CHAPTER 1: What is

Globalization?
MULTIPLE GLOBALIZATIONS
● Anthropologist Arjun Apparudai’s scapes:
A Contemporary World A. Ethnoscape - refers to the global
(SOC SCI 3) SEM 1 - Prelims movement of people.
B. Mediascape – is about the flow of
culture.
GLOBALIZATION: A WORKING DEFINITION C. Technoscape – refers to the circulation
of mechanical goods and software.
According to Manfred Steger, “Globalization is the D. Financescape – denotes the global
process of expansion and intensification of social circulation of money.
relations and consciousness across world-time and E. Ideoscape – is the realm where
across world-space” political ideas move around.
● Represents the many processes that allow for
the expansion and intensification of global

CHAPTER 2: The
connections.

EXPANSION Globalization of World

● Creation of new social networks and the Economics
multiplication of existing connections that cut A Contemporary World
across traditional political, economic, cultural,
and geographic boundaries.
(SOC SCI 3) SEM 1

INTENSIFICATION
● Expansion, stretching, and acceleration of ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
these networks.
According to (Shangquan, 2000), it refers to the
increasing interdependence of world economies as a
TIME AND SPACE result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of
● “Globalization processes do not occur merely commodities and services, flow of international capital
at a material level, objective but they also and wide and rapid spread of technologies.
involve the subjective plane of human ● Mahalaga ang pagdepende natin sa
consciousness”. globalization dahil sa:
● Meaning: Globalization affects us not only in ○ Advancement ng mga technology.
material ways, but also in how we think about
ourselves and the world around us. It exposes us to According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF),
new cultures and ideas, which can challenge our it is a historical process representing the result of
assumptions and beliefs. It also makes us more human innovation and technological progress. It is
aware of global problems and our characterized by the increasing integration of
interconnectedness with people around the world. economies around the world through the movement of
goods, services, and capital across Borders.
GLOBALISM VS. GLOBALIZATION
● Globalization represents the many processes
that allow for the expansion and INTERNATIONAL TRADING SYSTEM
intensification of global connections.
● Globalism is a widespread belief among ● Ancient Silk Road one of the oldest way of
powerful people that the global integration of globalization back during the days
economic markets is beneficial for everyone
since it spreads freedom and democracy HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
across the world.
Globalization began when all populated continents
began trading goods with each other on a large scale,
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION & which had a significant impact on all involved. -Dennis
GLOBALISM Flynn and Arturo Giraldez
● Globalization is a PROCESS
A. GALLEON TRADE (16th-18th CENTURY)
● Globalism is a BELIEF
● Countries, primarily in Europe, competed with
one another to sell more goods as a means to
boost their country’s income.
 B. GOLD STANDARD (19th CENTURY)
● Following the lead of the United Kingdom, the
United States, and other European Nations
adopted the gold standard at an international
monetary conference in Paris.
○ Ginamit nila ang gold as a status of richness.
○ Gold na galing/ninakaw sa ibang bansa.
C. THE GREAT DEPRESSION (20th CENTURY)
● This depression was the worst and longest
recession ever experienced by the Western
world. Some economists argued that it was
largely caused by the gold standard.
● Barry Eichengreen argues that the recovery of
the United States really began when, having
abandoned the gold standard, the US
government was able to free up money to
spend on reviving the economy. At the height of
World War II, other major industrialized
countries followed suit.
FIAT CURRENCY
● Currencies that are not backed by precious
metals and whose value is determined by their
cost relative to other currencies.
● Any money declared by a government to be
legal tender.
THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM
● Inaugurated in 1944 during the United Nations
Monetary and FInancial Conference to prevent
the catastrophes of the early decades of the
century from reoccurring and affecting
international ties.
● It was largely influenced by the ideas of British
economist John Maynard Keynes who believed
that economic crises occur not when a country
does not have enough money, but when money
is not being spent and, thereby, not moving.
● Delegates at Bretton Woods agreed to create
two (2) financial institutions:
1. International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD, or World Bank)
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE
(GATT)
● Shortly after the Bretton Woods, various
countries also committed themselves to
further global economic integration through
the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) in 1947.
● GATT’s main purpose was to reduce tariffs and
other hindrances to free trade.
NEOLIBERALISM
● The policies of neoliberalism typically support
fiscal austerity, deregulation, free trade,
privatization, and a reduction in government
spending.
● Neoliberalism is often associated with the
economic policies of Margaret Thatcher in the
United Kingdom and Ronald Reagan in the
United States.
● There are many criticisms of neoliberalism,
including its:
○ Tendency to endanger democracy;
○ Workers’ rights and;
○ Sovereign nations’ right to
self-determination.
KEYNESIANISM
● The high point of global Keynesianism came in
the mid-1940s to the early 1970s.
● During this period, governments poured money
into their economies, allowing people to
purchase more goods and, in the process,
increase demand for these products.
● Western and some Asian economies like Japan
accepted this rise in prices because it was
accompanied by general economic growth and
reduced unemployment.
OPEC OIL EMBARGO IN 1973
● On October 17, 1973, the Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) declared
an embargo (banning of trade with another
country) that drastically limited the shipment
of oil to the United States.
● It was in response to the decision of the US and
other countries to resupply the Israeli military
with the needed arms during the Yom Kippur
War.
STAGFLATION
● is a macroeconomic condition characterized
by high inflation, slow economic growth, and
high unemployment. It is a rare but serious
economic phenomenon that can be difficult to
combat.

WASHINGTON CONSENSUS
● Dominated global economic policies from the
1980’s until early 2000s.
● Its advocates pushed for minimal government
spending to reduce government debt. They also
called for privatization of
government-controlled services like water,
power, communications, and transport.
REAGAN-THATCHER
● President Ronald Reagan and British Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher justified their
reduction in government spending by
comparing national economies to households.
● Thatcher, in particular, promoted an image of
herself as a mother, who reined in
overspending to reduce the national debt.
BREAKUP OF USSR
● After Communism had collapsed in the 1990s,
the IMF called for the immediate privatization
of all government industries.
● It was only the individuals and groups who had
accumulated wealth under the previous
communist order had the money to purchase
these industries.
GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS & THE CHALLENGE TO
NEOLIBERALISM
● Neoliberalism came under significant strain
during the global financial crisis of 2007-2008
when the world experienced the greatest
economic downturn since the Great
Depression.
● The crisis can be traced back to the 1980s
when the United States systematically
removed various banking and investment
restrictions.
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION TODAY
● The global financial crisis will take decades to
resolve.
● Exports, not just the local selling of goods and
services, make national economies grow at
present.
● In the recent decades, partly as a result of
these increased exports, economic
globalization has ushered in an unprecedented
spike in global growth rates.
● It remains an uneven process, with some
countries, corporations and individuals
benefiting a lot more than others. The series of
trade talks under the WTO have led to
unprecedented reductions in tariffs and other
trade barriers, but these processes have often
been unfair.
CHAPTER 3: A History of
Global Politics: Creating
an International Order
A Contemporary World
(SOC SCI 3) SEM 1
WORLD GOVERNMENTS “INTERNATIONALIZATION”
● The world is composed of many countries or
states, all of them having different forms of
government. Some scholars of politics are
interested in individual states and examine
the internal politics of these countries.
THE ATTRIBUTION OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM
1. There are countries or states that are
independent and govern Themselves.
2. These countries interact with each other
through diplomacy.
3. There are international organizations, like the
United Nations, that facilitate these
interactions.
4. Beyond simply facilitating meetings between
states, international organizations also take on
lives of their own.
ORIGINS OF THIS SYSTEM
A good start is by unpacking what one means when
they say a “country”, or what academics also called the
nation-state.
NATION VS. STATE
● The nation-state is composed of two
noninterchangeable terms. Not all states are
nations and not all nations are states
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NATION & STATE
● STATE
○ State refers to a country and its
government.
○ Four (4) attributes: citizen, territory,
government, and sovereignty
● NATION
○ “A nation is an imagined community...”
– Benedict Anderson
○ Nations often limit themselves to
people who have imbibed a particular
culture, speak a common language,
and live in a specific territory.
○ Calling it “imagined” does not mean
that the nation is made-up. Rather the
nation allows one to feel a connection
with a community of people even if
he/she will never meet all of them in
his/her lifetime.
 THE INTERSTATE SYSTEM
● The origins of the present-day concept of
sovereignty can be traced back to the Treaty of
Westphalia, which was a set of agreements
signed in 1648 to end the Thirty Years’ War
between the major continental powers of
Europe.
THE THIRTY YEARS’ WAR (1618-1648)
● The war had a devastating impact on Central
Europe, with millions of people killed and
displaced.
● The war caused widespread economic damage
and social disruption.
● The war led to the establishment of the
principle of sovereignty, which meant that
each state had the right to determine its own
religion and form of government.
● The war marked the end of the Holy Roman
Empire as a major political force in Europe.
● The Thirty Years' War was a complex and bloody
conflict that had a profound impact on the
course of European history. It is still studied by
historians today to understand the causes and
consequences of religious conflict, the rise of
the modern state system, and the impact of
war on society.
NAPOLEONIC WARS (1803-1815)
● “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
NAPOLEONIC CODE
● The French Revolution abolished the privileges
of the nobility and clergy, established freedom
of religion, and promoted meritocracy in
government service.
● This system shocked the monarchies and
hereditary elites of Europe, and they formed an
alliance to overthrow the French emperor.
CONCERT OF EUROPE (1815-1914)
● An alliance of “great powers” – the UK, Austria,
Russia, and Prussia—that sought to restore the
world monarchial, hereditary, and the religious
privileges of the time before the French
Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars.
BATTLE OF WATER (1815)
● Napoleon lost the Battle of Waterloo
INTERNATIONALISM
● The belief that countries should work together
to solve common problems and create a better
world.
TWO MAIN TYPES OF INTERNATIONALISM
A. Liberal internationalism emphasizes free
trade, democracy, and human rights.
B. Socialist internationalism emphasizes social
justice and equality.
LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
1. Immanuel Kant
● The first major thinker of liberal
internationalism.
● Imagined a form of global government.
He Likened states in a global system to
people living in a given territory.
2. Jeremy Bentham
● Coined the word “international” in 1780
and advocated the creation of
“international law” that would govern
the inter-state relations.
● He believed that objective global
legislators should aim to propose
legislation that would create “the
greatest happiness of all nations taken
together.”
3. Giuseppe Mazzini
● The first thinker to reconcile
nationalism and liberal
internationalism.
● He believed in a Republican
government and proposed a system of
free nations that cooperated with each
other to create an international system.
4. Woodrow Wilson
● US president (1913-1921), became one of
the 20th century’s most prominent
internationalists.
● He saw nationalism as a prerequisite
for internationalism.
● Wilson believed that all nations had
the right to self-determination and
democracy. He hoped that this would
lead to a more peaceful and
cooperative world order based on
international law.
● He became the most notable advocate
for the creation of the League of
Nations.
 SOCIALISTS INTERNATIONALISM
1. Karl Marx (1818-1883)
● Any true form of internationalism
should deliberately reject nationalism,
which rooted people in domestic
concerns instead of global ones.
● Placed a premium on economic
equality; he did not divide the world
into countries, but into classes
(capitalist vs. proletariat).
● With his co-author (Friedrich Engels),
they opposed nationalism because
they believed it prevented the
unification of the world’s workers.
2. Socialist International (1889)
● International organization
● a union of European socialist and labor
parties established in Paris in 1889.
3. Russian Revolution (1917)
● Czar Nicolas II was overthrown and
replaced by a revolutionary government
led by the Bolshevik Party and its
leader, Vladimir Lenin, who later
founded a new state called the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
● The Bolsheviks did not believe in
obtaining power for the working class
through elections. Rather, they
exhorted the revolutionary “vanguard”
parties to lead revolutions across the
world, using methods of terror if
necessary. Today, parties like th
● To encourage these socialist
revolutions across the world, Lenin
established the Communist
International (Comintern) in 1919.
● Many of the world’s states feared the
Comintern, believing that it was
working in secret to stir up revolutions
in their countries.
● Stalin dissolved the Comintern in 1943
to appease his allies, who feared the
Soviet Union was trying to promote
communism in their countries during
World War II.
● After World War II, Stalin re-established
the Cominform to direct the
communist parties in Eastern Europe,
which the Soviet Union had taken over.
● After the collapse of the Soviet Union in
1991, communist internationalism
disappeared. Socialist
internationalism remained confined to
Europe, while liberal internationalism
became ascendant, with the UN at its
center.
GRP 1: The United Nations
and Contemporary
Global Governance
A Contemporary World
(SOC SCI 3) SEM 1 - Midterms
INTRODUCTION
Internationalists such as Kant and Bentham
envisioned a worldwide government, but until now,
none exists.
There is no single entity to whom all states must
answer. Furthermore, no organization can compel a
state to follow predefined global regulations through
military force.
However, there is a consistent behavior of the majority
of states. For instance, they largely adhere to global
navigation routes and, in most cases, respect each
other’s territorial borders.
In the instance that they do not, just like when Russia
invaded Crimea (a country under Ukraine) in 2014, it
caused global worry and controversy.
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Despite the lack of a single world authority, states
under an international order continue to adhere to
some global rules, implying that there is some
semblance of world order.
The multiple intersecting processes that generate
world order are referred to as global governance.
Global Governance can come from a variety of sources.
Nations establish treaties and form organizations,
enacting public international law.
KEY FIGURES
1. Public International Law is an international
standard that regulates relations between
states rather than, for example, private
enterprises.
2. International Non-governmental
Organizations (NGOs), though not having
formal state power, can lobby individual states
to act in a certain way.
3. Powerful Transnational Corporations (Such
as Apple, Microsoft, etc.) can likewise have
tremendous effects on global labor laws,
environmental legislation, trade policy, and
more
● Even ideas such as the need for “global
democracy” or the clamor for “good
governance” can influence the way
international actors behave.
WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION (IO)
● Scholars usually refer to groups such as the UN
or institutions such as the IMF and the World
Bank as international organizations (IOs).
● Also, NGOs are sometimes considered as IOs.
However, the term is commonly used to refer to
international intergovernmental organizations
or groups that are primarily made up of
member-states.
● One major fallacy about IOs is that they are
merely an amalgamation of various state
interests. In the 60s and 70s, many scholars
believed that IOs were just venues where
contradicting but sometimes intersecting
agendas of various countries were discussed.
● What has become more evident is the fact that
IOs can take on lives of their own. IOs can thus
become influential as independent
organizations.
POWER OF IOS
International relations scholars, Michael N. Barnett and
Martha Finnemore listed the following Powers of IOS:
1. Power of Classification
● Nagkakaroon ng oneness, specially sa
pagbibigay ng kahulugan sa mga terms na
ginagamit sa mundo ngayon. Ex: “Refugee”
● Because IOs can invent and apply categories,
they create powerful global standards.
● For example, it is the UN High Commissioner
for Religion (UNHCR) that defines what a
refugee is. Since states are required to accept
refugees entering their borders, this power to
establish identity has concrete effects.
2. Power to Change Meanings
● This is more generalized and is linked to the
first power.
● IOs are seen as legitimate sources of
information for states, organizations, and
individuals. As a result, the meanings they
generate have an impact on a variety of
policies.
3. Power to Diffuse Norms
● SIla yung nagtatakda ng tama o mali
● IOs do not simply classify and fix meanings;
they also spread their ideas across the world,
thereby establishing global standards. Their
power to diffuse norms stems from the fact
that IOs are staffed with independent
bureaucracies who are considered experts in
various fields.
● Norms are accepted codes of conduct that may
not be strict laws but produce regularity in
behavior.
 CHALLENGES OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Because of these immense powers, IOs can be sources ● The greatest difficulty may be attributed to
of great good and/or great harm. They have the ability issues of security.
to promote important standards, such as
● The council finds it difficult to issue a formal
environmental conservation and human rights.
resolution.
However, they can become closed communities that ● Kosovo war. Hundreds and thousands of
refuse to question their views. Albanians were victims of massacres, mass
deportations, and internal displacement.
THE UNITED NATIONS ● North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
intervened in the Kosovo war on humanitarian
● Founded in 1945
● Successful international organization grounds.
● Purpose is to create one world ● The UN has done very little to stop
● Peace, Dignity & Equality on a healthy planet state-sanctioned violence against opponents
of the government.
5 ORGANS ● The UN is ineffectual.
● It remains important for the SC to place a high
1. GENERAL ASSEMBLY bar on military intervention.
● UN’s main organ
● 193 states
RESPONSES TO GLOBALIZATION
● One country, one vote
● Provides a unique forum ● The process of increased interconnectedness
and integration of economies and cultures
2. SECURITY COUNCIL worldwide. Different countries adopt various
● International peace and security strategies in response to globalization, driven
● Determining the existence of threat by their size, wealth, and geographical
● 15 members advantages.
● Veto Power - use to reject the council’s ● China, being large and economically robust,
resolution leverages its vast labor force and low
● Allied Powers: China, Russia, France, UK, USA production costs to attract foreign companies
and expand its commerce with countries it
once considered adversaries, such as the
3. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL United States and Japan
COUNCIL
● Smaller countries like Singapore and
● Principat body for cooperation Switzerland compensate for their limited size
● 54 members by capitalizing on their advantageous
● UN;s central platform for debate on geographic locations. Singapore, for instance,
sustainable development. invested in harbor facilities to become a
leading transit port for shipping commodities
4. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF between various regions.
JUSTICE
● UN;s judicial organ
FORMATION OF REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
● Consists of 15 judges
● Not assisted by UN secretariat ● North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
● Composition of the Court: ● Organization of the Petroleum Exporting
○ 3 Africa Countries (OPEC)
○ 2 Latin America and Caribbean ● Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
○ 3 Asia
○ 5 Western Europe and Western States EVOLUTION OF ASEAN
○ 2 Eastern Europe
● Association of Southeast Asian Nations
5. SECRETARIAT (ASEAN), which started as a coalition of
pro-American countries during the Vietnam
● Carries work of the UN directed by GA and other
War. Over time, ASEAN evolved into an
organs/agencies.
economically unified entity, fostering better
● Organized along departmental lines
coordination and leading to the emergence of
● Keep the public informed about the work of the
ASEAN Studies as a regional perspective.
United Nations.
● The rise of ASEAN Studies, supported by
member countries, may replace Western
originated "Southeast Asian" studies. However,
 this perspective may have limitations
regarding critical analysis of ASEAN and its
member nations.
COUNTRIES, REGION, AND GLOBALIZATION
● Regional Trade Bloc
○ There are other countries that form
regional blocs to protect their
independence.
● Non - Aligned Movement
○ Not formally aligned with or against
any major power bloc.
○ 120 countries
● Asian Financial Crisis
○ July 1997–December 1998
○ Thailand, bumaba value ng money nila.
Nagcollapse economy nila then job
losses.
NON-STATE REGIONALISM
● Says that not only do states work together for a
cause but also communities.
NEW REGIONALISM
1. Varies in form. from small local communities
or large continental unions.
2. Reformists - people who share “values, norms,
institutions, and systems that exist outside of
the traditional, established mainstream
institutions and systems.”
3. These organizations have high moral standing
and have the notable ability to lobby and
pressure politics but have limited pressure on
global politics.
NEW REGIONALISM VS. TRADITIONAL REGIONALISM
New Regionalism differs from traditional
state-to-state regionalism when it comes to
identifying problems.
1. New Regionalism sees economic issues and
other such major problems as the result of
flawed economic development and
environmental models.
2. Differing opinions and views among the ranks
of new regionalist organizations may lead to
disagreement which will lead to them breaking
away from the civil society groups they should
serve.
3. New regionalist groups may work with the
government, however, the latter may set up
obstacles that inevitably hinder the
achievement of their goals.
CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGE TO REGIONALISM
RESURGENCE OF MILITANT NATIONALISM AND
POPULISM
● The rise of nationalism and populism in recent
years has impacted international politics, the
environment, wealth inequality, and
economics.
● Nationalism is an idea and movement that
holds that the nation should be congruent with
the state.
● Populism is a philosophy that refers to the
needs of the common people.
ANTI-NATO RHETORIC OF VLADIMIR PUTIN
● In particular, the failure to dismantle NATO
following the fall of the Soviet Union has given
rise to Vladimir Putin's anti-NATO rhetoric in
Russia.
● Since Donald Trump characterized NATO as
simply siphoning off American military
strength without providing anything in return,
even the relationship between the United
States, a founding member of the alliance, and
NATO has grown tense.
CHINA’S OCCUPATION TO THE WEST
PHILIPPINE SEA
● Recently, ASEAN countries also disagreed over
how to relate to China , with the Philippines
unable to get other countries to support its
condemnation of China’s Occupation of the
West Philippine Sea.
● Cambodia and Laos Led the opposition
favoring diplomacy over confrontation, but the
real reason was the dramatic increase of
Chinese investments and economic aid to
these countries.
● EEZ - 200 nautical miles
CONCLUSION
Global governance is such a complex issue. It’s so
evident that international organizations and the
United Nations are playing an important role in our
World, especially in globalization. These organizations
have their own agenda and rationalities. The UN is the
closest to a world government.
GRP 2: Globalization of
Religion
A Contemporary World
(SOC SCI 3) SEM 1 - Midterms
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLOBALISM,
GLOBALIZATION & RELIGION
DEFINING RELIGION
● "Religion usually has to do with man's
relationship to the unseen world, to the world
of spirits, demons, and gods. A second element
common to all religions ...is the term salvation.
All religions seek to help man find meaning in
a universe that all too often appears to be
hostile to his interests. The word salvation
means, basically, health. It means one is saved
from disaster, fear, hunger, and a meaningless
life. It means one is saved for hope, love,
security, and the fulfillment of purpose. " - F. H.
Bradley
● "Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature...
a protest against real suffering... it is the opium
of the people... the illusory sun which revolves
around man for as long as he does not evolve
around himself. " - Karl Marx
DEFINING GLOBALIZATION
● “Globalization is the process of expansion and
intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and across
world-space” –Manfred Steger
● Occurs on multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration that anthropologist
Arjun Apparudai calls “scapes”: ethnoscapes,
mediascape, technoscape, financescape,
ideoscape.
DEFINING GLOBALISM
● The widespread belief among powerful people
that the global integration of economic
markets is beneficial for everyone since it
spreads freedom and democracy across the
globe.
● The belief that economic and foreign policy
should be planned globally, rather than serving
the interests of individual crises.
RELIGION VS GLOBALISM
● Religion is concerned with “the sacred”, while
globalism is preoccupied with material gain.
● Globalism follows human-made laws while, as
we all know, religion follows “heavenly
precepts”
● Religion assumes that there is a possible
connection or a possibility of communication
with humans and the transcendent.
● The measure of globalism is how much human
actions can or may lead to the highest level of
material satisfaction.
RELIGIOUS PEOPLE VS GLOBALISTS
● Religious people are less concerned with
wealth and everything that comes with it.
● Globalists are less concerned about whether
they will spend an eternity in heaven or hell as
their abilities are more mundane. Their goal is
to attempt to complete trade deals, increase
private sector profits, boost government
revenue collections, shield the wealthy from
excessive government taxation, and of course,
enrich themselves.
IN A NUTSHELL
● A religious person strives to be a “saint”
whereas a globalist aspires to be a successful
business person.
WHY DO THEY COLLIDE?
● Because religious evangelism is a sort of
globalization in and of itself.
● The globalist ideal is concerned with the global
expansion of products and services whereas
the religious ideal is concerned with the global
dissemination of sacred ideals.
○ E.g. the missionaries being sent by Born-Again
Christian churches, Sufi and Shiite Muslim orders.
Another example, the Buddhist institutions and
Catholic, Protestant, and Mormon churches are
efforts at “spreading the word of God”
REALITIES
COMPLICATED REALITY OF THE RELATIONSHIP
OF RELIGION AND GLOBALIZATION
● Peter Berger argues that far from being
secularized, “the contemporary world is
furiously religious”. There are genuine religious
fervor explosions happening in all the major
religions, including Christianity, Judaism,
Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and even
Confucianism, in one way or another.
HOW RELIGION BRINGS PEOPLE TOGETHER AND
ASSIST GLOBALIZATION
● Religion brings people together by allowing
them to interact and communicate.
● It benefits globalization because religious
groups are able to take advantage of modern
technology.
RELIGION BEING PART OF THE GOVERNMENT
REPUBLICS
● They are the foundations of modern republics.
● The Malaysian government places religion at
the center of its political system.
RELIGION ARE PART OF A POLITICAL AUTHORITY
● The relationship between religion and political
authority varies significantly across different
countries and regions. In some cases, religion
plays a significant role in shaping political
authority, while in others, there is a clear
separation between religion and the state.
● Here are some key points to consider:
i. Theocratic States: In some countries,
religious institutions hold significant
political power. These are known as
theocratic nations, where religious
leaders or organizations have a direct
involvement in governing.
ii. Religious Influence in Politics:
Religious organizations and leaders
may have sway over politicians and
political decision-making. This
influence might show itself through
lobbying, endorsements, or voter
mobilization based on religious
causes.
iii. Secular States: In contrast, several
nations have embraced a secular style
of administration in which religious
organizations and political power are
clearly separated. These governments
often preserve religious freedom
values, ensuring that no single faith
has a monopoly on governance.
iv. National Identity: Even in secular
regimes, religion may be a significant
aspect of a nation's identity. In such
instances, religion may not directly
impact political decisions, but it can
influence cultural and social norms,
which affect political power indirectly.
v. Conflict and Tensions: Conflicts and
tensions can arise when religion and
politics collide, particularly in areas
with a mixed religious population.
Conflicting religious and political
views can cause divides and, in certain
cases, bloodshed and instability.
vi. Global Diplomacy: Religion may have
an impact on a country's foreign policy
decisions, especially when interacting
with neighboring countries where
religion is important in politics.
Considerations such as the treatment
of religious minorities or the
importance of religious groups in a
foreign state, for example, might have
an impact on diplomatic relations.
RELIGIONS AS PART OF POLITICAL CONFLICT
● Jose Casanova noted that "historically, religion
has always been at the very center of all great
political conflicts and movements of social
reform. From independence to abolition, from
nativism to women's suffrage, from prohibition
to the civil rights movement, religion had
always been at the center of these conflicts but
also on both sides of the political barricades."
It remains the case until today with the power
the Christian Right has on the Republican
Party.
● Examples:
Sogie Bill Abortion
Same-Sex Marriage Divorce
RH Law
● Teenage Pregnancy
● HIV/AIDS
● Population Growth
● Sex Education
● Family Planning
LOCALIZED VERSION OF RELIGION AND
POLITICS
● Numerous religious organizations ran for office
using the party-list system during the 2016
Presidential Elections and the 2019 Midterm
Elections.
● These organizations included the Jesus is Lord
(JIL) Movement with its CIBAC Party, the El
Shaddai with its Buhay Party, the Iglesia ni
Cristo (INC) with its Alagad Party, and the
Kingdom of Jesus Christ, which endorsed all of
the candidates sponsored by the Duterte
administration.
USING RELIGION TO RESIST GLOBALIZATION
● Religion despise the materialistic worldview of
globalization
● Globalization liberated communities from
national-state limitations, at the expense of
the cultural framework that binds them
together.
● Religious movements are formed to resist the
globalist mentality
USING GLOBALIZATION TO EXPAND RELIGION
● Christianity and Islam views globalization as
an opportunity rather than a threat
● Religious organization use their religion as
moral standard in the rapidly changing world
● Religions utilize the products of globalization
to reach more people
HOW MUSLIMS VIEW GLOBALIZATION AS TROJAN
HORSE OF WESTERN PRINCIPLES
● While faiths may profit from globalization
processes, this does not guarantee that their
conflicts with globalist ideology will go away.
Some Muslims see "globalization" as a Trojan
horse that hides followers of Western
 principles, such as secularism, liberalism, and
even communism, who are eager to promote
these concepts in their territories and
eventually replace Islam.
GLOBALIZATION OR WESTERNIZATION?
● "Globalization is an aspect of human life that
has always been there since the beginning of
humanity. It corresponds with the natural
human instinct and man's tendency towards
being a 'social animal.' It is the tendency with
which God has created man to live on
exchanging his sources and experiences with
others around him, in order to achieve and
realize the best chances of life."
● The westernization of a country, place, or
person is the process of them adopting ideas
and behavior that are typical of Europe and
North America, rather than preserving the
ideas and behavior traditional in their culture.
ISLAM IS NOT ANTI-GLOBALIZATION
● First of all, it is important to note that Islam
orders people to cooperate, to be helpful to one
another according to goodness and piety, and
not to be helpful in evil and malice (Qur'an 5:2).
● "For several centuries, Arabic was the world's
leading language in sciences. Muslims made
important advances in mathematics,
astronomy, and medicine -- a legacy from
which European scholars derived great
benefit,"
● "The agents of globalization are neither
European nor exclusively Western nor are they
necessarily linked to Western dominance.
Indeed, Europe would have been a lot poorer --
economically, culturally, and scientifically --
had it resisted the globalization of
mathematics, science, and technology [from
the East]..."
● We have to differentiate between the gifts of
globalization and the products of
Westernization.
● "The Islamic world has been convulsed by the
modernization process. Instead of being one of
the leaders of world civilization, Islamdom was
quickly and permanently reduced to a
dependent bloc by European powers."
● For Islamic society, the underlying concerns
regarding globalization are:
○ How to protect a unique heritage in the
face of global pressure;
○ To uphold religious traditions;
○ To preserve linguistic purity;
○ To defend social institutions;
○ To maintain a viable identity in the
midst of a rapidly changing global
environment.
CATHOLICS VIEW RELIGION AS A THROW-AWAY
CULTURE
● The Catholic Church and its dynamic leader,
Pope Francis, likewise condemned
globalization's throw-away culture" that is
"fatally destined to suffocate hope and
increase risks and threats.
● A throwaway product is intended to be used
only for a short time, and then to be thrown
away.
● “We must never allow the throwaway culture to
enter our hearts, because we are brothers and
sisters. No one is disposable! Let us always
remember this: Only when we are able to share
do we become truly rich; everything that is
shared is multiplied!”
● In a speech to the association of Italian
cooperative movements, he pointed to the
“dizzying rise in unemployment” and the
problems that existing welfare systems had in
meeting healthcare needs.
● “It’s hunger, hunger that makes us accept what
they give us,” he said.
● But his overall message was that economic
rationale had to be secondary to the wider
needs of human society. “When money
becomes an idol, it commands the choices of
man. And thus it ruins man and condemns
him. It makes him a slave.”
THE WORLD BANK AND RELIGIOUS LEADERS
WORLD FAITHS AND DEVELOPMENT DIALOGUE
● In 1998, the World Bank brought in religious
leaders in its discussions about global poverty.
● It was evident enough that institutional
advocates of globalization could be responsive
to the “liberationist, moral critiques of
economic globalization coming from the
religious.
● Although it only yielded insignificant results
HOW DIFFERENT WORLD VIEWS/POLITICAL IDEAS
VIEW RELIGION
SECULARISM
● It is generally understood that secularism is an
“anti-religion” edict; it is seen as a philosophy
that contradicts or opposes religious dogma
● “The concept of secularism is not to rid the
world of religion, but instead to separate the
state from religious policy and allow it to
govern with principles taken “from this world”
● The key principle of secularism is the
separation of the church and state.
 LIBERALISM
● Committed to protecting the freedom of
persons to live and think as they choose
without interference from the state, provided
they do no harm to others.
● It is an attitude towards one's own religion
which contrasts with a traditionalist or
orthodox approach, and it is directly opposed
by trends of religious fundamentalism.
● Related to religious liberty, which is the
tolerance of different religious beliefs and
practices, but not all promoters of religious
liberty are in favor of religious liberalism, and
vice versa
COMMUNISM
● A form of government that is associated with
the ideas of Karl Marx
● Based on the goal of eradicating
socioeconomic class struggles by creating a
classless society wherein everyone shares the
benefit of labor and the state controls all
property and wealth
● In connection with religion, Karl Marx views it
as a form of “Social Control”
● “In 1844, He wrote, “Religion is the sigh of the
oppressed creature...”
● He believed that “if the comfort blanket of
religion was taken away, at last the workers
would have to do something about their
terrible condition.
CONCLUSION
● Globalization is oddly seen as having little to
do with religion.
● A reason for this is because globalization is
connected with modernization.
● Let’s talk about secularization theory
● Religious people are able to defend their
political participation using moral
considerations.
● Religious leaders have used religion to wield
influence on the political arena.
THERE IS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RELIGION
AND CAPITALISM
● Calvinism. also called Reformed Christianity,
is a major branch of Protestantism that follows
the theological tradition and forms of Christian
practice set down by John Calvin and various
other Reformation-era theologians. It
emphasizes the sovereignty of God and the
authority of the Bible.
● Looking at the history
● Max Weber had ideas
GRP 3: Globalization of
Media
A Contemporary World
(SOC SCI 3) SEM 1 - Midterms
INTRODUCTION
● The spread of culture and ideas is a result of
globalization.
● Media is the main means of mass
communication using platforms such as
broadcasting, publishing, and the internet. In
its simplest form, media is a means of
communication, such as radio and television,
newspapers, magazines, and the internet, that
reaches or influences people widely.
● Globalization relies on the media as its primary
means of disseminating global culture and
ideas.
● According to Jack Lule (2014), Globalization and
Media create a global village.
MEDIA AND ITS FUNCTIONS
● Lule describes media as a “means of conveying
something, such as a channel of
communication.”
WHO IS JACK LULE?
● Dr. Jack Lule is Iacocca Professor and Chair of
Journalism and Communication, and Professor
and Founding Director of Global Studies and
the Globalization and Social Change Initiative
at Lehigh University.
● His research interests include globalization
and media, international communication,
media and sports, cultural and critical studies
of news, online journalism, and teaching with
technology.
A person’s voice is a medium. However, when
commentators refer to “media” (plural of medium),
they mean the technologies of mass communication.
TYPES OF MEDIA
PRINT MEDIA
● Are traditional mass media published on
paper. The concept not only includes the
published products but also regards the
organizational context shaping the journalistic
routines and norms behind the printed
products. (Newspaper, Books, Magazines)
BROADCAST MEDIA
● Involves electronically and simultaneously
sending information containing signals, print
 messages and audio or video content to a vast
group of recipients. (Radio, TV, Film)
INTERNET MEDIA
● Is a means of communicating using the
internet. This can include personal
communication with text, images, links, videos
and voice.
MARSHALL MCLUHAN
● A media theorist once said that “the medium is
the message.”
● He did not mean that ideas (“messages”) are
useless and do not affect people. His
statement was an attempt to draw attention to
how media, as a form of technology, reshape
societies.
● According to McLuhan, different media
simultaneously extend and amputate human
senses.
○ An example of this is how a television
shapes the social behavior of users
and reorient family behavior. Thus,
television is not just a simple bearer of
messages.
○ New technologies may broaden
communication’s reach, but they also
impair an individual’s communicative
abilities.
○ Before people wrote things down on
parchment, exchanging stories was
mainly done orally.
○ Papyrus began to become more
prevalent in Egypt after the fourth
century BCE, allowing more individuals
to record their stories.
○ What is “Papyrus”? The word papyrus
refers both to the writing support
invented by the ancient Egyptians and
the plant from which they made this
material.
GLOBAL VILLAGE AND CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
A global village is a situation where modern
technologies would connect all people worldwide. This
interconnectedness implies that people worldwide can
connect and share information and experiences even
when they are not physically close.
● The idea of the global village was born in
McLuhan after the observation of how the
media had been able to overcome any physical
distance
● The television was transforming the world into
a "global village" just as how tribal formerly sat
in front of fires to listen to collective stories
● McLuhan compares the global village to the
central nervous system explaining that society
is interconnected by the influence of electronic
technology.
NICOLAS TESLA
● “When wireless is perfectly applied the whole
earth will be converted into a huge brain, which
in fact it is, all things being particles of a real
and rhythmic whole. We shall be able to
communicate with one another instantly,
irrespective of distance. Not only this, but
through television and telephony we shall see
and hear one another as perfectly as though we
were face to face, despite intervening
distances of thousands of miles; and the
instruments through which we shall be able to
do this will be amazingly simple compared
with our present telephone. A man will be able
to carry one in his vest pocket.“
Many of the pioneering thinkers believed that global
media tended to homogenize culture.
Herbert Schiller (American critic and sociologist)
stated that not only was the world becoming more
americanized, but that this process was also resulting
in the spread of “American” capitalist principles such
as consumerism
John Tomlinson stated that cultural globalization is
just a cover for “Western cultural Imperialism” as it
promotes “homogenized, Westernized consumer
culture”
CRITIQUES OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
● Cultural imperialism proponents overlooked
the reality that media messages are not only
created by producers but also consumed by
viewers.
IMPERIALISM
● Cornell Law School defined imperialism as a
doctrine, political strategy, practice, state
policy, or advocacy that consists in extending
power by territorial acquisition or by extending
political and economic control outward over
other areas.
CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
● in anthropology, sociology, and ethics, the
imposition by one usually politically or
economically dominant community of various
aspects of its own culture onto another
nondominant community (Tobin, 2016).
HISTORY OF MEDIA
1980
● Media researchers began to pay attention to
how audiences perceived and interpreted
media messages.
○ Media consumers
 1985
● Ien Ang, an Indonesian cultural critic and a
distinguished professor of cultural studies,
researched how various viewers in the
Netherlands reacted to the American soap
opera Dallas.
● Rather than merely accepting American culture
in a passive and resigned manner, she
observed that viewers invested a lot of
emotional energy in the process, and they felt
joy as a result of how the program resonated
with them.
1990
● Elihu Katz and Tamar Liebes wanted to expand
on Ang’s research by looking at how viewers
from various cultural groups understood
Dallas.
● Folks from various cultural backgrounds had
their own interpretations of the show.
○ Russians were dubious of the show’s
content.
○ American viewers felt it was mostly
about the lives of the wealthy.
The cultural imperialism concept has been debunked
by the renewed strength of regional patterns in the
globalization process.
Through the globalization of media, Asian culture
has spread around the world.
● Japan: Hello Kitty, Mario Brothers, Pokemon
● Korea: Kpop idols and kdrama
The observation applies to culinary tastes
● Most obvious case of globalized asian cuisine
is sushi.
Given these trends, it is no longer plausible to argue
that globalization is a one-way process in which
foreign cultures overpower local ones. Globalization
will continue to be an uneven process that produces
disparities; but, it allows potential for dynamism and
cultural transformation. This is not a contradiction;
rather, it demonstrates the phenomenon's
complexities.
SOCIAL MEDIA AND THE CREATION OF CYBER
GHETTOES
SOCIAL MEDIA
● It is a collective term for websites and
applications that focus on communication ,
community based input, interaction, content-
sharing, and collaboration.
SOCIAL MEDIA POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES
● Social media has negatives and positives. It
has allowed for communication to be more
accessible and easier for the general public.
People can now become both consumers and
providers of information with the help of social
media
“SPLINTERNET” OR “CYBERBALKANIZATION”
● Like all things though, it has its dark side.
Commentators have alluded to “splinternet”
and the phenomenon of “cyberbalkanization”
in the early 2000s to describe the many
bubbles people create when they are online.
“Splinternet” or also referred to as
“cyberbalkanization” is when the internet is
controlled by individual governments like a
state-affair.
HOW SOCIAL MEDIA GHETTOS ARE MADE
HOMOPHILY
● is the tendency of individuals to associate and
bond with similar others. The presence of
homophily has been discovered in a vast array
of network studies.
SOCIAL MEDIA ECHOCHAMBER
● An echo chamber on social media is when one
is exposed to biased, specialized media that
excludes diverse voices and opposing ideas.
CYBERBALKANIZATION
● is the segregation of the Internet into smaller
groups with similar interests, to a degree that
they show a narrow-minded approach to
outsiders or those with contradictory views.
● Cyber: refers to the digital world
● Balkanization: refers to Balkans, a political
region in southeastern Europe with a history of
partitioned cultures, languages and religion.
DEMAGOGUE
● is someone who becomes a leader largely
because of skills as a speaker or who appeals
to emotions and prejudices
● Demagogues as well as politicians with less
democratic intent use this segmentation
because they are aware of how social media
bubbles can generate herd mentality.
2016 ELECTIONS
● The proliferation of misinformation, troll farms,
and the use of social media as a weapon are
not new to Filipinos. In the 2016 presidential
elections, social media was a major factor in
Rodrigo Duterte's triumph which made it as the
Philippines' most heavily social media
influenced election ever.
 2022 ELECTIONS
● Marcos replicated what Rodrigo Duterte did in
the 2016 election. The Marcos Sr. era was
rebranded using social media to portray it as a
golden age that was affluent, crime-free, and
free of oppression rather than a time of martial
law, terrible human rights violations,
corruption, robbery of public coffers, and an
economy on the verge of collapse.

CONCLUSION
● Different media have diverse effects on the
globalization process
● Fact-checking before consuming different
information on media
● Be critical thinker
● Be a social media literate person