2024B Globalization Structures
UERM MEDTECH PROF. RICKY MAANO | 1ST SEMESTER | TCW
OUTLINE
I. STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION DEFINED
II. THE THREE MAIN TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
A. Economic Globalization
B. Cultural Globalization
C. Political Globalization
III. OTHER TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
LEGEND
Remember Lecturer Book Presentation
✦ ✱ ✤ ❂
STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION DEFINED
✱ The composition of Globalization
❂ GLOBALIZATION
- Globalization is a process of interaction and
integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven
by international trade and investment and aided by
information technology.
✱ This means that countries are interdependent.
- This process has effects on the environment, on
culture, on political systems, on economic
development and prosperity, and on human
physical well-being in societies around the world.
THE THREE MAIN TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
A. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
❂ Refers to the increasing interdependence of world
economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border
trade of commodities and services, flow of international
capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies.
✦ We begin to realize that we cannot survive all alone as a
country.
✦ Presidents must develop good international relations with
other countries, because we need them.
✦ Pero hindi sa isang country lang nagf-focus (ex: Pres.
Duterte’s relations with China)
❂ One country which is capital-rich (first world countries)
invests in another country which is poor. One who has
better technologies sells these to others who lack such
technologies.
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✱ The rich get richer, the poor get poorer.
✱ Globalization happens WITHOUT the intent of
helping other countries. (Dapat laging may
nagbebenefit.)
✦ Multinational companies dictate the lifestyle and mindsets of
Filipinos.
Examples:
❂ Economic globalization implies Economic Liberalization.
● ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION
- The lessening of government regulations and
restrictions in an economy in exchange for
greater participation by private entities; the
doctrine is associated with classical liberalism.
- Thus, liberalization in short is "the removal of
controls" in order to encourage economic
development.
Earlier Events of Economic Globalization
❂ Syria (6500 BCE)
○ People of Syria were trading livestock,
tools and other items
❂ Mesopotamia
- In Sumer, the token system was one of
the first forms of commodity money.
✦ The most visible impacts of globalization are definitely the ones
affecting the economic world. Globalization has led to a sharp
increase in trade and economic exchanges, but also to a
multiplication of financial exchanges
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION (VIDEO)
● Economic globalization is the spread of trade, transportation
and communication systems.
● When talking about economic globalization, there are two
different types of economies you should know about:
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 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD: GLOBALIZATION STRUCTURES
1) Protectionism - protecting one's economy from
foreign competition by creating trade barriers
2) Trade Liberalization - The act of reducing trade
barriers to make international trade easier between
countries.
- These trade barriers are usually tariffs which
are required fees on imports or exports
- This means that if this pen is one-dollar in
country A and Country B has a five-dollar tariffs
on pens, this pen would become six-dollars in
Country B.
● Since the world that we live in is globalized, the majority of
the countries tend to side more with trade liberalization
than protectionism.
● There are various ways a country can make trade easier
with other countries.
○ Free Trade, which is the trading of goods or
services between two or more countries without
tariffs or taxes
○ March 11, 2014
■ Canadian Prime Minister Stephen
Harper and the South Korean President
signed the Canada Korea Free Trade
Agreement
● Another way to make trade easier is to create a Trade
Bloc which is an agreement made between
governments to reduce or eliminate trade barriers.
○ North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA)
- Canada, the United States, and
Mexico are part of this.
- Which makes them a trade bloc
because of the goods and services
that can easily be exchanged to and
from each country's borders.
○ NAFTA was first created in 1989
● The World Bank, World Trade Organization, and the
International Monetary Fund are other significant
organizations when it comes to trade.
○ All three support the expansion of international
trade
■ World Bank: increases growth and
reduces poverty
■ World Trade Organization: deals with
the rules of trade between nations,
settles trading disputes and conducts
trade negotiations.
● Video from: Economic Globalization
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B. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
❂ Phenomenon by which the experience of everyday life, as
influenced by diffusion of commodities and ideas, reflects a
standardization of cultural expression around the world
✦ Standardization and homogenization of culture -
creating anything akin to a single world culture
✱ Culture is the totality of everything and anything that is
happening; food, lifestyle of people, religion, language, etc.
Cultural Globalization
❂ A merging or “watering down” of the world’s cultures
● Heavily criticized as destructive of local culture
● It is the culture of villages of poor countries which will be
the first to suffer erosion
❂ Negative Influence
○ Loss of individualism and group identity -
occurs when globalization encourages a
‘Western ideal of individualism’ (forgetting our
own culture)
❂ Positive Influence
○ It allows self-representation and information
sharing on a whole new level
○ When cultures are in control of their own public
images they are better equipped to manage
and represent their own public images they
are better equipped to manage and represent
their images appropriately without
misrepresentation
C. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
❂ Refers to the growth of the worldwide political system,
both in size and complexity
✦ Political Globalization is based on agreements and
cooperation of states
United Nations
● An international organization formed in 1945 to increase
political and economic cooperation among its
member countries
● There are 195 countries in the world today, 193
countries that are member states of the UN
● The other 2 countries that are non-member observer
states: and the State of Palestine
✦ The UN’s main responsibility is to maintain International
Peace and Security
GLOBALIZATION OF POLITICS
● National governments have been ultimately responsible
for maintaining the security and economic welfare of their
citizens, as well as the protection of human rights and the
environment within their borders
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 THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD: GLOBALIZATION STRUCTURES

● Politics can take place above the state through political
integration schemes such as the European Union and
through intergovernmental organizations such as the
International Monetary Fund, the World Fund, the WOrld
Bank and the World trade Organization
● Political activity can also transcend national borders
through global movements and NGOs. CIvil society
organizations act globally by forming alliances with
organizations in other countries
OTHER TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
5.
1. FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION
- Interconnection of the world’s financial systems
e.g., stick markets
- Connection between large cities than of nations
Example: What happens in Asian markets affects the
North American markets
2. TECHNOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
- Is speeded in large part by technological
spread of technology across borders.
- It is often the population most in need that is
most affected by the digital divide.
cultural, social, and political spheres of
society.
- It involves the ever-increasing integration of
these aspects between nations, regions,
communities, and even seemingly isolated
places.
Example: The growing international ideas that capital
punishment is immoral and that woman should have all
the same rights as men.
GEOGRAPHICAL GLOBALIZATION
- Geographers don’t see the world in terms of
relationships between countries anymore.
- They now see a borderless world, dominated
by worldwide concerns: ecological concerns,
politics, culture, economics and other
relationships existing; all influenced by networks
of world cities.
✱ Countries nowadays are not divided geographically
anymore because of the advancements in technology.
✱ Information or news of different countries are provided
in the internet including the lifestyle and events.

● TECHNOLOGICAL REVOLUTION
- Has meant “Global Village” has expanded to
every corner of the globe with growth in travel
communication and computer technology, and
mobile (smart) phones communications.

- Connection between nations through

technology such as television, radio,
telephones, internet, etc.

✱ “Global village” means different countries are stuck up

in one place and they move and get to know one another
economically, socially and politically

3. ECOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
- Refers to global environmental issues including:
- Population
- Growth
- Access to food
- Worldwide reduction in biodiversity
- The gap between rich and poor

- A growing belief that we are all global citizens

and should all be held to the same standards
- and have the same rights.

Example: International treaties to deal with environment

issues like biodiversity, climate change or the ozone
layer, wildlife reserves that span several countries

4. SOCIOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION

- Is an ongoing process that involves

interconnected changes in the economic,

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