The Contemporary World

Datu Moden C. Talandig | MIDTERMS

CHAPTER 1 ordering and evaluating activities, which is

“filled in” or inflected with the interests of
Lesson 1: Concepts and Its Underlying whoever can access it’.
Philosophies of Globalization
Mittelman, 2000
- The manifestations of globalization include
● emergence of globalization brought us to
the spatial reorganization of production , the
become more sociable and increases our
interpenetration of industries across
awareness on technological aspect through
borders, the spread of financial markets, the
this we have interactive movement on
diffusion of identical consumer goods to
different spheres such as political, social,
distant countries, massive transfers of
cultural, economic and technology which we
population
best describe as “ globalization”
● solidity
Six Core Claims of Globalism (STEGER, 2005)
- being limited to one place
- persistence of barriers that
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and
prevented free movement of people,
global integration of markets
information, and objects in that
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
period
3. NOBODY is in charge of globalization
● fluidity
4. Globalization benefits everyone
- borderless community
5. Globalization further the spread of
- face of ‘global age’/contemporary
democracy in the world
time
6. Globalization requires a global war on
terror
GLOBALIZATION

FACTS ABOUT GLOBALIZATION

Hamilton, 2008
- Globalization is the worldwide integration of
Globalization in Economics
economic, technological, political, cultural,
● Refers to the prevalent international
and social aspects between countries
movement of goods, capital services
technology and information. It is the
Appelbaum and Robinson, 2005
increasing economic integration and
- Globalization is reshaping how we have
interdependence of national, regional and
traditionally gone about studying the social
local economies across the world
world and human culture and a field of
globalization studies is now emerging
Globalization in Politics
across the disciplines
● Politics can take place above the state
through political integration patterns such as
Schirato and Webb, 2003
the European Union and through
- view ‘globalization’ as a ‘discursive regime,
intergovernmental organizations such as the
a kind of machine that eats up anyone and
International Monetary Fund , the World
anything in its path’. They suggest that
Bank and the World Trade Organization.
‘globalization functions as a set of texts,
Numbers of political activities can be
ideas, goals, values, narratives, dispositions
transcend through national borders through
and prohibitions, a veritable template for
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 global movement and non-governmental
organization (NGO)
Globalization in Culture
● Refers to the transmission of ideas,
meanings and values around the world in
such a way as to extend and intensify social
relations. This process is marked by the
common consumption of cultures that have
been diffused by the internet, popular
culture media, and international level. And
also to processes of commodity, exchange
and colonization which have a longer history
of carrying cultural meaning around the
globe
Globalization in Religion
● Religion plays a vital role in globalization
which all people’s come to live in a single
social unit . The impact of globalization have
brought into a religious pluralism and it
provides a fertile ground for a variety of
noninstitutionalized religious manifestations
and for the development of religion as a
political and cultural resource
Globalization in Technology
● Technology globalization is speeded in large
part by technological diffusion, the spread of
technology across borders. The rapid
improvement in the spread of technology to
peripheral and semi-peripheral nations
GLOBAL ISSUES
- contemporary issues involve multifaceted
dimensions such as political, economic,
social historical and geographic
components. The interconnected and series
of event happened in the global
perspectives affected all humankind.
● Population - Our population is growing that
no one will be startled by that the rate of
growth, and the fact that the present growth
of population is in unprecedented in human
history.
● Food Production - How much food is
produced in the world at present? Is there
enough for everyone? The answer maybe
surprising that we have enough food.
● The Energy - Climate Crisis are we running
out of energy? Of course not. Everything is
made out of energy .These laws also state
that energ cannot be created; all we can do
is to transform it from one state to another.
● Military issues - major force in managing
peace and security, especially in inter - state
relations.
● Economic - promote actions that would
lead to reductions in global inequality.
● Environmental - (e.g. pollution, hazardous
wastes) which are dealt with primarily
through the United Nations Environment
Programme.
● Poverty - International trade generally
increases wealth. But it does not always
distribute that wealth equally. The
International Monetary Fund (IMF) reported
that the gap between rich and poor
countries has grow within the past several
decades. The gap between people within
countries has grown as well.
IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
● increased global awareness and the growth
of illicit cross border activities
● probably facilitated the illegitimate
transaction of activities such black market
and other human trafficking
● living in deprived parts of the world , global
awareness raise their expectations and
lower their tolerance of the situation they
are in
● people in richer countries, the information
revolution is helping to forge a sense of
global community and transnational
solidarity
● Unskilled and indigenous people are
particularly the vulnerable one. The high
rising building and increase mobility of
economic enterprise lead them to displaced
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 and massive dislocation, environmental
degradation and violations of human rights.
Lesson 2: Theorization of Globalization
Economy
IMPERIALISM
● various methods employed by one country
to gain control (sometimes through
territorial conquest) of another country (or
geographic area) and then to exercise
control, especially political, economic,
and territorial, over that country (or
geographic area), and perhaps many other
countries
COLONIALISM
● involves settlers as well as much more
formal mechanisms of political control
than those of imperialism.
DECOLONIZATION
● the process of revealing and dismantling
colonialist power in all its forms. This
includes dismantling the hidden aspects of
those institutional and cultural forces that
had maintained the colonialist power and
that remain even after political
independence is achieved
NEOLIBERALISM
● favoring free trade, free circulation of
capital, and freedom to invest anywhere
have encouraged the growth of a complex
international system of economic
interdependence that transcends national
borders
International Trade
Agreement on Trade
CHAPTER 2
Lesson 1: The Global Economy
- basic foundation which should be given
primary importance and it also influences
the condition of the society as well as the
politics
- worldwide economic status of one
country clearly shows that economic
mobility is considered major factor in
competing in the global arena
- rich become more richer and the poor
become poorer.
The Galleon trade
- which was implemented by the
Spaniards in the Philippines
The silk road
- which was introduced by China as
the oldest international trade route
where goods transported to the
other side of the globe.
Bretton Woods System (1944)
● This was an attempt to create
institutional structures which
would foster international economic
cooperation and encourage the
free flow of capital around the
world.
● The US dollar was adopted as the
standard; almost a “global currency”
in order to establish stable
international exchange rates.
● British, French, German
Global economic
structures
unsuccessful because of
Organization a lack of US support
(ITO)
facilitate the liberalization
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 people; making international finance one of
and Tariffs (GATT) of trade by the reduction
of tariff barriers the primary features of a global economy.

World Trade concern for the reduction - Global investment: This refers to an
Organization (WTO) of non - tariff barriers investment strategy that is not constrained
by geographical boundaries. Global
Economic Globalization investment mainly takes place via foreign
● trading and investing between countries direct investment (FDI).
● Trade is a driving force behind international
relations and trade impacts nearly every Why is the global economy important?
aspect of society - The growth and resilience shown by
emerging markets is a good sign for the
Global value world economy
● chains follow the creation of value through - Microeconomics: It refers to the study of
different stages, from the creation of a the behavior of households, individuals, and
product, to its disposal after use firms with respect to the allocation of
resources and decision making. In simpler
Outsourcing terms, this branch of economics studies
● an important global flow. Offshore how people make decisions, what
outsourcing involves contracting work to factors affect their decisions, and how
companies located in other countries. Apart these decisions affect the price, demand,
from the economic domain, this process is and supply of goods in the market.
also prevalent in the health care and military
domains How does the global economy work?
- transactions
Global Economy - International transactions taking place
● Interconnection of worldwide economic between top economies in the world help in
activities the continuance of the global economy
● multiple countries - includes the exchange of a variety of
● positive or negative impact on the countries products (from fruits, and foods, to natural
involved oil and weapons)
- number of benefits:
CHARACTERISTICS COMPRISING GLOBAL - providing a foundation for
ECONOMY worldwide economic growth,
(international economy set to grow
- International trade: International trade is by 4%)
considered to be an impact of globalization. - encouraging competitiveness
It refers to the exchange of goods and between countries
services between different countries, and it - raising productivity and efficiency
has also helped countries to specialize in across countries
products which they have a comparative - helping in development of
advantage in. underdeveloped countries by
allowing them to import capital
- International finance: Money can be goods(machinery and industrial raw
transferred at a faster rate between materials) and export primary
countries compared to goods, services, and goods (natural resources and raw
materials)

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 What are the benefits of global economy?
● Free trade: Free trade is an excellent
method for countries to exchange goods
and services. It also allows countries to
specialize in the production of those goods
in which they have a comparative
advantage.
● Movement of labor: Increased migration of
the labor force is advantageous for the
recipient country as well as for the workers.
If a country is going through a phase of high
unemployment, workers can look for jobs in
other countries. This also helps in reducing
geographical inequality.
● Increased economies of scale: The
specialization of goods production in most
countries has led to advantageous
economic factors such as lower average
costs and lower prices for customers.
● Increased investment: Due to the
presence of global economy, it has become
easier for countries to attract short-term and
long-term investment. Investments in
developing countries go a long way in
improving their economies.
FACTORS affecting Global Economy
1. Population
2. Human Capital
3. Natural resources
4. Infrastructure
5. Technology
6. Law
A. ACTORS IN GLOBALIZATION
CATEGORY OF ORGANIZATION
1. Intergovernmental Organizations or
International Organization
● composed primarily of sovereign states, or
of other intergovernmental organizations.
IGO is established by a treaty that acts as a
charter creating group. Treaties are formed
when lawful representatives of several
states go through a ratification process,
providing the IGO with an international
personality.
- World Trade Organization
- World Health Organization
- Asian Development Bank
2. Supranational Organization
● extend beyond the borders of three or more
states that seek to promote economic,
political, or cultural unity between members.
- United Nations
- International Labor Organization
- European Union
3. International Non–Governmental
Organizations
● extends the concept of a non-governmental
organization to an international scope .
NGOs are independent of governments and
can be seen as two types, advocacy NGOs,
which aim to influence governments with a
specific goal and operational NGOs, which
provide services.
- Amnesty International
- International Committee of the Red
Cross
- International Chamber of Commerce
4. Multinational Corporation (MNC)
● known as global corporation, is an entity
that owns and controls production of goods
or services in one or more countries aside
from their home country
5. Transnational Corporation (TNC)
● A commercial enterprise that operates
substantial facilities that does business in
more than one country. It is usually a large
corporation incorporated in one country
which produces or sells goods or services in
various countries. The two main
characteristics of TNCs are their large size
and the fact that their worldwide activities
are centrally controlled by the parent
companies. They are often:
- Importing and exporting goods and
services
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 - Making significant investments in a
foreign country
- Buying and selling licenses in
foreign markets
- Engaging in contract manufacturing
– permitting a local manufacturer in
a foreign country to produce their
products.
- Opening manufacturing facilities or
assembly operations in foreign
countries.
Semi-periphery
- fall in between
- like thinking of the world as a big
puzzle where some pieces have
more power and resources than
others, affecting how they interact
and shape global dynamics
- necessary structural element in a
world-economy
- play a role parallel to that played,
mutatis mutandis, by middle trading
groups in an empire

THE BRANDT LINE

Multinational Transnational
- invisible line across the world that divides
own a home company do not have the rich north from the poor south
and its subsidiaries subsidiaries but just - divide between economically developed
many companies and industrialized countries and countries
that are less economically developed
have a centralized do not have a
- Brandt Report is the report written by the
management system centralized
management system Independent Commission, first chaired by
Willy Brandt in 1980, to review
face a barrier in able to gain more international development issues
decision making due to interest in the local
its centralized markets since they C. GLOBAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION
management system maintain their own
system
● not a new phenomenon
● Since the travels of Marco Polo, global
B. MODERN WORLD SYSTEM economic integration has been a trend to
civilization
WORLD SYSTEM THEORY
● Reduce costs and Increase Trade
- social system
- Wallerstein ,1979 FACTORS that contributes to Global Economic
- one that has boundaries, structures, Growth
member groups, rules of legitimation and
coherence 1. Privatization the transfer of ownership ,
- made up of the conflicting forces which hold property or business from the government
it together by tension and tear it apart as to the private sector is termed privatization.
each group seeks eternally to remold it to its The government ceases to be the owner of
advantage the entity or business.
Core 2. Deregulation is the process of removing or
- highly developed and dominate reducing state regulations, typically in the
trade economic sphere.
Periphery 3. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an
- less developed and often exploited investment in the form of controlling
for resources ownership in a business in one country by
an entity based in another country. It is

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 distinguished from a foreign portfolio
investment by a notion of direct control.
4. Trade liberalization is the removal or
reduction of restrictions or barriers on the
free exchange of goods between nations.
These barriers include tariffs, such as duties
and surcharges, and nontariff barriers, such
as licensing rules and quotas. Economists
often view the easing or eradication of these
restrictions as steps to promote free trade.
5. Regional integration is the process by
which two or more nation-states agree to
co-operate and work closely together to
achieve peace, stability and wealth. Usually
integration involves one or more written
agreements that describe the areas of
cooperation in detail, as well as some
coordinating bodies representing the
countries involved.
Lesson 2: Market Integration
Market integration
- used to identify a phenomenon in which
markets of goods and services that are
somehow related to one another being to
experience similar patterns of increase or
decrease in terms of the prices of those
products
- refer to a situation in which the prices of
related goods and services sold in a defined
geographical location also begin to move in
some sort of similar pattern to one another.
- At times, the integration may be intentional,
with a government implementing certain
strategies as a way to control the direction
of the economy.
- At other times, the integrating of the
markets may be due to factors such as
shifts in supply and demand that have a
spillover effect on several markets.
EFFECT of Integration on Market Development
1. Market integration provides opportunity to
expand market coverage by selling local
products in the global market.
2. Market integration help to reduce market
failure
3. Differences in the prices in integrated
market should be equal if they are well
integrated.
A. International Financial Institutions
- Bretton Woods Agreement that currencies
were pegged to the price of gold and the US
dollar was seen as a reserve currency
which linked to gold standard. Bretton
Woods had its most powerful effects on
global trade, the global monetary order, and
global investment
- under the Bretton Woods System the
central banks of countries other than the
United States were given the task of
maintaining fixed exchange rates between
their currencies and dollar which they did
this by intervening in foreign exchange
markets
● In terms of global trade , a key was the idea
of the “ unconditional most-favored nation ”
which “ required governments to offer the
same trade concessions [reductions in trade
barriers, non- discrimination against a
nation’s products] to all” (Frieden 2006 :
288). Restrictions on international trade
were reduced over the years through
various meetings (“rounds”) under the
auspices of GATT (General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade) and later the WTO.
● In terms of the monetary order, it was the
IMF that took center stage. The goal was to
provide security, as well as flexibility, to the
monetary order. What emerged between
1958 and 1971 was a system in which the
US could not change the value of its dollar,
while all other countries could, but as
infrequently as possible. This made
exchange rates stable enough to encourage
international trade and investment which
otherwise would have been discouraged by
dramatic fluctuations in rates.
● In terms of global investment, a key role
was envisioned for the World Bank, but
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 massive US aid through the Marshall Plan,
and rapid European post-war recovery,
made its work in that period of much less
significance than had been anticipated. A
key development in terms of investment
involved MNCs, especially American based
firms in fields like automobiles and
computers, constructing their own plants
and/or investing in indigenous companies in
other countries.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
- eliminate restrictions on the use of currency
for international trade, the member states
decided to come up with an agreement
- trade in goods
- simply a forum for the meeting of
representatives of countries
- focused on tariff reduction
World Trade Organizaations
- took on responsibility for the increasingly
important trade in services
- independent organization
- multilateral organization headquartered in
Geneva, Switzerland
- 152 member nations
- focus on trade places it at the heart of
economic globalization and has made it a
magnet for those opposed either to the
broader process of trade liberalization and
promotion or to some specific aspect of
WTO operations
- has come to focus more on
- non-tariff-related barriers to trade
Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
Rights (TRIPS)
- negotiated through the WTO, which involves
intangible ideas, knowledge, and
expressions that require their use to be
approved by their owner. Involved here is a
wide range of intellectual property, such as
movies, books, music recordings, and
computer software, which exists, or whose
value lies, largely in the realm of ideas
Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs)
- range of operating or performance
measures that host- country governments
impose on foreign firms to keep them from
having a distorting effect on trade in goods
and services
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- goal of the IMF is macroeconomic stability
for both member nations and more
generally, the global economy
World Bank
- officially the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
- a specialized agency of the UN
- is the most important element of the World
Bank Group (WBG)
- The IBRD was established in 1944 at
Bretton Woods and began operations in
1946. Membership is open to all member
states of the IMF and as of this writing it
includes 184 nations. It provides funds to
government sponsored or - guaranteed
programs in so-called Part II countries
(member states that are middle-income or
creditworthy poorer nations)
B. Attributes of Global Corporation
- global corporation is one that has significant
investments and facilities in multiple
countries and lacks a dominant
headquarters
- governed by the laws of the country where
they are incorporated
- more invested in its overseas locations, it
can be more sensitive to local opportunities
and also more vulnerable to threats.
- operate on a global scale which means they
have
- huge assets in almost all countries in which
they operate
- corporations have unity of control
- management of the offices in other
countries is controlled by one head office
located in the home country
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 - according to Benedict Anderson, is an
“imagined community” and does not go
Advantages Disadvantages
beyond a given “official boundary”. It is
Investment of Foreign Least concern for inherently limited and sovereign. It has
Capital Priorities of Host boundaries, meaning not anyone can be a
Coutries Filipino
- this refers to a large group of people who
Generation of Adverse Effect on
Employment Domestic Enterprises share common characteristics such as
language, traditions, and ethnicity.
Use of Advanced Change in Culture
Technology State
- refers to a country and its government
Growth of Ancillary
Units where a community of persons more or less
numerous occupying a definite territory
Increase in exports and completely free of external control and
inflow of foreign possessing an organized government to
exchange which the great body of inhabitants render
Healthy Competition habitual obedience.

Lesson 3: Global Interstate System
● origin of the modern nation-state is traced to
the Treaty of Westphalia which led to the
notion that nation-states are autonomous
● fusion of the cultural concept of a nation and
the structure of the state; to the idea of the
nation-state
ATTRIBUTES of Global System
● countries or states are independent and
govern themselves;
● these countries interact with each other
through diplomacy;
● international organizations facilitate these
interactions (i.e. UN);
● international organizations also take on lives
of their own.
Nation-state
- relatively modern phenomenon in the
human history whereby it composed of two
non-interchangeable terms: nation and
state.
Nation
Interstate system
- a system of competing and allying states.
Wherein, Treaty of Westphalia is a set of
agreements signed in 1648 to end the
Thirty Years’ War between the major
continental powers of Europe. It was
designed to avert wars in the future by
recognizing that the treaty signers exercise
complete control over their domestic affairs
and swear not to meddle in each other’s
affairs and provide stability for the nations of
Europe
PRINCIPLES of Interstate system
Nationalism
- a doctrine and/or a political movement that
seeks to make the nation the basis of a
political structure especially a state. It is a
sense of national consciousness that
generally exalts one’s own nation above
others, and focuses on the promotion of
interests.
Internationalism
- desire for greater cooperation and unity
among states and people. In a more
comprehensive definition, it is a political

9
 principle that places the interests of the
entire world above those of individual
nations and argues for cooperation among
nations for common good. This can be
divided into two broad categories: liberal
internationalism and socialist
internationalism.
A. Effects of Globalization on Government
Political Globalization
- Nation-states, the primary actors in this
system, engage in diplomatic relations
partly in the context of regional and global
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs)
Nation-States and Intergovernmental
Organizations
- Nation-states engage in international
relations to establish trade, maintain
boundaries, enforce rules, settle disputes,
manage migration, etc. Most of these tasks
were historically accomplished through
negotiations among representatives of two
or more states.
- To maintain the sovereignty of nation-states,
IGOs operate on principles
intergovernmentalism, requiring unanimity
among their members before agreements
can be finalized. Some IGOs do however
incorporate elements of supranationalism, in
which majority rule may force
member-states to implement IGO decisions
or leave the organization
- IGOs may be regional (e.g. the EU) or
global (e.g. the WTO)
The End of the Nation State
- power of the nation-state is waning
- major actors in international relations and
sovereign within their own territories,
countries are increasingly divesting
themselves of responsibility for their
citizens’ welfare.
- Transnational corporations are taking on
former state responsibilities through
privatization and corporatization, profiting
from providing public goods like water,
health care, agricultural products, and
education. At the same time, the dominant
corporations in the global economy are
using their wealth to gain power by
influencing political and social institutions.
B. Institutions Governing International
Relations
International Institutions
- form a vital part of contemporary
international relations. They are the central
focus of policy making efforts around the
world these are organizations with
international membership, scope or
presence. As mentioned in the other
chapter we have the international
nongovernmental organization (INGO) and
intergovernmental organizations (IGO)
C. Internationalism vs. Globalism
Internationalism
- decisions of other nations to cooperate with
one another in political , economic and
cultural aspects for the promotion of the
common good and welfare of the people
Globalism
- belief that people, goods and information
ought to be able to cross national borders
unfettered. It is the attitude of putting the
interests of the entire world above the
interest of individual nations.
Lesson 4. Contemporary Global
Governance
Governance
- defined as establishment of policies and
continuous monitoring of their
implementation by members of the
governing body.
Global Governance
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 - collection of governance related activities,
rules and mechanism, formal and informal,
existing at a variety of levels in the world
todays
Global Governance
- necessary because humanity increasingly
faces both problems and opportunities that
are global in scale. Presently, transnational
problems such as violence and pandemics
routinely reach across borders affecting us
all. An effective global governance will allow
us to end armed conflict which deal with
new and emerging problems such as
technological risks and automation, and to
achieve levels of prosperity and progress
A. Roles and Functions of the United Nations
United Nations
- is an intergovernmental organization that
promotes international cooperation and
creates and maintains international order
- replaces the ineffective League of Nations
and was established after World War II on
October 24, 1945 to prevent another global
conflict
- emerges as an actor with distinct
advantages, including the equal
representation of its 192 Member States
under the UN Charter. Even so, the global
landscape requires further improvement in
the General Assembly in four key areas.
United Nations was created for many reasons:
● There should be peace and security in the
world after the Second World War
● Countries should be friendly to each other
● Countries should help each other solve
problems
● Human rights should be respected
everywhere in the world.
MAIN ORGANS OF THE UN
1. The General Assembly
2. The Security Council
3. The Secretariat
4. The Council
5. The Economic and Social Council
6. International Court of Justice
ACHIEVEMENTS of The United Nations
● The UN has helped many countries become
democratic and peaceful states.
● The UN plays an important role in
protecting our environment. The Earth
Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 was a big
conference about climate control other
problems of our environment.
● The International Atomic Energy Agency is
a UN organization that controls the nuclear
weapons of countries and sees to it that
they don’t build an atomic bomb.
● Since 1950, the UN has given help to over
50 million refugees. These people had to
leave their countries because of war, hunger
or diseases.
● Africa is the poorest continent in our world.
The UN has given African countries money
and other kinds of help so that they can
feed people and give them work to do.
● It helps give developing countries safe and
clean water .
● It fights drug abuse and improves the lives
of children who live in poverty.
● It helps people learn how to read and write.
● It helps farmers in poor countries where it is
too hot or too dry.
B. Challenges of Global Governance in the 21st
Century
5 Global Governance Gaps
- knowledge
- normative
- policy
- institutional
- compliance
● Knowledge is a valuable core asset which
is both intangible and concrete, a general
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 and specific source . It is a knowledge that Global North
makes cooperation among member states - established democracy, wealth,
● Normative role of the UN which has been technological advancement, political
fundamental since the creation of the stability, aging population growth, and
organization. Member-states are committed dominance of world trade and politics. This
to review and reform their norms and include the United States, Canada, almost
standards. There should be a balance of all the European countries, Israel, Cyprus,
norm setting and norm implementation.. Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Australia,
Once the norm is being identified, norn and New Zealand.
could be set to address issues.
● Global governance must be challenge to Global South
comply with the gaps to implement policies - less–developed countries of the world
effectively or enforce penalties to those who - term “Global South” emerged in the 1950s
violated it. Such violation could be a great - not as economically sound and politically
threat to one state to another which will stable as their global North counterparts
pose a danger to the peace and security. and tend to be characterized by turmoil,
war, conflict, poverty, anarchy and tyranny
CHAPTER 3 - mainly agrarian economies in Sub-Saharan
Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean,
Lesson 1: Global Divides Pacific Islands, and the developing
countries in Asia, including the Middle East.
North-South Divide It is home to the BRIC countries: Brazil,
- is the socio-economic and political division India and China, which, along with
that exist between the wealthy developed Indonesia and Mexico, are the largest
countries “the North”, and and the poorer Southern states in terms of land area and
developing countries (least developed population.
countries) or “the South”
- North is mostly correlated with the Western Global North Global South
world and the First World, along with much
of the Second World, while the South ✓Comprised of ✓Accounts for the
largely corresponds with the Third World only one quarter three-quarters (75%) of the
(25%) global population BUT only
and Eastern world.
of the total global accounts a fifth (20%) of
population the globally earned income
A. North and South ✓ Richer and more ✓Poor and less developed
● division between rich and poor countries economically region
which most of the developed countries developed region ✓ Relatively low GDP and
located at Northern Hemisphere and the ✓ Accounts for the high population
over 90% of all ✓Only 5% of country’s
most of the developing countries is in the
manufacturing population has enough
Southern Hemisphere industries food and shelter
● considered as a socio-political division ✓ About 95% of ✓ Source of raw materials
which created a development gap among the population have and labor for the “North”
nationstates enough basic ✓ The economies of most
● is a socio-economic and political division of needs and have countries in the South rely
Earth popularized in the late 20th century access on imports from the North
to functioning and have low technological
and early 21st century
education systems penetration

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B. Global South vs. The Third World
- They divided the world into three (3)
categories that embodies 3 types of
countries along the globe: the First World,
Second World, and the Third World.
Third World
- underdeveloped or developing countries
- were well on their way to becoming rich and
“developed”
- Third World was the non-aligned World,
distinct from the First (capitalist) and
Second (socialist/communist) Worlds
- became a quick-and-easy referent for the
“Poor World” because it has been
under-developed by the Rich or “First
World”, through processes of globalization
and capitalist expansion
The “Three Worlds Theory”
● made no longer sense when in 1989-1991
● the Second World ceased to exist as the
Soviet Union collapsed
● The “Global North” mostly covers the First
World, with much of the Second World.
While “Global South” covers the countries
from the Third World
First World
- Composed of industrialized and democratic
countries, which most members were
assumed to be allied with the US against
Soviet Union. (Canada, Australia, Japan,
Western Europe, etc)
Second Word
- Former communist countries that aren't
quite in poverty but aren't prosperous either
(East Germany, Georgia, Poland, Ukraine,
etc)
Third World
- Non-aligned world and as the global realm
of poverty and under-development.
(Afghanistan, Latin America, Asian
countries, etc.)
Lesson 2: Asian Regionalism
ASEAN
- first major regional player to emerge and
has been at the center of regional
developments including APEC, ARF,
ASEAN Plus Three and the East Asian
Summit as East Asian regionalism has
evolved over time ASEAN’s pivotal regional
role has also been accepted by China and
Japan in good part because they need the
ASEAN members as followers if they ever
want to be considered global leaders
Asian Regionalism
- make Asian economies grown richer but
also they become closer together
- product of economic interaction, not political
planning. As a result of successful, outward
oriented growth strategies
A. Regionalization vs. Globalization
- reemerged during the 1980s and
heightened after the end of the Cold War in
the 1990s. At first, these two processes are
contradicting since globalization, by
definition is global while regionalization is
naturally regional
Globalization
- as “the increased flows of goods, services,
capita, people, and information across
borders”
Regionalization
- is “the societal integration and often
undirected process of societal economic
interaction”. Further, Regionalization is the
formal process of intergovernmental
collaboration between two or more states
Regionalism
- political process characterized by economic
policy cooperation and coordination among
countries
- The goal of regionalism became
encapsulated in the concept of an East
Asian community
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 - removing economic barriers was the
Advancement technology is has driven
principal thrust of most agreements to rarely available great
promote regionalism, a ‘community’ in one advances in
connotes shared values and joint responses country or technology
to security threats. region

DIFFERENCE between Regionalization and B. Integration of Asia

Globalization ● process by which two or more nation-states
agree to co-operate and work closely
Regionalization Globalization together to achieve peace, stability, and
wealth
Nature Divides an area Promotes ● entire world is moving towards integration, it
into smaller integration of
is inevitable. In Asia, the Southeast Asian
segments economies
called regions across state countries have already formed ASEAN
borders all (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
around the including APEC (Asia Pacific Economic
world Council), ARF (ASEAN Regional Forum),
ASEAN Plus Three and the East Asian
Market Monopolies are Allows many
Summit
more likely corporations to
to develop. trade on
Monopoly international Asian Region into greater integration:
means one level; it 1. TRADE: The world economy is intertwined
producer allows free with each other and we all want and need
controls supply market something from another part of the world,
of a good including global trade facilities, and since
or service, and
these nations are geographically located
where the
entry of new near each other they can readily supply
producers is each other’s needs.
prevented or 2. SIMILAR CULTURE: The cultures of Asia is
highly diverse, but they do share many things. This
restricted. makes it an easier fit during times of
Cultural & Does not Acceleration to negotiations.
Societal support multiculturalis 3. COMMON GOALS: The Asian region
Relations multiculturalism m through recognizes the mutual benefit of a slow
free and integration, and that is to accelerate the
inexpensive economic growth, social progress and
movement of cultural development and to promote peace.
people
4. SIMILAR SECURITY NEEDS: aside from
Aid A regionalized Globalized small localized rebels, this association
area does international needs only to contend with
not get involved communities foreign-supported terrorist groups which are
in the are more usually handled well.
affairs of other willing to aid
areas countries
stricken by
disasters

Technological Advanced Globalization

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