LESSON 3: THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION, DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND

GLOBAL CULTURE LESSON OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to:

1. Identify the different theories of globalization and the dynamics of local andglobal
culture
2. Illustrate the different theories through concrete examples

 
THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION

In order to understand globalization, there are different theories that explains its
process that includes its cultural, economical and political aspect.
 
Two main theories of Globalization:  

1. HOMOGENEITY
- refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic
factors, and political orientations of societies expand to create common practices,
same economies, and similar forms of government.
 
Theories and concepts under Homogeneity  

a. Cultural Imperialism
- a given culture influences another culture
b. Americanization
- the import by non-Americans of products, images,
technologies, practices, and behavior that are closely
associated with the Americans
 
c. Mcworld
- means only one political orientation exists in the world
 
d. Media Imperialism
- TV, music, books, and movies are perceived as
imposed on developing countries by the west
 
e. Neoliberalism
- ideology and policy model that emphasizes the
value of free market competition
  
f. Capitalism
- also called free market economy or free enterprise
economy, economic system, dominant in the Western world
since the breakup of feudalism, in which most of the means of
production are privately owned and production is guided and
income distributed largely through the operation of markets.
 
g. Mcdonaldization
- the process by which western societies are dominated
by the principles of fast food restaurants. It involves the global
spread of rational systems such as efficiency, calculability,
predictability and control.
 
h. Grobalization
- the process wherein nations and corporations, etc.
impose themselves on geographic areas in order to gain
profits, power and so on.

2. HETEROGENEITY
- the creation of various cultural practices, new economies, and political
groupsbecause of the interaction of elements from different societies in the world.

- refers to the differences because of either lasting differences or of the

hybrids or combinations of cultures that can be produced through different
transplanetary processes
 
a. Glocalization
- is a combination of the words "globalization" and
"localization." The term is used to describe a product or
service that is developed and distributed globally but is also
adjusted to accommodate the user or consumer in a local
market.
 
b. Jihad
- the intensification of nationalism
and that leads to a greater political
heterogeneity throughout the world
Name: Date:

Course/Year/Section: Score:

ACTIVITY NO.3

Instruction: Read the article and give a reflection that identifies the different theories
applied on the Filipino Culture

I. Reading
Foreign Influences on Filipino

Culture by Ethnic Groups

Philippines

source​:​http://www.ethnicgroupsphilippines.com/2016/05/30/foreign-influences
-on-​ ​filipino-
culture/#:~:text=The%20Philippines%20has%20a%20very,the%20rest%20of
%20the%​ ​20world.

Quezon City – Long before Magellan reached the island of Limasawa in Southern Leyte
located in the Eastern Visayas, Filipinoshavealready establishedtrading and diplomatic
relations with other neighboring Asian countries. Chinese, Europeans, Malays, and Arabs
were already trading with Filipinos before the establishment of the Galleon Trade, an annual
ship trade between Manila Bay, Philippines, and Acapulco, Mexico, that journeyed for more
than 250 years.

Spanish and American colonization, as well as interactions through trade with other
neighboring countries, has brought a kaleidoscope of cultures to the Philippines. This unique
combination of foreign influences produced a complex but beautiful local culture that
somehow turned out to be distinctly Filipino. Religion is probably the biggest imprint left by the
Spanish, who converted most of the population to Christianity, while the Americans boosted
the Philippine educational system and made English as the second language of the country.

Religion was the focal point for about 400 years during the Spanish period and has
permanently influenced the culture and society of the Filipino people. The church normally
controlled spiritual matters, while the state usually deals with secular issues, but intermeddling
was not uncommon, as there was unification of the church and the state at the time. Spanish
Catholic missionaries taught Filipinos their customs, language, manners, habits, and trades.
Even today, most of the Filipino population carries Spanish family names, such as Reyes,
dela Cruz, and Santos.

Chavacano, the only Spanish-based creole in Asia, is a mixture of two or more

languages mostly borrowed from Spanish words. It is spoken in the Zamboanga Peninsula,
Cotabato, Davao, and Cavite with an estimated one million speakers. Although the number of
speakers is steadily decreasing, this Philippine dialect was undoubtedly one of the many
contributions of Spain. Moreover, many words used today in Visayan and Tagalog languages
are variations of Spanish words we learned from the Spaniards.
 While Filipinos have incorporated cuisines from different settlers such as the Chinese,
Arabs, and Malaytraders, Spanishfoodsmake upabout 80% of thecountry’sdishes. The
Spanish brought a variety of dishes from the Iberian Peninsula, North, Central, and South
America. Well- loved foods typically prepared on special occasions, such as paella, morcon,
and estofado are of Spanish origin, and so are well-loved desserts like brazo de mercedes
and leche flan. Today, Filipino dishes typically start with sautéing onions, tomatoes, and
garlic in oil, which is evidence of Spanish influence.

Ancient Filipinos were animists who worshipped an array of nature spirits to ensure
prosperity and ward off bad luck. However, the introduction of Catholicism led to the
incorporation of Roman Catholic rituals to the indigenous rituals. Aside from the regular
Sunday mass, the fiesta was also incorporated by priests to encourage the people’s
involvement in religious teachings of the church. At present, hundreds of festivals are
celebrated across the country, and almost every town has its own festivity named after its
patron saint. In addition, Christmas and Lenten seasons are widely observed and since 90%
of the populations are Christians, faith forms an essential part of every celebration.

While Spain had made a hugely significant impact on the Philippines, the
forty-five-year- long colonialtutelage ofthe United StatesmadeManilaoneof
Asia’seconomicpowerhouses. English language was used in schools, government, and
business. Thomasites teachers from the United States were commissioned to facilitate
primary institutions for free. Today, English is the second national language of the
Philippines, and many words have been incorporated in the
Tagaloglanguage.“Taglish,”oramixture ofTagalogandEnglish,hasbecomepartofthecountry’s
culture.

Although Catholicism was, and still is, the predominant religion in the Philippines, the
Americans were more open and permitted Filipinos to join whichever religion they desire.
Protestantism became widespread, since majority of schoolteachers appointed by the
Americans were Protestant ministers. In addition, Jehovah's Witnesses and the Seventh-day
Adventist Church were introduced by their respective American missionaries, both of which
are still active in the Philippines up to this day. Currently, the majority of Filipinos are
Catholics, while the remaining fraction is composed of Muslims, as well as members of
Evangelicalism, Iglesia ni Cristo, Philippine Independent Church (Aglipayan), and various
other religions.
Foods like hamburgers, potato chips, hotdogs, and macaroni that are commonly
identified as American have made their way into the Filipino food culture. Fast food
establishments are ubiquitous and a major hit in almost all parts of the country. Plenty of
American chains, such as Burger King, McDonald’s, Shakey’s and Pizza Hut, thrive in the
Philippines. Canned goods were first introduced in the Philippines by American soldiers who
brought these non-perishable food items with them during the Filipino-American War to
sustain them during battle. Nowadays, canned goods are ever-present in every Filipino home
as great alternatives for cooking instantaneous food for unexpected guests, as well as
emergencies.
 The Philippines has a very unique culture formed from various influences, largely
from Spain and the United States. Filipino culture may have features from various other
cultures, but the fusion of foreign influences and indigenous civilization is what makes the
country distinct from the rest of the world. Just like its 7,107 islands, Philippine culture is so
diverse that Filipinos, wherever they are in the world, can easily adapt to their environment
and survive.

II. Reflection (minimum 40

sentences) Guide Questions:
1. What are the theories which reflect the development of the Filipino Culture?
2. Given the influences from different cultures, can one say that the Filipino Culture is
original or authentic? Why?
 Dynamics of Local and Global Culture  
 
 
Introduction

Culture tends to flow comparatively easy throughout the world. That flow is
increasingly easy because culture exists increasingly in digitized forms. The internet permits
global downloading and sharing of digitized cultural forms such as movies, videos, music,
books, newspaper, photos, and so on. Before understanding Global culture and cultural flows
we have to understand three theories; I. Cultural Differentialism II. Cultural Hybridization III.
Cultural Convergence

A. Cultural Differentialism involves barriers that prevent flows that serve to make alike;
Culture tend to remain stubbornly different from one another.

B. Cultural hybridization is the mixing of cultures and the integration of the global and the
local leading to unique combinations.

C. Cultural convergence is when cultures are subject to many of the same global flows and tend
to grow more alike.

A.  Cultural Differentialism
​Culture diversity is a form of cultural differentialism
​Cultural differentialism emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and
are superficially affected by global flows
​The process of globalization has involved the spread of religion which has impacted
civilization for the past 2,000 years
​Culture differentialism defines culture as a clearly bound entity with a specific
geological location
​Diverse cultures clearly have distinctions which allows observers to identify a specific
component of a culture from another (i.e. French culture or Chinese culture each is
distinct from one another)
​Each country has its own language, values, norms, symbols, etc.
​A society which is not homogenous has a few subcultures and countercultures which
can be sanctioned
​Culture is clearly territorially bound. As culture adapts to its environment it changes
very slowly and is long lasting
​Cultures cannot easily mix without causing disruption
​Differentialism implies a cultural purity that globalization threatens
​The Cultural differentialist argument emphasizes the inherent differences
between cultures and the destabilizing effects of cultural globalization
 ​Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order is a
theory proposing thatpeople’sculturalandreligiousidentities will be theprimary source
of conflict in the post Cold War world
 
B. Cultural Hybridization
​Mixing of cultures leading to unique combinations of those cultures that are not
reducible Example: the Muslim Girl Scouts, where the uniform and traditions are
combined (Girl Scout Uniform with traditional Hijab head scarf
​Creolization, which is the combination of languages and cultures that wereformerly
unknown to each other
​Hybridization, which are external flows interacting with internal flows producing a
unique cultural hybrid that combines their elements
Example: Thai boxing, Asian Rap, Chinese Tacos
 The Cultural “Landscapes” of Arjun Appadurai’s 5 Global Flows

1. Ethnoscapes, which are movements, real or imaged, of mobile groups and individuals
Examples: tourists, refugees, and guest workers
2. Technoscapes, which are fluid, global configurations of technology and the wide
range of material that moves freely and quickly, at the internet’s pace, around the
world Examples: files, emails, information on websites
3. Financescapes, which are high-speed national movements of funding around the
world Example: the rapid pace at which the global recession of 2008 spread around
theworld
4. Mediascapes, which contain information and images capable of global technological
transmission
Examples: Online blogs, independent films, newspapers and magazines
5. Ideoscapes, which are flows of images, primarily political in nature
Example: state sponsored or rebel sponsored information seeking political sway in a
certain area of the world
 
C. Cultural Convergence
​Cultures are subject to many of the same global flows and become
increasinglymore alike.
​Examples: SUBWAY in 34,679 Restaurants in 98 Countries Wherever SUBWAY®
restaurants are located, the core menu stays relatively the same — with the
exception of some cultural and religious variations. World travelers can expect the
same high quality of ingredients regardless of what nation they are visiting. You can
enjoy a footlong Turkey Breast Sub, with your choice of a variety of vegetables and
condiments served on bread baked right in the restaurant in Jamaica, then travel to
New Zealand and get the same footlong Turkey Breast Sub!”
​Deterritorialization: culture is no longer constrained by geography
 ​World Culture: The spread of global models (politics, business, education, family,
religion, etc.) leading to cultural convergence. The result is isomorphism, or great
uniformity throughout the world.

 
Globalization of Religion

- Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current
revival and resurgence of religion.
- Today, most religions are not relegated to the countries where they began.
- Religions, have in fact, spread and scattered in a global scale
- Globalization has provided religions a fertile milieu to spread and thrive
- Scholte (2005) –“Acceleratedglobalization ofrecenttimeshasenabledco-religionists
across the planet to have greater direct contact to one another. Global
communications, global organizations, global finance, and the like have allowed ideas
of the Muslims and the universal Christianchurch to begivenconcreteshape as
neverbefore.”
- Information technology, transportation means, and the media are deemed to be the
important means on which religionists rely on the dissemination of their religious
ideas
- For instance, countless websites that provide information about religions havebeen
created.
- Media also play an important role in the dissemination of religious ideas.
- In this respect, a lot of television channels, radio stations, and print media are
founded solely for advocating religions.
- Modern technology has helped religion of different forms, such as fundamentalist,
orthodox, or modernist to cross geographical boundaries and be presenteverywhere
- Globalization has allowed religion or faith to gain considerable significance and
importance as a non-territorial touchstone of identity
- Being a source of identity and pride, religion has always been promoted by its
practitioners so that it could reach the level of globality and be embraced by as many
people as possible
- By paving the way for religions to come in contact with each other by providing a
context for their flourishing and thriving, globalization has brought such to a circle of
competition and conflicts.
- Turner(2007)“ Globalization transforms the generic“religion” into a world-system of
competing and conflicting religions. The process of institutional specialization has
transformed local, diverse and fragmented cultural practices into recognizable
systems of religion. Globalization has, therefore, had the paradoxical effect of making
religions more self-conscious of themselves as being “world religions.”
- Such conflicts among world religions exhibit a solid proof confirming the erosion and
failure of hybridization.
- Religions have distinct internal structures, their connections to different cultures and
their rituals and beliefs contradict.
- For example, Islam and Christianity cannot be hybridized and homogenized even if
they come in contact with each other
 
Globalization and Regionalization

- Theprocessof globalizationandregionalization reemergedduringthe1980’sand

heightenedafter the end of the Cold War in the 1990’s.
- At first, it seems that these two processes are contradicting-the very nature of
globalization is, by definition global while regionalization is naturallyregional
- The regionalization of the world system and economic activity undermines the
potential benefits coming out from a liberalized global economy
- Regional organizations prefer regional partners over the rest
- Regional organizations respond to the state’s attempt to reduce the perceived
negative effects of globalization- therefore regionalism is a sort of
counter-globalization.
Name: Date:

Course/Year/Section: Score:

ACTIVITY NO.3

PART I. Instruction: Describe the characteristics of your own local culture as well as the foreign
culture you experience through the help of globalization. With this two different culture, how did it
shape who you are?
Name: Date:

Course/Year/Section: Score:

QUIZ NO.2 – LESSON 2 AND LESSON 3

1. Filipinos are fond of playing basketball and they love buying products from the U.S..
a. Cultural Imperialism b. Americanization c. Mcworld d. Media Imperialism
e. Neoliberalism

2. It is called free market economy or free enterprise economy, economic

system, dominantin the Western world since the breakup of feudalism, in which most
of the means of production are privately owned and production is guided and income
distributed largely through the operation of markets.
a. Media Imperialism b. Neoliberalism c. Capitalism d. Mcdonaldization e. Mcworld

3. The showing of western TV shows like The Voice, Idol Philippines and Big
Brother in our local TV network
a. Media Imperialism b. Neoliberalism c. Capitalism d. Mcdonaldization e. Mcworld

4. Which of the following is not a rational system of Mcdonaldization?

a. efficiency b. calculability c. predictability d. control

5. It refers to the differences because of either lasting differences or of the

hybrids or combinations of cultures that can be produced through different
transplanetary processes
a. Heterogeneity b. Homogeneity c. Cultural Imperialism d. Capitalism

6. It involves barriers that prevent flows that serve to make alike; Culture
tend to remain stubbornly different from one another.
a. Cultural Differentialism b. Cultural hybridization c. Cultural convergence
d. Cultural Relativism

7. It is the mixing of cultures and the integration of the global and the local
leading to unique combinations.
a. Cultural Differentialism b. Cultural hybridization c. Cultural convergence
d. Cultural Relativism

8. It is when cultures are subject to many of the same global flows and tend to grow more alike.
a. Cultural Differentialism b. Cultural hybridization c. Cultural convergence
d. Cultural Relativism

9. The Muslim Girl Scouts, where the uniform and traditions are combined (Girl
Scout Uniform with traditional Hijab head scarf)
a. Cultural Differentialism b. Cultural hybridization c. Cultural convergence
 d. Cultural Relativism

10. They are high-speed national movements of funding around theworld.

a. Ethnoscapes b. Technoscapes c. Financescapes d. Mediascapes
e. Ideoscapes

11. They are flows of images, primarily political in nature.

a. Ethnoscapes b. Technoscapes c. Financescapes d. Mediascapes
e. Ideoscapes

12. Which of the following is an example of Ethnoscapes?

a. Citizen b. Guest c. Refugee d. Workers e. None of the
Above

13. Which of the following is not an example of Mediascape?

a. files b. emails c. information on websites d. All of the Above
e. None of the Above

14. Which of the following statement is true about globalization and religion?
a. Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context
for thecurrent revival and resurgence of religion.
b. Today, most religions are not relegated to the countries where they began.
c. Religions, have in fact, spread and scattered in a global scale
d. Globalization has provided religions a fertile milieu to spread and thrive
e. All of the Above

15. The of the world system and economic activity

undermines the potential benefits coming out from a liberalized global
economy
a. glocalization b. regionalization c. regionalism d. globalism
  LESSON 4: ORIGINS AND HISTORY OF

GLOBALIZATION LESSON OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson, you shall be able to:

1. Describe the different perspectives on the origins and history of globalization
2. Identify significant events that has become the turning point of globalization

inthis decade INTRODUCTION

Globalization’soriginsisnoteasytoexplainjustlikeasitiseasytodefinebecausethereare different
views on how and where it started. It is believed that point its origins was after World War 2
and there are five different perspectives on the origins of Globalization.
 
A. Hardwired Perspective (Chanda 2007)
 Nayan Chanda  
 

Bound Together - Nayan Chanda explains globalization

- Pratap Bhanu Mehta

In an engagingly written account of the human experience, Chanda examines

globalisation both as the unfolding story of interaction and intermingling, and the bone of
contention as we understand it now.
This is an exuberant history of the ways in which human beings have, from a common
origin in Africa, first dispersed and then created inter-connections, in a process we now call
globalisation. For Chanda, globalisation is not so much an ideology or an epoch as much as it
is the unfolding story of human nature itself. Globalisation has been around as long as human
beings have had to struggle to survive, had the desire for luxury, have been inventive, have
reflected upon the meaning of their existence, have had the urge to adventure and the desire
to
dominate. So long as we produce traders, preachers, adventurers and yes, warriors, human
cultures will interact and intermingle, their destinies dependent upon distant vagaries, and
their problems and solutions contingent upon flows of human beings and what they produce.

This is not so much an analytical history of globalisation, as it is an engagingly written

kaleidoscope of the human experience. It is teeming with human invention: from weaving to
the Internet, with stories of sordid politics from slavery to empire, with accounts of missionary
zeal from monks to human rights activists, with the obscenely rich and the appallingly poor,
and every species of commodity from coffee to ivory, making and unmaking the world as we
know it.

Pascal had ruefully remarked that half the world's problems lie in the fact that human beings
cannot sit quietly in a room; he would have found this a wonderful catalogue of human
restlessness and striving, with all its inventiveness and conflict. But the emphatic point is that
we are bound together in more ways than we can imagine: every commodity we consume
bears some distant imprint, and almost every idea, including the thought that globalisation is
bad, is a product of cultural interchange.

https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/20070723-bound-together-bo
ok-by-​ ​nayan- chanda-talks-about-globalization-of-human-nature-748094-2007-07-23

Nayan Chanda ( 2007 : xiv) argues that “ globalization stems, among other things,
from a basic human urge to seek a better and more fulfilling life ” (2007: xiii). This leads him
to trace “ the initial globalization of the human species, [to] when in the late Ice Age, a tiny
group of our ancestors walked out of Africa in search of better food and security. In fifty
thousand years of wandering along ocean coasts and chasing game across Central Asia,
they finally settled on all the continents. ” Chanda focuses on four specific aspects of
globalization that relate to a basic “urge” for a better life – trade (or commerce), missionary
work (religion), adventures and conquest (politics and warfare). All of these are key aspects
of globalization, all can be traced to early human history, and all, as well as much else, will be
dealt with in thisvolume.However,Chanda’s viewthatglobalization is hardwiredintohumans is
not the one accepted here since we argue that we are now living in a distinctive global age.

http://medien.ubitweb.de/pdfzentrale/978/047/065/Leseprobe_l_9780470655610.pdf

Summary:

- our basic need to make our lives better has made globalization possible

- the beginnings of globalization can be traced back from our human ancestors in Africa
when they moved out from the continent in the late Ice Age.

- commerce, religion, politics and warfare are the urges of people toward a better life
- there are four aspects of globalization that can be traced throughout history – trade,
missionary work, adventures and conquest
B.  Cycles (Sholte,2005)

Jan Aart Scholte is Professor in the Department of Politics and International Studies at
Warwick University, where he also serves as Acting Director of the Centre for the Study of
Globalisation and Regionalisation. Prior to coming to Warwick, he taught at the University of
Sussex, Brighton and the Institute of Social Studies, The Hague. Aside from his manyarticles,
book chapters, and reports, Dr. Scholte is author of Globalization: A Critical Introduction
(Palgrave, 2000; 2nd Edition Forthcoming in 2005) and International Relations of Social
Change (Open University Press, 1993), co-author of Contesting Global Governance
(Cambridge University Press, 2000), and editor of Civil Society and Global Finance
(Routledge, 2002). He has two new books on the immediate horizon: Civil Society and Global
Democracy, forthcoming from Polity Press in 2005; and the Encyclopedia of Globalization
(co-edited with Roland Robertson), to be published by Routledge in 2006. A scholar of
considerable learning and expertise in many domains of globalization studies, Scholte's
current research focuses on questions of democratizing the governance of globalization. At
present, Scholte is also an active member of the Steering Committee of the Globalization
Studies Network.
http://aurora.icaap.org/index.php/aurora/article/view/10/21

The second perspective is that globalization is a long - term cyclical process. It is not
only difficult in this view to find a single point of origin, but the effort is largely irrelevant since
there have long been cycles of globalization and it is those cycles that are of utmost
importance, not anyparticularphaseor pointoforigin(Scholte2005).Thisview,likeChanda’s,
tends to contradict the idea that we live todayinanew “global
age.”Rather,thissuggeststhattherehavebeenother global ages in the past and that what now
appears to be a new global age, or the high point of such an age, is destined to contract and
disappear in the future. Eventually, it, too, will be replaced by a new cycle in the globalization
process.
http://medien.ubitweb.de/pdfzentrale/978/047/065/Leseprobe_l_9780470655610.pdf

Summary:

- globalization is a long term cyclical process, thus finding its origins is a daunting task
- what is important is the cycles globalization has gone through
- it also opens the idea that other global ages have appeared
- globalization has disappeared and reappeared in time

C.  Epoch (Therborn, 2005)

- therearesixgreatepochs of globalization that arealsocalled “waves” andeach hasits own

origins
- each epoch has its own unique point of origins
- the following are the sequential occurrence of the epochs:
1. Globalization of Religion (fourth to seventh centuries)

2. European colonial conquests (late fifteenth century)

3. Intra-european wars (late eighteenth century to nineteenth century)

4. Heyday of European Imperialism (mid-nineteenth century to 1918)

5. Post-World War II period

6. Post-Cold war Period

D.  Events

A fourth view is that instead of cycles or great epochs, one can point to much more
specific events that can be seen as the origin of globalization and give us a good sense of its
history. In fact, there are many such possible points of origin of globalization, some of which
are:
• The Romans andtheir far - ranging conquests in the centuries before Christ (Gibbon 1998).
• The rise and spread of Christianity in the centuries after the fall of the Roman Empire.
• The spread of Islam in the seventh century and beyond.
• Thetravels of the Vikingsfrom Europe to Iceland, Greenland, and briefly to North America
in the ninth through the eleventh centuries as examples of, and landmarks in, globalization.
• Trade in the Middle Ages throughout the Mediterranean.
• The activities of the banks of the twelfth - century Italian city - states.
• The rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan into Eastern Europe in the thirteenth century
(Economist 2006 : January 12).
• European traders like Marco Polo and his travels later in the thirteenth century along the
Silk Road to China. (Interestingly, there is now discussion of the development of an “ iron silk
road ” involving a linked railroad network through a variety of Asian countries that at least
evokes the image of the lure of Marco Polo ’ s Silk Road.)
• The “discovery of America ” by Christopher Columbus in 1492. Other important voyages of
discovery during this time involved Vasco Da Gama rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1498
and the circumnavigation of the globe completed in 1522 by one of Ferdinand Magellan ’ s
ships (Rosenthal 2007 :1237 – 41).
• European colonialism, especially in the nineteenthcentury.
• The early twentieth - century global Spanish flupandemic.
• The two World Wars in the fi rst half of the twentieth century.
 It is also possible to get even more specific about the origins of globalization, especially in
recent years. A few rather eclectic recent examples include:
• 1956 – The first transatlantic telephonecable.
 • 1958 – While it was possible to fly across the Atlantic in the 1930s on seaplanes that
made several stops along the way, the big revolution in this area was the arrival of
transatlantic passenger jettravel, with the firstflightbeing Pan Am ’s flight from New York to
London (with a stopover for refueling required in Newfoundland).
• 1962 – The launch of the satellite Telstar and soon thereafter the first transatlantic
television broadcasts.
• 1966 – The transmission from a satellite of the picture of the earth as a single location, not
only leading to a greater sense of the world as one place (increased global consciousness
[Robertson and Inglis 2004 : 38 – 49]), but also of great importance to the development of the
global environmental movement.
• 1970 – The creation of the Clearing House Interbank Payment System (CHIPS),
making global electronic (wire) transfers of funds (now $2 trillion a day) possible among
financial institutions.
• 1977 – The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT)
came into being, making more global transfers of funds possible by individuals.
• 1988 – The founding of the modern Internet based on Arpanet (which was created in
1969). While it took the Internet several years to take off, this was a turning point in global
interconnection for billions of people.
• 2001 – The terrorist attacks on the Twin Towers in New York and on the Pentagon in
Washington, as well as later terrorist attacks on trains in Madrid (March 11, 2004) and
London (July 7, 2005), among others. The following is a specific example in support of the
ideathat 9/11 can be taken as a point of origin for globalization (at least of higher education): “
Since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, internationalization has moved high on the
agenda at most universities, to prepare students for a globalized world, and to help faculty
members stay up - to - date in their disciplines ” (Lewin 2008 : 8). This, of course, brings us
very close to the present day and it is possible that other specific events (especially the Great
Recession which began in late 2007) will almost certainly come to be associated by future
observers with the birth, or further development, of globalization.
http://medien.ubitweb.de/pdfzentrale/978/047/065/Leseprobe_l_9780470655610.pdf
 
Summary:
- specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in
explaining the origin of globalization

- several parts in history can be considered as the start of globalization

 
1. Early events that are considered to be the start of globalization:  
 
a. Roman conquests centuries before Christ were its origins
b. the rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan into Eastern Europe in
thethirteenth century

c. Christopher Columbus’s discovery ofAmerica

d. Ferdinand Magellan’s completed circumnavigation of the world

  
2. Recent events that has started globalization through the 
advancement in technology:  

1. the first transatlantic telephone cable(1956)

2. the first transatlantic television broadcasts(1962)
3. the founding of the modern internet (1988)
4. the terrorist attacks on the twin towers(2001)

E.  Broader, More Recent Changes

The fifth view focuses on broader, but still recent, changes. There is a sense in this view that
a sea change occurred in the last half of the twentieth century. Three of these momentous
changes have been identified by scholars as the point of origin of globalization as it exists
today:

1. The emergence of the United States as the global power in the years following WW II.
The US not only projected its military power throughout the world (Korea in the early
1950s; disastrously in Vietnam in the 1960s and early 1970s), it extended its reach in the
economic realm as it became the dominant industrial power when WW II decimated most of
its competitors militarily (Germany, Japan) and/or economically (the Axis powers as well as
Allies such as France and Great Britain). Many other aspects of America ’ s global reach
either accompanied these changes or soon followed. Among them were the diplomatic clout
of the US government, the reach of the US media, the power of Hollywood, and so on. Such a
view closely aligns globalization with the idea of Americanization.

2. The emergence of multinational corporations (MNCs).

While the world ’ s great corporations can be traced back to the eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries in, for example, Germany, Great Britain, and the United States, they
were initially largely associated with their nations of origin and did the vast majority of their
business within those countries. However, over time, those corporations did more and more
business internationally. In so doing, they werefollowingMarxand Engels’( 1848/2000 : 248 –
9) dictumthatbecause of stagnant or declining profits capitalism had to expand into
international markets or die.

For example, the once great American automobile companies – Ford and General
Motors – not only originated in the US, but focused, at least initially, on selling into the
American market and most, if not all, of the component parts were produced by them or sub -
contractors in the US. Of course, they did import raw materials of various kinds (and they did
sell their automobiles overseas, especially in Europe), but in the main, the bulk of their
business was done in the US. Furthermore, the vast majority of top executives, employees,
and investors was American. However, that began to change over the course of the twentieth
century as these corporations exported more of their automobiles to other parts of the world,
opened factories in other countries to sell cars under their brand names (or others), targeted
their products to the distinctive needs (e.g. for smaller, more fuel - efficient cars) of those
countries, and more recently began to move more of their automobile production aimed at the
US
 market to other countries, either in factories of their own or in the factories of sub - contractors
in those countries. In these and other ways, Ford and General Motors have become
multinational corporations and MNCs are, because of their very nature, inherently part of
globalization. Indeed, MNCS are not only involved in globalization but this process is
internalized into the organization as all sorts of global flows (parts, people, money) occur
within the corporation.

3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.
It could be argued that globalization is even more recent and did not truly begin until
the fall of the “Iron Curtain” and the Soviet Union in 1991. With those events, the division of
the world into mainly “capitalist” and “ communist ” spheres rapidly eroded as did all sorts of
barriers that existed between them. Major parts of the world were opened for the fi rst time
since the early twentieth century to all sorts of global flows – immigration, tourism, media,
diplomacy, and especially the capitalistic economic transactions of MNCs and other
businesses. The global processes that had spread throughout most of the “free” world before
1991 flooded into the now independent states of the old Soviet Union, especially Russia, and
most of its allies. Vestiges of communism exist as of this writing, especially in Cuba, North
Korea, and, at least nominally, in China. Cuba remains, in the main, outside of global
capitalism, largely because of the US embargo against trading with Cuba, in force since 1962
and expanded and codified several times since then. However, the embargo itself is a
manifestation of globalization – the US setting up barriers in order to limit or halt the flow of
trade with Cuba and to inhibit or prevent other nations from around the world from trading with
Cuba. China, of course, is becoming a, if not soon the major force in global capitalism even
though the government remains communist, at least in name (Fishman 2006 ). In any case,
China is actively involved in globalization not only economically, but in many other realms as
well (the 2008 Olympics in Beijing is a good example).

The perspective adopted in this book on the current global age is most in accord with
this focus on broader changes that began in the last half of the twentieth century. While all of
the other perspectives deal with global processes, they were far more limited in geographic
scope and far less extensive and intensive than the global processes that took off in the late
twentieth century. Thus the perspective adopted here is that globalization is a relatively recent
development with its major points of origin occurring after the close of WW II.

http://medien.ubitweb.de/pdfzentrale/978/047/065/Leseprobe_l_9780470655610.pdf

Summary:

- these change happened in the last half of the twentieth century

- there are three notable changes as the origins of globalization as we know today, and
they are as follows:

1. The emergence of the United States as a global power(post-World War II)

2. The emergence of multinational corporation (MNCs)
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War
Name: Date:

Course/Year/Section: Score:

ACTIVITY NO.4

Instruction: Search for news headlines with pictures in the internet or from newspapers that shows
an event that has become the turning point of globalization in this decade

 Why has this event become a turning point of globalization in this decade? Answer with a
minimum of 20 sentences.