Contemporary World Reviewer - The national
government capacity and right to decide
Globalization – the growing integration of economies
and societies around the world.
- The expansion and intensification of social
relations and consciousness across world-time and across
world-space.
Inetgrate – To combine two or more things... Usually
to function as a whole.
Expansion -  because most communities even
remotely accessible is becoming a part of the global
interaction.
Intensification- because relations are is not solely
about exchanges of goods and services but also removing the
barriers that may prevent their mobility.
- Instead of organs, the global integration
happens between and among economies and societies.
Goods and services are produced, distributed and consumed
in the country.
The Philippines has a diverse and unique cultures.
Societies have their distinct features that either develop
on its own or adopted from another culture over time.
Connection among countries happen
on trade and/or exchanges.
Globalization in different lenses
1. Economics
- is the systemic study of how goods and services are
produced, distributed and consumed.
- Globalization used in economic context, Refers to
the reduction or removal of barriers between national
borders in order to facilitate the flow of goods,
capital, services and labor.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE- At its most basic, international trade
occurs when the citizens of one country produce a good that
is subsequently consumed by the citizens of another country.
FREE TRADE - refers to the removal of government policy on
tariffs, quota and subsidies over key goods and services.
INTERDEPENDENCE – A political and economic situation in
which two or more states are simultaneously  dependent
on each other for their well-being.
2. Politics
- is the activity through which people make, preserve
and amend general rules under which they live.
Sovereignty
 
for itself is an exercise of sovereignty.
- One of the manifestations of sovereignty is how
states have control over their borders.
- States decides what and who gets in their own country.
Politics of state under Globalization
1, Globalization presents a threat to the exercise
of sovereignty of the States.
2. Emergence of non-state actors with growing political
and economic power.
3. Emerging norm on Global Governance.
Global Governance
- Decision-making power and cooperation move upward
from the state to international organizations.
3. Culture
- Culture is the sum of all developed human practices
and symbols of a particular community- manifesting on
concrete (clothes, decorative items) or non-concrete (ideas,
traditions and etc.
- Culture is concerned with symbolic
construction and articulation, and dissemination of meaning.
Cultural Dimension
1. Cultural Sameness or Difference
1.1 Westernization
- The exportation of Western Culture and Ideas is said to
be becoming dominant cultural feature of many countries
around the globe.
- Many scholars argue that Globalization enabled
western values to spread across the globe with the possibility
of turning into a “universal” culture. (Sameness)
- The most widely spoken languages have its roots in the
West. 
- Materialist and consumerists values have
become embedded to almost everyone, this is attributed
to marketing and commercial strategies employed by
big companies and governments.
- Power of media in spreading Western culture.
- social media has become a driving force in the spread
of one’s culture around the world.
1.2 Glocalization
- the mixture of global (Western) culture with domestic
culture bringing a new hybrid culture. Thus, still retaining
their own culture. (Difference)
- Influencers in social media platforms have inspired
many Filipinos to recreate and innovate what they think is
trendy.
HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
“Classical Antiquity”
  Classical Antiquity is characterized by the emergence
of powerful empires with very large territories.
 Different empires were able to provide stability and
network across its territories.
 Previously unoccupied towns and villages are now
part of the larger empire where the movement of
people and materials is much easier.
Roman Empire
 The Roman empire were able to institute law that
governs its subjects, created roads to
connect remote areas as well as used
a “universal” language (Latin) to communicate with
one another.
 Arab Empire, Persian Empire, India, China and
Roman Empire exhibited extensive
trade routes both inland and the sea.
Abbasid Empire
 is the driving force on the trades at the sea.
 Many historians considers the “Silk Road” as the
first manifestation of early Globalization.
“Medieval Ages”
 The early middle ages is also considered as the “Dark
Ages” – the demographic, economic and
political decline in Europe (Fall of Roman Empire).
 Huge Death Toll for about 70 to 200 Million people
in Eurasia via Bubonic Plague (Black Death)
 The culprits are the oriental rat fleas which most
likely spread through merchant carriages and ships
from the Central Asia via Silk Road.
 The role of religion played a critical part in the daily
lives of people in the middle ages.
 Amidst the political conflict among Kings and
Queens, Christianity played a huge part as a
“balancer” in the conflict.
 Spain and Portugal turned their eyes on the seas to
seek new resources for the kingdom, but according
to the expeditioners they come to spread
Christianity. This marks the “Age of
Exploration” 15th-17th Century (First Wave
of Colonization).
 the voyage of Christopher Columbus discovered
the New World (Americas).
The discovery of Americas had a profound
impact on the economic and political strength of Europe.
 New endemic food and livestock paved way for a
more diverse eating-options. (Movement of Goods)
 Atlantic Slave trade became prevalent to improve
the production of economic output from Americas to
Europe.
(Movement of People).
 Vasco De Gama, discovered the sea route
from Atlantic Ocean to Indian Ocean; Discovering
the tip of Africa.  
 The Arabic peninsula proved unreliable to traverse
due to persistent wars / conflict with the
Ottoman Empire. Thus, discovering the sea route to
India provided Europeans a new way to trade with
India.
 Ferdinand Magellan, who set foot in the Philippine
Islands in search of Moluccas for spices.
 He was able to circumnavigate the world, proving
that the world is spherical, and not flat.
RENAISSANCE
 While the influence of the Church weakens, a
growing trend followed on what is known as
the “Renaissance” or “Rebirth”
 The focus is on the “Human” and not on the “God
or Divinity.”
  “Man is the measure of all things,” Revival of Greek
Philosophy (Humanism).
 Renaissance was succeeded by the intellectual
awakening, or the “Age of Reason”
 The focus now completely shifts from Faith to
Reason. 
 For the first time, man’s fate is not solely at the
mercy of God alone, but he is the main architect of
his life.
 Many scholars reject the idea of Divine Right of Kings
and Queens, and instead reinstate the people as the
leader of the polity.
“Industrial Revolution”
 A period that refers to the shift
from hand-made/small-scale production to mass
production made possible by new innovations.
 Most importantly, the increased production of goods
led to both the demand for the acquisition of new
raw materials and new markets.
 This lead to the second wave of
colonization (Imperialism) led by the United
Kingdom.
IMPERIALISM
 British Invasion had led to the acquisition of large
territories needed to support the growing need of
the industries at home.
 The phrase “"the empire on which the sun never
sets" 
 The movement of people and goods is much more
accelerated thanks to the invention of more
efficient transport system.
 All European Empires operate under the core-
periphery system.
GLOBAL INTERSTATE AND GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
 Self-governing states or countries
Interaction of states primarily through diplomacy
  Presence of International Organization to
facilitate interactions
 International Organizations not only as a
facilitator of interactions but a dynamic independent
actor in the system
States-  refers to a community of persons permanently
occupying a definite portion of territory, independent
from external control, and possessing an organized
government to which a great body of inhabitants renders
habitual obedience.
Elements of States:
 POPULATION
 TERRITORY
 GOVERNMENT
 SOVEREIGNTY
External Sovereignty- “independent from external control”.
Autonomy and non-interference.
Internal Sovereignty- “Great deal of population renders
habitual obedience”. Supreme authority to govern.
Diplomacy- is the relations of one state with another through
well-trained representatives known as diplomats and
ambassadors usually to promote and possibly arrive on
common interests on social, political and economic respects.
- are establish based on the agreement between
two countries in recognition of common interests.  
Purpose of Diplomatic Mission
 Mainly as a form of recognition that one state
recognizes the sovereignty of another state.
 To monitor the current affairs of the state.
 To promote economic, political and social interest of
the home country.
 To attend the needs and concern of the overseas
citizen of the home country.
Two Forms of Diplomatic Relations
Bilateralism- diplomatic relations which include two states.
Multilateralism- diplomatic relations which involves two or
three states usually facilitated by an international
organization.
Humans enter in what we call as “SOCIAL CONTRACT” – in
which humans become part of a human social group, which
he/she agrees to give up some of his privileges and freedom
to a central authority.
State of nature---social contract----Leviathan
(anarchy) (exchange to) (States)
Late Middle Ages
Origin of Nation States
Protestant reformation
-In the late Middle Ages, the influence of the church over
Kingdoms weakened due to its inability to find a cure for the
plague.
-Also, many people expressed their dissent on the prevalent
corruption and indulgences of the Catholic church.
-The key figure in the Protestant Reformation is Martin
Luther, who in 1517 posted his Ninety-Five Thesis on a
Catholic Church as a sign of protest.
-The idea of Protestantism appealed to many Kings
and Queens due to their own political interests.
-Kings and Queens resist the political power of the Catholic
Church over them.
-By mid-1600s, most North Europeans were Protestant, most
in South Europeans were Catholic.
War of Religions
-Rulers used religion to unite their people
-Country’s subjects is expected to practice the ruler’s faith.
-Under Elizabeth I, England became the
leading Protestant Power in Europe.
-Spain Was Leading the Catholic power this time.
Thirty Years War
-The final religious war was the Thirty Years’ War (1618-
1648) which was fought in the German soil but engaged most
of the European Countries in fighting and financing the war.
England vs. Spain
Spain vs. Netherlands
France vs. Huguenots Protestants
Treaty of Westphalia
-PEACE OF WESTPHALIA
-European states regarded each other as equal
-They mutually recognized their rights to organize their
own domestic affairs, including religion.
-The treaty established the era of sovereign states.
International Law
-The rise of sovereign states led to heightened
interaction between various sovereign states,
particularly the desire for greater cooperation and unity
among states and peoples. This desire is
called Internationalism
-One of the major manifestation of Internationalism is
the creation of International Law.  Major
advocate, Jeremy Bentham believe that International
Law would govern the inter-state relations. 
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
-Global Governance should be thought of as the power
diffused across different actors: States, International
Organizations and Non-governmental Organizations.
World government to World governance.

Governance-  refers to the way in which something is

governed  meaning “Directed and Controlled”
- In Global Governance we are looking on
how to direct and control many pressing issues at
the Global Level.

Global Governance to International Organizations

Key role of the International Organizations
in the Affairs of the State.

  3. Presence of International Organization to facilitate

interactions. (multilateralism)
International Organization- International Organizations
are established by the states themselves to provide
an avenue in discussing issues that concerns them, and
which requires a collective effort to solve and/or
pursue.
  4. International Organizations not only as a facilitator
of interactions but a dynamic independent actor in the
system
International Organization- International
Organizations are not just a platform for discussing state
interests, it also exercise a great degree of
independence in pursuing its own agenda and
advocacy with its own structures and decision-making
body

Civil Society

-Civil society is comprised of groups or

organizations working in the interest of the
citizens but operating outside of the governmental and
for-profit sectors (businesses).
-Civil Society is considered to be the third sector in
the society, distinct from the Government and Business.
-They are also known as Non-government
Organizations mostly operate in one particular state,
but recently had extended beyond the borders of their
home country.