G-CON-W SATURDAY AUGUST 21, 2021 (8/21/2021) 1ST LECTURE MATERIAL

GLOBALIZATION Metaphor of globalization (liquid)

Various definitions of globalization
• For the economist “Liquid phenomena not only move easily, but
-Increased free trade once they are on the move they are difficult to
-Speed of trade stop.”
-Global economic organizations
-Regional economic blocs “Various forms of connectivity”
• For culture and communication • They are diverse (can be economic,
-Global village political, cultural, etc.)
-Communications technology as shrinking • They are enabled by various factors,
our world pressures, media, etc.
-Cultural imperialism • They are uneven (different types of
interconnection)
The need for an interdisciplinary approach
“We need to transcend our Expansion and Stretching of Social Relations
disciplinary boundaries” 1. NGOs
2. Friendships/Relationships
Working definition of globalization 3. Government associations
4. MNCs
Steger: “globalization refers to the expansion
and intensification of social relations and • Globalization – Interdisciplinary
consciousness across world-time and world- subject which relates to all branches
space. and fields of knowledge
• Main objective of the study of
Expansion and Intensification Globalization
- THINK GLOBALLY AND ACT
Increasing liquidity and growing multi- LOCALLY!
directional flows as well.
So knowledge about globalization is
Liquidity Increases ease of movement of important part of your academic knowledge !
people, things, information, and places in the
global age. Changed economic activity of the society

Intensification and Acceleration of Social • In our days no one sphere of life,

Exchanges and Activities including economic sphere can act
1. From snail mail to Facebook independent and isolated. All
2. Live television processes and events should be
3. Increased travel (cheap flights) examined and understood in the broad
sense of economic, political, social,
Occurs subjectively ecological and demographic context,
1. We think about the world taking into account their
2. We associate ourselves with global interdependence.
trends • The area of economic science is already
3. We feel some sense of responsibility too narrow to explain all the aspects of
(climate change) the complex and interdependent
(maybe a basis for your own globalization world.
story)

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G-CON-W SATURDAY AUGUST 21, 2021 (8/21/2021) 1ST LECTURE MATERIAL
Globalization of Economics and • “Globalization” – an approach which
Development – Two Sites of One Process expands and deepens the economic
WHY? theory as well as other scientific fields
• The main spheres of life are • Subjects of globalizations are:
inseparable; - global companies;
• Economics is one of these spheres of - regional structures;
life; - the state;
• The technological development fosters -international economic organizations
the development of all other spheres;
• Simultaneousness development of Theoretical discussion about Globalization
communication technologies, culture, • Second half of 20th century – the global
education and etc.; idea emerged in philosophy and
• Trends for universality of political science. Then it was
development; transferred to communications theory
• Economic activity of the society has and finally conquered economic
changed; thinking;
• The universal and national • The 90-ties – active discussion on the
development are tightly bounded nature and essence of globality and
globalization as a new stage of
Our choice is to examine globalization of economics and world development.
economics in the broad context of
development ! Influence of Globalization on different
spheres of life
The Nature of Globalization • Economic – the trade roads were built;
• Till 19th century “global” meant global companies started their
“spherical”; functions; global economy and finance
• At the end of 19th century “global” system have been created.
meant “the whole world”; • Political – tribes transformed to
• 20th century “global” meant “definition peoples, nations and states formed,
of capacity and dissemination of events after that regional unions and finally
and processes” international authorities of governance.
• Geographical – the great migration of
Some special features of globalization in peoples started, new lands were
present days founded, empires created.
• Growing interdependence of all • Ideological – unified social ideas
processes spread on huge territories
• Establishing of a global financial- • Informational – the speech and writing
economic area were created, after that literature,
• Information technologies finally mass media and Internet
• Change in the state’s functions –
vanishing of the national borders Common Characteristics of the
• Universality of the world – Globalization Process
dissemination of the democratic system • The dynamic development of the
and socio – cultural values globalization process follows the
development of the society.
Some conclusions • As a phenomenon it has two levels –
• “Global” – a new scientific category, general civilization and formative ones
which treats the processes and events • Contradictory process which has its
on a global scale positive and negative sides
• It is pursued by anti-social phenomena

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G-CON-W SATURDAY AUGUST 21, 2021 (8/21/2021) 1ST LECTURE MATERIAL
2. The other world is that of the everyday
The Role of the State life of people in which borders still
Different statements: count, local realities are still complex
I. Against the State and very different among themselves,
• Some scholars predict the “end” of and most fundamentally where social
national state power. and economic problems still need to be
• Some argue that the state may only addressed.
adjust to globalization, without having
an active role in it. Why have not all countries benefited to the
• Some believe that the state will same extent from globalization?
disappear. • Countries that do not have strong
Michael Sandel; institutional framework, as well as
Charles Maynes; solid social policies and networks to
Zygmunt Bauman cope with negative externalities most
suffer the negative effects of
The role of the state globalization.
Which structures will replace the State? • External factors, such as the global
The answer of the scholars, who share these trading environment, are crucial in
statements is: creating greater opportunities or in
• The global companies or posing constraints on a country’s
• The International organizations, such economic growth.
as UN, which has instruments for
realizing global governance. REGIONALISM
II. In defense of the State Regionalism originated along with
The facts of practice show that the role of the globalization and approximately at the same
state is increasing in all aspects of social life, time.
including economics. Economic globalization Factors leading to the formation of regional
does not remove the necessity for functioning structures during ages:
of the state. • Political;
• Geographical;
Some arguments in defense of the state • Religious;
• The state has guaranteed internal and • Military and defense;
external security; • Economical.
• The state has underpinned the law; • new wave of regional structures in
• The state has funded national welfare Europe:
systems; o 1948 – Organization for
• The state has provided the structures European Economic
for popular representation Cooperation;
• The state has built the framework for o 1950 – European Coal and steel
economic and social activities. Community;
So the state plays fundamental role in creating o 1957 – European Economic
of institutional forms and strategies of Community;
globalization processes and supporting the o 1959 – European Free Trade
process of capital concentration. Association
o 1949 – 1991 – Council for
Two realities co-exist: Mutual Economic Assistance
1. The so called borderless virtual world (socialist countries)
where geography does not count, and
communication and business
transactions can occur in a matter of
seconds.

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economic regional structures with mutual
political, social or military and strategic goals:
- EU;
- ASEAN
- NAFTA
these regional structures became even more
closed with very clear mutual economic,
social, cultural & educational relations.
They form the new structure of the world
Economical aspects:
• Similar economic development;
• Common priorities;
• Forming common economic model;
• Regional competitiveness and
comparative advantages in a global
arena;
• Common reaction to the risks of the
environment
Some conclusions:
Objective, real, social and historical
movement in which economic reasons
dominate. They reflect and influence on
political, cultural and educational activities.
New international relations appear.
Regionalism does not question the state and
its future role.
Some conclusions:
• The new major integration processes of
the epoch – globalization and
regionalism – established themselves in
the 90-ties.
• Regionalism is an instrument of the
state for attaining the further goals of
globalization.
• In present days globalization is
realizing through regional structures.
Civilization basis of Globalization
The analysis of the globalization should be
made at two levels:
• General civilization level
• Formative level (social system)
There is a clear dependence of globalization
from the civilization model and from the
dominated social system.
1ST LECTURE MATERIAL
Civilization
• Civilization is a complex society or
culture group developed upon
common or similar principles, with
common or similar characteristics and
marks.
• Civilization is a system of nations and
states which have had their own
specific historic destiny in a long period
of time.
• Culture is a subsystem of civilization.
In one civilization can develop and
exist a lot of similar cultures with their
national specifics.
The engines of the civilization progress are:
• The permanent fight between man and
nature for surviving and satisfying
man’s needs.
• Factors of progress – science,
technologies, labor etc.
• Factors of social conflicts – properties,
capitals, territories.
Three mechanisms for society’s integration
In each society the three mechanisms exist,
but one of them dominates!
Religion
System of values, practices and norms,
related to the idea of God. A composition of
attitudes between God and man.
Culture
An integrated pattern of human knowledge,
belief and behavior that depends upon the
capacity for symbolic thought and
social learning
Ideology
System of ideas, which serve the politics,
recommend public and political structure of
the society and the type of relations between
man and authorities
These three mechanisms have four main
functions in different societies:
1. Unite the individuals;
2. Create social capital, which makes easier
the achievement of common aims;
3. Establish the authority’s functions and
inequality;
4. Create life aims and ambitions.
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When some of the three mechanisms do not
work effectively, the society is in a condition
of DISINTEGRATION!
• Lack of trust;
• Growing criminal activities;
• A lot of anomalies;
• The social processes are not managed;
• The private interests dominate over the
common values
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• Globalization effect – the systematic
result of the influence of the globalization
on the other factors and forces of
development
Globalization Effect
Systematic result of the influence of the
globalization on the other factors and forces of
development

Formative basis of Globalization Factors

Main features of the capitalistic system: • economic
• Intensified and strong competition • non-economic
between corporations and leading
countries; Manifest on two levels
• Technological contest – new form of • General historical
competition; • Formative level
• The corporate secret and informational • (social system)
isolation;
• The market economy and the state set
On the general historical level globalization is
different conditions for going off the affected by several main factors:
globalization process; - technical and technological progress;
• Models of development – for each - quality and content of interaction between
country they determine the aim and the man and nature;
character of the economic growth - culture, media and communication;
- organization of public production.
Conclusions
• Globalization manifests in different Within the frames of the social system, in our
way at civilization and formative level. case the capitalist system, globalization takes
• At civilization level it should develop place under the influence of the following
and enrich the humanity without factors:
breaking its diversity. - market environment, market mechanisms
• According to the social system of the - competition;
country, different social and economic - state;
consequences are shown. - international financial system;
- surrounding natural environment
Factors
globalization Globalization
contradictions Media and communication
tendencies Democracy and politics
Culture
GLOBALIZATION EFFECT Technologies
Global shaping of Economics
economics
regionalism The role of technological factor
Conclusions for Europe • Technologies are a product of science.
• Technologies are materialized reality of
• Globalization is one of the forces of science.
development putting the other factors of
development and growth on a new basis
and in new relations.

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The effect of and role of technologies in life
depend on the way of application and the goals
pursued.
Technologies – the main source for development
• 17th century – scientific revolution –
scientific knowledge was applied and
machines were invented.
• 18th century – the beginning of the
industrial revolution.
• 19th century - intensive application of
science in the material production.
• 20th century – inventing the computer and
its using, replacing some functions of the
machines
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Technologies – the main source for development
• 21th century – expansion and
development of the functions of
technology. Technology acquires also
some social characteristics - new
technologies can reproduce biological and
mental functions.
The effects of technologies are:
• A possibility and necessity for public
production to go out of the national-state
frames;
• A possibility and necessity for the
management of the society to be
performed by means of information
technologies and communication
networks;
• Acceleration of the synthesis between the
results of R/D and the transfer of
technologies;
• Formation of a new type of consumer
demand which cannot be shut off within
the frames of national markets
Industrial revolution created the global market -
Technological revolution created the global
society and the global economy
Negative tendencies of technologies (5)
• Technological competition;
• Technological dictate;
• Technological determinism;
• Technological imperialism;
1ST LECTURE MATERIAL
• There is no free movement of
technology
Global media and communication
• Modern communications and their basic
form – media are a product of the new
technologies and major circumstances
which have given rise to globalization.
• They ate total global structure with
universal effects.
• They have organizational transformation
on a company level:
o At first a process of uniting in
communication and media
complexes began;
o Then their merger into huge
industrial and financial
corporations.
• The main economic force of media and
communications is global capital, which
through them turns into a universal force
of society
• Media have become a sub-system of global
corporations and a means of realizing their
global strategies
• Media in itself have turned into a global
and universal factor of development.
Culture
• In the past years culture and economics
were treated as separated and
independent spheres.
• The importance of culture in the overall
development of society is evidently
increasing, showing itself in economics
too.
Economics - Culture
• The common feature between them is
that both follow the overall
development of the society;
• The development of culture is not
always following the development
cycle of economics;
• The cultural specifics of a nation, state
or region is much more clear than their
economic or political specifics;
• Cultural processes are determined by
the national and state differences.
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Culture - Globalization
• The cultural processes gain the
importance of major conditions of life
and affect each human activity;
• Culture is turning into one of the basic
factors of economic growth, while
cultural product is among the new
strategic resources of society;
• Culture became a specific sphere of
entrepreneurship;
• Culture, education and science form
“new economy” - knowledge economy
Is their Global Culture?
• The early 70-ties the French Ministry of
Culture introduced in the scientific
space the concept “cultural
imperialism”;
• 80-ties and 90-ties the theses of “war of
cultures”, “conflict of civilizations”
were very popular;
• Later appear the concept of
“Americanization of world culture”
Some conclusions
• The very globalization of economics,
science and technologies require a very
high degree of development of
cultures.
• The concept of “glocalization”,
introduced in Japan in 1996 a
combination of “global” and “local”,
expressing the need for globalization to
be carried out in compliance with the
specifics of the individual countries.
• The main contradictions of culture in
the global world is between its
economic form of realization and its
aesthetic and artistic nature.
Democracy and politics
• Democracy means that peoples and
their parliaments should be sovereign
judges in their own countries. They
should choose the national model of
development and solve the main
problems of organization and
functioning of the national economics.
• In practice – the decisions are taken at
the head offices of the global
1ST LECTURE MATERIAL
corporations and are implemented in
the individual countries. This is how
the issues of the structure of
production, of investment and
technological policy, of strategic
marketing are solved.
• After 11th September 2001 the world is
not the same:
• Unstable political relations and
political systems;
• New “paradoxes of democracy”
appear:
o New wave of religion
expansion;
o Terrorism;
o Using weapons to solve
problems and conflicts
“Economics of war” opposes the
humanism and subordinates the world
order to corporative interests.
• Globalization comes in contradiction
with human rights and with the very
principle of individualism, which along
with competition, is the fundamental of
capitalist system.
Globalization in contemporary conditions is
an asymmetry
• Deepening gap between the economies
of the developed and developing
countries;
• Intensified struggle for additional
access to resources and markets;
• Ecological asymmetry;
• Poverty and polarization of men;
• Uneven location of people;
• Continuing international debt crisis
What is being globalized?
• The different forms of connectivity and
flows are different facets of globalization.
• Different “globalities” represent different
forms of globalization.
• Depending on the globality, you see a
different dynamic.