
trade vehicles championed by the US
were responsible for much of the
increase in international trade. In the
Soviet Union, there was a similar
increase in trade. The orders Keynes
could place by phone in 1914 could now
be placed over the Internet.
D.3 Globalization 4.0- In a world
increasingly dominated by two global
powers, the US and China, the new
frontier of globalization is the cyber
world. The digital economy, in its
infancy during the third wave of
globalization, is now becoming a force
to reckon with through e-commerce,
digital services, 3D printing. It is further
enabled by artificial intelligence but
threatened by cross-border hacking and
cyberattacks.
Negative Impacts:
climate change, economic inequality,
social instability, mass immigration,
political instability
LESSON 3
The Global Economy
International Monetary
Fund (IMF) regards “economic
globalization‟ as a historical process
representing the result of human
innovation and technological progress.
It has done useful work in various fields,
such as research and the publication of
statistics and the tendering of monetary
advice to less-developed countries. It
has done useful work in various fields,
such as research and the publication of
statistics, and the tendering of
monetary advice to less-developed
countries. Its primary purpose is to
ensure the stability of the international
monetary system—the system of
exchange rates and international
payments that enables countries (and
their citizens) to transact with each
other.
United Nations
“Increasing interdependence of world
economies as a result of the growing
scale of cross-border trade of
commodities and services, flow of
international capital and wide and rapid
spread of technologies.
to Dennis
O. Flynn and
Arturo Giraldez, “Global trade
emerged when”:
1.) All heavily populated continents
began to exchange products
continuously - both with each other
directly and indirectly via other
continents – and
2.) did so in values sufficient to
generate lasting impacts on all trading
partners”
Economic globalization
companies seek the greatest possibility
of efficient and maximized profits that
will involve many regions and localities
to „global production‟.
Free Trade
will be a necessary condition for the
development of production networks.
Yet, there are still downsides on having
free trade in the world.
Global Actors in the Global
Economy
Multinational Corporation (MNC)
It is a business organization whose
activities are located in more than two
countries and is the organizational firm
that defines foreign direct investment.
This firm consists of a country location
where it is incorporated and established
branches or subsidiaries in foreign
countries.
North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
NATO is based on the North Atlantic
Treaty, which provides the organization
with a framework. The treaty provides
that an armed attack against one or
more of NATO‟ 's member nations shall
be considered an attack against them
all. It is headquartered in Brussels,
Belgium. The organization was formed
in 1949. Many countries joined NATO --
even Iceland which is the only member
without a military force.
The World Trade Organization,
the International Monetary Fund,
and the World Bank are the three
institutions that underwrite the basic
rules and regulations of economic,
monetary, and trade relations between
countries. Many developing nations
have loosened trade rules under
pressure from the IMF and the World
Bank.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
is the only global international
organization dealing with the rules of
trade between nations. At its heart are
the WTO agreements, negotiated and
signed by the bulk of the world’s trading
nations and ratified in their parliaments.
The Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development
(OECD), the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC), and the European
Union (EU)
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD) with 35
member states as of 2016, with Latvia
as its latest member. It is highly
influential, despite the group having
little formal power. This emanates from
the member countries‟ resources and
economic power. In 1960, the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) was originally
comprised of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait,
Iran, and Venezuela. They are still part
of the major exporters of oil in the
world today. OPEC was formed because
member countries wanted to increase
the price of oil, which in the past had a
relatively low price and had failed in
keeping up with inflation.
European Union (EU) is made up of
28 member states. Most members in
the Eurozone adopted the euro as basic
currency but some Western European
nations like the Great Britain, Sweden,
and Denmark did not. Critics argue that
the euro increased the prices in
Eurozones and resulted in depressed
economic growth rates, like in Greece,
Spain, and Portugal. Its goals are to
promote peace, its values, and the well-
being of its citizens; offer freedom,
security, and justice without internal
borders; uphold sustainable
development; combat social exclusion
and discrimination; promote scientific
and technological progress; enhance
economic; social and territorial
cohesion among member countries;
respect cultural and linguistic diversity;
and establish an economic and
monetary union.
North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)
is a trade pact between the United
States, Mexico, and Canada created on
January 1, 1994, when Mexico joined
the two other nations. It also aims to
increase Cooperation for improving
working conditions in North America by
reducing barriers to trade as it expands
the markets of the three countries.
Macro level in which includes the
international organizations and regimes
that establish rules and norms for the
global community. The World Bank, the
International Monetary Fund, the World
Trade Organization, and the
International Labor Organization are the
existing international organizations that
make impact to the economy of the
world. Meso level in which it is believed
that the building blocks for the global
economy are the countries and firms.
Micro level- There is a growing
literature on the resistance to
globalization by consumer groups,
activists, and transnational social
movements.
Modern World System (MWS)
theory developed by Immanuel
Wallerstein, explains the contact of
economies between core, semi-
peripheral, and peripheral countries in
the world. The core states have the
absolute advantage over the others
through unequal exchange and
extraction of raw materials from the
periphery and semi-periphery. In short,
the world systems theory says that even
though the world economy is always
changing, there are three basic groups
of countries: the core, the periphery,
and the semi-periphery. Core countries
rule over and take advantage of
countries on the edges.
LESSON 4
Market Integration
Market integration is the fusing
of many markets into one. Market
integration occurs when prices among
different locations or related goods
follow similar patterns over a long
period of time. By the end of the 20th
century, globalization across markets
had returned to the levels seen just
before World War I. Today, markets are
more integrated than ever as
transportation
costs have continued to fall and most
tariffs have been scrapped altogether.

TYPES OF MARKET
INTEGRATION
1.) HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION
This occurs when a firm or agency gains
control of other firms or agencies
performing similar marketing functions
at the same level in the marketing
sequence. Agencies combine to form a
union with a view to reducing their
effective number and the extent of
actual competition in the market.
2.) VERTICAL INTEGRATION
This occurs when a firm performs more
than one activity in the sequence of the
marketing process. It is a linking
together of two or more functions in
the marketing process within a single
firm or under a single ownership.
a.) Forward integration - If a firm
assumes another function of
marketing which is closer to the
consumption function, it is a
case of forward integration.
b.) Backward integration - This
involves ownership or a
combination of sources of
supply.
3.) CONGLOMERATION
A combination of agencies or activities
not directly related to each other may,
when it operates under unified
management, be termed a
conglomeration.
Global market integration
means that price differences between
countries are eliminated as all markets
become one. One way to the progress
of globalization is to look at trends how
prices converge or become similar
across countries. The time when the
costs of trading across the country fall
and that is the time the other firm will
take advantage of price differences,
other countries may enter the market
of other country. Trading cost fall when
new product invented or developed
becomes cheaper and also, some costs
are man-made like when they impose
barriers for trading. By the end of the
20th century, globalization across
markets had returned to the levels seen
just before World War I. Today, markets
are more integrated than ever as
transportation costs have continued to
fall and most tariffs have been scrapped
altogether.
LESSON 5
Interstate System
STATE
has been the traditional subject of
global politics.
~ It is viewed as the institution that
creates warfare and sets economic
policies for a country.
~ Moreover, it is a political unit that has
authority over its own affairs, and most
of the time we refer to them as
‘countries’ in layman’s terms.
~ When we talk about state, it must
always consist of the four elements
such as fixed territory, people,
government and sovereignty.
Treaty of Westphalia on 1648
where the notion of nation-state and
idea of state sovereignty has started.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN)- Established in 1967, now has
10 member states. Its aims are to
accelerate economic growth, social
progress, and cultural development in
the region; promote regional
progression; advance peace and
sustainability; and promote active and
beneficial cooperation and mutual
assistance on matters of common
interest in the economic, technical,
cultural, administrative, and scientific
fields.
The following are suggested
“replacements” for nation-states:
1.) Regional alliances and worldwide
organizations
2.) Regional and international
economic bonds
3.) Private capital groups
4.) non-state organization
SYSTEM
(1) a set of assemblage of things
connected, associated, or
interdependent, so as to form a
complex unity, or
(2) a whole composed
of parts in orderly arrangement
according to some scheme or plan.
In studies of international politics, the
conception of “system‟ has been used
mainly in two ways:
international system and world
system(s).
The term international system is
a concept for analysis or description of
international politics.
The interstate system or world-systems
perspective on modernity claims that
this high degree of interdependence is
not a recent phenomenon and that an
important dimension of the global
system has been, and continues to be,
its stratification structure that is
organized as a core/periphery
hierarchy in which some national
societies have far more power and
wealth than others.
The world-systems perspective
emerged during the world revolution of
1968 and the anti-war movement that
produced a generation of scholars who
saw the peoples of Global South (then
called the “Third World”) as more than
an underdeveloped backwater.
It became widely understood that a
global power structure existed and that
the peoples of the non-core had been
active participants in their own
liberation. The history of colonialism
and decolonization were seen to have
importantly shaped the structures and
institutions of the whole global system.\

Interstate System
The resistance to exploitation and
domination mounted by non-core
peoples has played a powerful role in
shaping the historical development of
world-systems since the Bronze Age.
Thus, sociocultural development cannot
be properly understood without
attention to the core/periphery
hierarchy and world-systems are a
fundamental unit of analysis for
explaining long-term sociocultural
evolution.
On the other hand, most studies of war
that take the interstate system as the
unit of analysis begin with assumptions
from the ‘realist’ paradigm. States are
seen as unitary actors, and their actions
are explained in terms of the structural
characteristics of the system.
The most important feature of the
interstate system is that it is anarchic or
inorderly. Unlike politics within states,
relations between states take place in a
Hobbesian ‘state of nature.’
Balance-of-power theories
(Morgenthau, 1967) suggest that an
equal distribution of power in the
system facilitates peace and that
unequal power distributions lead to
war. They argue that parity deters all
states from aggression and that an
unequal power distribution will
generally result in the strong using force
against the weak.
An interstate system has been emerging
in Asia since the early 1990s. In this
system, all nations are now tantamount
to being equal, where economic
stratification is collapsing rapidly.
A system of states (or international
system) is formed when two or more
states have sufficient contact between
them, and have sufficient impact on
one another’s decisions, to cause them
to behave - at least in some measure -
as parts of a whole (Bull 1977:9-10).
A society of states (international
society) exists when a group of states,
conscious of certain common interests
and common values, form a society in
the sense that they conceive
themselves to be bound by a common
set of rules in their relations with one
another, and share in the working of
common institutions (Bull 1977:13).
If we borrow Bull’s concepts,
international relations have been
rapidly changing from international
system to international society in the
post-Cold War era.
In the Asian context, an autonomous
system of states was formed in the
1990s for the first time in history
(ASEAN formed in 1995), and it has
already acquired some elements of
international society.
LESSON 6
Global Governance
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
As defined by WHO (2015), global
governance is understood as “the way
in which global affairs are managed.”
As there is no global government,
global governance typically involves a
range of actors:
- States
- Regional organizations
- International organizations
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE is thought to be
an international process of consensus-
forming which generates guidelines
and agreements that affect national
governments and international
corporations.” (WHO, 2015).
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE is a product of
neoliberal paradigm shifts in
international political and economic
relations.
CRITICISMS OVER
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
~ It supports the neoliberal ideology of
globalization and reduce the role of the
state (and thus its sovereignty) to that
of an adjusting body for the
implementation of international
policies.
~ Some argue that, as a result, the
interests of the poorest people and
nations will be ignored unless they
have a direct impact on the global
economy.
GAPS OVER
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Three Primary Gaps (WHO, 2015)
1. Juridical Gap
2. Incentive Gap
3. Participation Gap
1. JURIDICAL GAP - between the
increasing need for global governance
in many areas - such as health - and the
lack of an authority with the power, or
jurisdiction, to take action.
2. INCENTIVE GAP - between the
need for international cooperation and
the motivation to undertake it. The
incentive gap is said to be closing as
globalization provides increasing
impetus for countries to cooperate.
3. PARTICIPATION GAP - which
refers to the fact that international
cooperation, remains
primarily the affair of governments,
leaving civil society groups on the
fringes of policy-making.
FIVE PARTICULAR GAPS
(Thakur and Weiss, 2015)
1. KNOWLEDGE GAPS - are
important because if we do not know
the severity of a problem, or if we don't
have the resources to investigate a
particular issue, then this could become
difficult for effective global governance.
2. NORMATIVE GAPS - follow
knowledge gaps. After we understand
that an issue exists, it is important to
establish (and develop) norms to
address that problem.
3. POLICY GAPS - are related to the
specifically policies that one can
implement in order to address the
stated problem. When we speak of
policy, we are talking about “the
articulated and linked set of governing
principles and goals, and the agreed
programs of action to implement those
principles and achieve those goals”.
4. INSTITUTIONAL GAPS - are the
challenges of implementing any policies
that are put forth by the international
community. If we are speaking about
environmental rights abuses,
institutional gaps would include any
failures of effective mechanisms to
ensure that environmental law is in
place.
5. COMPLIANCE GAPS - are one of
the final challenges with regards to
global governance. This includes
effective implementation, as well as
enforcement.