1.
Ethnoscape (global movement of
CONWOR
Globalization
Contemporary world – modern world
(world is an abstract concept)
Globalization – is the intensification and
expansion of the interaction of people, states or
countries, through the growth of the
international flow of money, ideas, products, and
culture. Thus Globalization is primarily focused
on the economic process of integration that has
social and cultural aspects.
The mass media are seen today as
playing a key role in enhancing globalization,
facilitating cultures exchange and multiple flows
of information and image between countries
through international news broadcast, television
programming, new technologies film and music.
Why study contemporary world?
- To take part in democratic life and develop
an attitude of openness to the world and
respect for diversity.
a. To cure parochialism (narrow-
mindedness)
o Parochialism – one focuses on small
of an issue rather than considering
its wider context.
o Learning about the world beyond
your own community can help
overcome the problem of only
focusing on your own group. Come
across new thoughts and concepts
that help you understand and make
sense of the bigger picture out there.
b. To teach us more about ourselves
o Encouraging them to take part in
social deliberation.
o Take positions on global issues
while respecting the opinions of
others.
Arjun Appadurai’s (five) notion of scapes
people)
o The flow of people across
boundaries
2. Mediascape (flow of culture)
o Distribution of electronic
technologies, entities, or capabilities
which produce information as well
as the information they disseminate.
3. Technoscape (flow mechanical goods
and softwares)
o The global arrangement and
movement of all sorts of technology
across world wide boundaries
o Central role in shaping
contemporary globalization and its
impact on societies.
4. Financescape (global circulation of
money)
o Rapid movement of money across
boarders / political boarders.
o Comprehending the intricate web of
financial interactions that shape
economies, policies, and the lives of
individuals worldwide. Enables
informed decision-making.
5. Ideosape (flow of ideas mostly political
ideas)
o Ideas, symbols, and narratives that
have spread around the globe (ex:
rapid spread of democracy in the
18th – 19th century)
o The flow of ideas
Globalization of world economy
Economic Globalization - historical process
representing the result of human innovation and
technological process. It is characterized by the
increasing integration of economies around the
world through the movement of goods, services
and capital across borders.
History
International Trading Systems
The oldest known international trade
route was the Silk Road (130 BCE to 1453
BCE). It was not truly global because it had no
ocean routes that could reach the American
continent.
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Historians Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giraldez,
globalization began when “all important
populated continents began to continuously trade
to each other and had a great impact to all
countries concern. The Galleon Trade (1571) -
connected Manila on the Philippine and
Acapulco in Mexico. The first time the
Americans were directly connected to Asian
trading routes.
Mercantilism
Economic system of trade that spanned
the 16th century to the 18th century.
Mercantilism was based on the principle that the
world's wealth was static, and consequently,
governments had to regulate trade to build their
wealth and national power. Many European
nations attempted to accumulate the largest
possible share of that wealth by maximizing
their exports and limiting their imports via
tariffs.
Characteristics of Mercantilism
1. The belief in the static nature of wealth
o Financial wealth was considered
limited
2. The need to increase the supply of gold
o Gold represent wealth and power,
lack of gold meant the downfall of a
nation
3. The need to maintain a trade surplus
o Focus on selling their exports more
than on spending on imports
4. The importance of a large population
o increasing a nation's population was
integral to supplying a labor force,
supporting domestic commerce, and
maintaining armies.
5. The use of colonies to support wealth
o Essentially, colonies increased a
nation's wealth-building power and
national security.
6. The use of Protectionism
o Protecting a nation's ability to build
and maintain trade surpluses
encompassed prohibiting colonies
from trading with other nations and
imposing tariffs on imported goods.
Gold Standard System
In 1867, US, UK and other European
countries. adopted the gold standard at an
international monetary conference in Paris.
The gold standard is a fixed monetary
regime under which the government's currency
is fixed and may be freely converted into gold. It
can also refer to a freely competitive monetary
system in which gold or bank receipts for gold
act as the principal medium of exchange; or to a
standard of international trade, wherein some or
all countries fix their exchange rate based on the
relative gold parity values between individual
currencies.
Characteristics of Gold Standard System
1. The gold standard is a monetary system
backed by the value of physical gold.
2. Gold coins, as well as paper notes
backed by or which can be redeemed for
gold, are used as currency under this
system.
3. Was popular throughout human
civilization, often part of a bi-metallic
system that also utilized silver.
4. Most of the world’s economies have
abandoned the gold standard since
1930s and now have free-floating fiat
currency regimes.
The Great Depression
Started during 1920s and extended up to
1930s. This was the worst and longest recession
ever. Due to the gold standard because it limited
the expenditure of countries.
Barry Eichengreen- Economic Historian
Argues that the recovery of the United
States really began when they abandoned the
gold standard system
Fiat currencies
Not backed by precious metals and
whose values is determined by their cost relative
to other countries. Allows the government to
freely and actively manage their economies by
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increasing or decreasing the amount of money I
circulation as they see fit.
The Bretton wood system
After the two WORLD WARS, world
leaders sought to create a global economic
system that would ensure a longer-lasting global
peace. They believed that one of the ways to
achieve this goal was to set up a network of
global financial institution that would promote
economic interdependence and prosperity. The
Bretton Woods System was inaugurated in 1944
during United Nations Monetary and Financial
Conference to prevent the catastrophes of the
early decades of the century from reoccurring
and affecting international ties.
Largely influenced by the ideas of
British economist John Maynard Kaynes who
believed that economic crisis occurs not when a
country does not have enough money, but when
money is not being spent and thereby, not
moving. Government intervention is necessary.
2 Financial Institutions BWS created
1) International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD, or World Bank) to be
responsible for funding post war
reconstruction projects.
2) International Monetary Fund (IMF)
which was to be the global lender of last
resort to prevent individual countries
from spiraling into credit crises.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) – signed in 1947 by 23 countries, is a
treaty minimizing barriers to international trade
by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs, and
subsidies. It was intended to boost economic
recovery after World War II.
Oil Crisis of 1973-74
The 1973 energy crisis, also known as
the Oil Shock of 1973–74, was a period of
skyrocketing energy prices and fuel shortages
resulting from an embargo by Arab oil-
producing/exporting nations Organization of
Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OAPEC/OPEC) in response to U.S. support for
Israel during the Yom Kippur War. During this
period, the price of a barrel of oil nearly
quadrupled in less than a year.
Yom Kippur War – war between Israel and a
group of Arab countries, led by Egypt and Syria,
from October 6 to 24, 1973.
Stagflation - occurs when there is a persistent
high inflation combined with high
unemployment and stagnant demand in a
country's economy.
Neoliberalism
A political and economic philosophy
that emphasizes free trade, deregulation,
globalization, and a reduction in government
spending. It's related to laissez-faire economics,
a school of thought that prescribes a minimal
amount of government interference in the
economic issues of individuals and society.
Characteristics of Neoliberalism
1. The policies of neoliberalism typically
support fiscal austerity, deregulation,
free trade, privatization, and a reduction
in government spending.
2. Often associated with the economic
policies of Margaret Thatcher in the
United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in
the United States.
3. Neoliberal initiatives concerning free
trade, industry deregulation, income tax
and capital gains tax cuts all had
bipartisan support.
4. There are many criticisms of
neoliberalism, including its potential
danger to democracy, workers’ rights,
and sovereign nations’ right to self-
determination.
5. It's also been accused of giving
corporations too much power and
worsening economic inequality.
Global Financial Crisis of 2008-2009
Banks were lending houseowners’
money pooled thee mortgage payments and sold
them as “mortgage-backed securities” (MBS), a
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combination of multiple mortgage that they
assumed would pay a steady rate.
Demand for MBSs increased as
investors clamoured for more investment
opportunities. In their haste to issue those loans,
the banks became less discriminating. They
began extending loans to everyone including
individuals with bad credits records. These
mortgage became known as Sub-prime
Mortgage.
Sometime in 2007, home prices stopped
increasing as supply caught up with demand. It
slowly become apparent that families could not
pay off their loans. This realization triggered the
raid reselling of MBSs as banks and investors
tried to get rid of their bad investments.
This dangerous cycle reached a tipping
point in September 2008. When major
investments banks like Lehaman Brothers
collapsed, thereby depleting major investments.
1. United Nations Organization (UN): -
The United Nations is an international
organization founded in 1945 with the
aim of promoting international
cooperation and maintaining peace and
security among nations. It addresses a
wide range of global issues, including
human rights, humanitarian assistance,
and sustainable development.
2. United Nations Children’s Fund
(UNICEF): - UNICEF is a specialized
agency of the United Nations focused on
improving the well-being of children
and mothers around the world. It
provides essential services, advocates
for children's rights, and supports
initiatives to ensure children's health,
education, and protection.
3. World Health Organization (WHO): -
The World Health Organization is a
specialized agency of the United
Nations responsible for international
public health. It sets standards, provides
technical assistance, and conducts
research to address global health issues
and pandemics.
4. World Economic Forum: - The World
Economic Forum is a Swiss-based
international organization that brings
together leaders from business,
government, academia, and civil society
to discuss and address global economic
and social challenges. It hosts annual
meetings in Davos, Switzerland.
5. International Monetary Fund (IMF):
- The International Monetary Fund is an
international financial institution that
provides financial assistance, policy
advice, and technical assistance to
member countries to promote monetary
cooperation, exchange rate stability, and
economic growth.
6. World Bank: - The World Bank is an
international financial institution that
provides financial and technical
assistance to developing countries for
infrastructure development, poverty
reduction, and economic development
projects.
7. World Trade Organization (WTO): -
The World Trade Organization is an
international organization that deals with
global rules of trade between nations. It
promotes free and fair trade by setting
trade agreements, resolving trade
disputes, and facilitating negotiations.
8. United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO): - UNESCO is a specialized
agency of the United Nations that
focuses on promoting international
collaboration in education, science,
culture, and communication. It works to
protect cultural heritage, support
education, and promote freedom of
expression.
9. South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC): - SAARC is an
organization of South Asian nations
aimed at promoting regional cooperation
and development in South Asia. It
addresses various regional issues,
including economic cooperation and
regional stability.
10. Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN): - ASEAN is a
regional intergovernmental organization
in Southeast Asia. It fosters economic,
political, security, and cultural
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 cooperation among its member states in
the Southeast Asian region.
11. Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development
(OECD): - The OECD is an
international organization composed of
member countries that work together to
promote economic growth, stability, and
improved living standards. It conducts
research and provides policy
recommendations.
12. Asian Infrastructure Investment
Bank (AIIB): - AIIB is an international
financial institution that focuses on
financing infrastructure projects in Asia
and beyond. It aims to promote
sustainable development and economic
integration in the region.
13. New Development Bank (BRICS
Development Bank): - The New
Development Bank is a multilateral
development bank established by the
BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India,
China, South Africa). It provides
financial and technical assistance for
infrastructure and sustainable
development projects.
14. Asian Development Bank (ADB): -
ADB is a regional development bank
that focuses on promoting economic and
social development in Asia and the
Pacific region. It provides loans, grants,
and technical assistance for various
development projects.
15. World Wide Fund for Nature
(WWF): - WWF is a global non-
governmental organization dedicated to
the conservation of nature and wildlife.
It works to protect endangered species,
preserve natural habitats, and promote
sustainable environmental practices.

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 c. Has a government that creates
law that people follow
d. Has sovereignty (internal and
external authority)
NOT ALL STATES ARE NATIONS AND
NOT ALL NATIONS ARE STATES
State not a nation = Taiwan is a state but not a
ONE WORLD GOVERNMENT AND sole nation
THE UNITED NATIONS
1 nation but 2 separate states = South Korea and
North Korea
ATTRIBUTERS OF TODAY’S GLOBAL
SYSTEM Nation within a state = Bangsamoro (BARMM)
is a nation that recognizes the Philippines state.
1. Countries or state that are independent Quebec is a nation (French in nature) but within
and govern themselves. the state of Canada
a. withdrawal of the ROC
government from the Chinese THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
Mainland to Taiwan Treaty of Westphalia (1648) was the inspiration
2. Countries interact with each other of the League of Nations (Pew-WW2) and
through DIPLOMACY – peaceful United Nations (post-WW2)
interaction *ended the thirty years war
3. International organizations, like the
united nations (UN), that facilitates 4 principles of Interstate Relations
these interactions
4. Beyond simply facilitating meetings 1. National self-determination
between states, international (Sovereignty, Religion, etc…)
organizations also take on lives of their 2. Precedent for ending wars through
own. The UN apart from being a diplomatic congresses
meeting ground for presidents and other 3. Peaceful coexistence among sovereign
heads of state, also has task-specific states as the norm
agencies like the World Health 4. Maintained by a balance of power
Organization (WHO) and International among sovereign states and acceptance
Labour Organization (ILO). of principle of non-interference in the
international affairs of other sovereign
NATION STATE states
Imagined community Refers to country
Napoleon Bonaparte - a reformer,
because of the with people, territory,
revolutionizing the French military, reorganizing
connection we have government and laws.
French education, and sponsoring the
with each other.
Napoleonic Code
Closely related because it is nationalism that
facilitates state formation. Believed in spreading the principles of the
French Revolution (liberty, equality and
fraternity) and thus challenged the power of
STATE
kings, nobility and religion in Europe.
4 attributes of a state
Napoleonic Code - clarified and made uniform
a. Exercise authority over specific the private law of France and followed Roman
population law.
b. Governs specific territory

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 1. The law of persons, things, and modes
of acquiring ownership of things (New
civil code of nations)
That forbade birth privileges,
encourages freedom of religion and promoted
meritocracy in government service.
1815 he was defeated in the Battle of Waterloo
Concert of Europe (1815 to 1914) was an
alliance of “great power” (UK, Austria, Russia
and Prussia), which sought to restore the pre-
French Revolution world of monarchial,
hereditary, and religious privileges. More
importantly it was to restore the sovereignty of
the states.
The system of government is greatly influenced
by these events (Treaty of Westphalia, French
Revolution and Concert of Europe)
Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
- Sovereignty
- Was agreed upon to stop millions of
deaths from wars and plagues
Fresh Revolution / Napoleon 1 (1789 -
1815)
- Napoleon code and his ideals
- Started when a group of French people
lead by Napoleon 1 was fed up of
religion and monarchs and wanted to
insert their ideas in French government
Concert of Europe (1815 – 1914)
- Bringing back of Monarchs and
sovereignty
- After the defeat of Napoleon Oligarchs,
Monarchs and other elites wanted to
bring back their rights and sovereignty
of their states
World War 1 (1914 – 1918)
- End of Concert of Europe
- War will always end peace and war
always starts when someone wants more
in the expense of other country
INTERNATIONALISM
A political principle that advocates greater
political or economic cooperation among
states and nations for the theoretical benefit
of all
A doctrine that nations should cooperate
because their common interest are more
important than their differences.
Motivation for Internationalism
1. Self-determination - the ability to
desire to fulfill its people’s
economic, social, cultural and
political needs so that the nation can
continue to exist and grow
2. Humanitarianism – Humanitarian
reasons
3. Peace and security - involves;
monitoring and observing peace
processes in post-conflict areas and
assist ex-combatants in
implementing the peace agreements
they may have signed (NATO).
Peacekeeping interventions designed
to ensure peace (China and
Philippines).
4. Economic stability - Normally
breaks down the barriers(tariffs) that
restricts trade(North American Free
Trade Agreement, GATT, ASEAN
Free Trade Agreement AFTA)
Versions of internationalism based on the
goals of involvement
1. Hegemonic internationalism –
focuses on the dominance of one
state or group of states in global
affairs
2. Revolutionary internationalism –
aims to transform the existing global
order through radical change
3. Liberal internationalism –
emphasizes cooperation among states
based on shared values and norms
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 TYPES of internationalism
1. Liberal internationalism - through
interaction and co-operation, nations
and states can achieve common
goals, especially peace and
prosperity.
Immanuel Kant - “if people
living together require a
government to prevent
lawlessness, should that same
principle be applied to
states?”
Jeremy Bentham - coined
the word “international”,
advocated the creation of
“international law”
2. Socialist Internationalism - aims to
attain global socialism through
revolutions. It is based on the idea
that humankind is bound together by
mutual sympathy and compassion
that could be a basis for international
cooperation between nations or the
dissolution of the nation and the
recognition of one world and one
people
Karl Marx - divided the
world into “Capitalist and workers of
the world”. This belief led in a lot of
revolutions and communist parties.
“Workers of the World Unite”
Communism is a socio -
economic political movement. Its
goal is to set up a version of society
where the factories and farms are
shared by the people, and would not
have rulers or money
UNITED NATIONS
International Organizations - institutions
drawing membership from at least three
states, having activities in several states,
and whose members are held together by a
formal agreement.
1. Inter- governmental organizations
(IGOs) – composed of states as
members and have a formal legal
status
2. International non-governmental
organization (INGOs) – composed of
private individuals or groups and
have a non-profit-oriented goal or
humanitarian purpose.
3. Multilingual enterprises (MNEs) –
composed of businesses that operate
across national borders and gave a
profit-oriented goals.
POWERS of IOs
1. Classification - classify people as
refugee depending on their definition
of refugee.
2. Fix meanings - UN defined security
as not just safety from military
violence but safety from
environmental harm
3. Diffuse norms – Human rights
TOP INTERNATIONAL ORGS
1) United Nations: promotes international
co-operation and creates and maintains
international order.
2) North Atlantic Treaty Organization:
provides collective defense against
security threats.
3) World Trade Organization: regulates
international trade.
4) United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO): promotes international co-
operation in education, science, and
culture.
5) United Nations Children’s Fund
(UNICEF): UNICEF provides
humanitarian and developmental aid to
children worldwide.
6) World Health Organization (WHO):
WHO is a specialized agency of the
United Nations , it aims to achieve the
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 highest attainable degree of health for all
people.
7) World Economic Forum (WEF):
committed to improving the status of the
world by engaging commercial,
governmental, intellectual, and other
leaders of society to influence global,
regional, and industry agendas
8) World Wide Fund for Nature
(WWF): an international non-
governmental organization that seeks to
preserve wilderness and reduce the
human effects on the environment.
9) Association of South East Nations
(ASEAN): is an economic union in
Southeast Asia made up of ten member
states that promote intergovernmental
cooperation and facilitate economic,
political, security, military, educational,
and sociocultural integration among its
members and other Asian countries.
10) Asian Development Bank (ADB): is a
regional development bank
headquartered in the Ortigas Center in
Mandaluyong, Metro Manila,
Philippines. In addition, the corporation
operates 31 field offices around the
world to promote Asia’s social and
economic development.
11) European Union (EU): The EU helps
member countries cooperate on
economic, political, and security
matters. It facilitates trade, shares a
common currency, and allows free
movement among many member
countries.

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