LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
PHILOSOPHIES & IDEOLOGIES OF/ON/AGAINST
GLOBALIZATION
o RISE OF TECNOLOGY IS RESULT OF
GLOBALIZATION
o ECONOMICS
o 1947 – ideas on globalization started
o Trading
o Downfall 2008 – financial crisis of USA
 Took down most of the Asian
countries
 Since big corporations
are owned by big
countries (there are a
lot of countries
anchored to them)
when they experience
crisis all of the related
countries also suffers
4 FREEDOMS – BASIC TENETS OF GLOBALIZATION
o Free movement of goods
o Facilitated by liberalization
o Liberalization (abolition of tax on
imported goods)
o Free movement of services
o People
o Workforce
o Filipino workers can provide his/her
services abroad
o Free movement of capital and investment
o Deregulation – lessen the restrictions
on foreign investors
 CONCERNS – private sectors
have control on everything
that might lead to abusive and
unfair policies. Such as low
salary and overpricing on
products. Exploiting
workforces.
 Race to the bottom –
despite of existing low
standards, standards
are still lowered just
to satisfy and
encourage big
companies to invest
 Privatization – Pro-globalization side lobbies for deregulation,
companies take
control of products
and services.
Resulting, to biased
and abusive
manipulation of
prices and quality of
services.
o Ex: express
way, prime
water
o Investments of foreign investors
increases the job growth in third
world countries
o Free movement of persons
o Abolition of migration
o Ex. Countries that don’t require visa
(Southeast Asian countries)
o Increases tourism (archipelagic
countries) boost the tourism sector
Six core CLAIMS – PURPOSE OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and
global integration of markets.
o The permission of products along
countries allows the global integration
of markets
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
o It is bound to happen
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization.
o Debatable – since there are
corporation who manipulates
o In favor – no one to blame.
Everybody’s effort and decision
4. Globalization benefits everyone.
o Technology
o Social platforms
5. Globalization furthers the spread of
democracy in the world.
o Freedom to acquire any products you
aim to buy such as cultural products
6. Globalization requires war on terror.
Neoliberalism’s adherents further build on the profit
motive by asserting that for capitalism to thrive,
markets should be free from government intervention.
o Progressive type of people – open
minded
o Capitalism should thrive – free from
interventions of government
privatization, and liberalization to give corporations a
free hand in the global economy.
o Not pushing for free gov interventions
o Seeks for lesser interventions
Critics of globalization are divided into 2 main camps
 Anti-globalization wants to an end to what it
considers as a highly imbalanced system of
globalization that favors the First World over
the Third World, corporations over citizens
and communities, and profit-seeking over
environmental sustainability.
 Alter-globalization favors altering or changing
the current system of globalization to make it
more humane, more pro-environment, and
more grassroots-driven rather than staying as
a top-down imposition.
Positive and negative aspects of globalization
 POSITIVE
o Multiculturalism and multilingualism
o Free trade
o Cultural and education exchanges
o Migration
o Global cooperation
 NEGATIVE
o Linguistic hegemony of English
o Cultural homogenization
o Subtle way of colonization
o Third World dependence on the First
World
o Global income and wealth inequality
o Tax injustice
o Racism and anti-migrant sentiment
Globalization refers to the existence of
free exchange of goods, services, culture, and even
people, between and among countries. Under the
banner of globalization, countries have discarded
taxes on imported goods (tariffs) and opened their
doors to highly skilled workers and professionals.
Through globalization, People became more
interested to travel, learn new languages, and
immerse themselves into new cultures and lifestyles.
Thus, globalization is the reason why
there are McDonald's outlets in virtually every
Philippine city and at the same time, there are now
Jollibee branches, too in some big cities around the
world where there are many Filipinos; why many
Filipinos prefer Hershey's over Goya (formerly a
Filipina own chocolate firm which has been recently
acquired by a Swiss firm); and at the same time
Koreans in the Philippines order Filipino dishes like
adobo and sisig (a popular Filipino dish made from
fried or roasted pork head and liver) the myriad of
resorts in Boracay Island, Aklan province; or why
Philippine bananas are available in Iran and at the
same time, some fish sauce brands are now imported
from Thailand.
A more extreme example of globalization
is the production of literally global products such as
the shirts whose every component is made in different
countries, as narrated in the book the travels of a T-
shirt in the global economy. Such economic and
cultural aspects of globalization Have become more
visible as modern innovations bring countries closer
together through decreased travel time, efficient
communication means, and the like. Researchers have
noted that in the recent years, " the growing pace,
volume and complexity of international movements of
people, goods, capital, services, and knowledge are
both causes and consequences of the latest round of
globalization.” Despite globalization's obvious benefits
to a number of people around the world, its
complexity and vastness understandably lends itself to
competing conceptions, philosophes, and ideologies
that view it with different lenses.
Competing Conceptions of Globalization
Manfred Steger it marks that since the
earliest appearance in the 1960s, the term
globalization has been used in both popular in
academic literature to describe a process, a condition,
a system, of course, and an age. The United Nations
Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
defines economic globalization as the closer
integration of national economies through trade and
financial flows as well as cross-border migration of
people.
As national economies open up and
lower their external barriers, they become more
exposed and more vulnerable to global forces and
influences. Such definition covers what the European
Union calls as the “four freedoms,” free movement of
goods or products, services, capital or investment, and
persons.
The free movement of goods or products
is facilitated by liberalization or the abolition of tax on
imported goods (tarifff), while the free movement of
capital or investment is implemented through
deregulation or the lifting of strict banking and
financial regulations aimed at encouraging investors to
invest more and retain their ability to pull out their
investments at anytime with ease. Meanwhile, free
movement of persons is achieved through the
loosening or abolition of visa restrictions and barriers
to migration.
 Liberalization and deregulation are
economic processes that typically require special laws
and/or policies. The illustrated typical conflict on the
idea of globalization, one only has to look at the
perennial tit-for-tat fight between big corporations
and labor unions on issues such as migration and
outsourcing of jobs, wage hikes, and privatization of
industries and services; or the decades-old enmity
between the developed countries more popularly
known as First World, and the developing or
underdeveloped nations collectively labeled as the
Third World on issues such as subsidy on the
agricultural sector, industrialization, and foreign land
ownership.
Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri call the
era of globalization as the “Age of Empire,
characterized by the decline of the sovereignty of
nation-states. Control would instead shift to more
global forces, such as multinational corporations,
international organizations, and developed nations
such as the US. This would result in a new form of
imperialism that enables global powers to assert
decentered and deterritorializing apparatus of rule
over less developed nations.
Leslie Sklair argues that globalization is
broader and more complicated than
internationalization. Internationalization refers to the
processes and systems that pertain to relationships
between nation states, while globalization
encompasses processes and systems related to global
social relations-- or interactions between international
or transnational entities.
For example, the cultural ties and
economic trade between the members of the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) or the
members of EU are international in nature while
interactions between entities such as the ASEAN and
the EU are global.
Philosophies and Ideologies of/on/against
Globalization
Globalization's backers, supporters, and
ideologues have 6 core claims that seemed to make it
an ideology in itself: globalization is about the
liberalization in global integration of markets;
globalization is inevitable and irreversible; Nobody is
in charge of globalization; Globalization benefits
everyone; Globalization furthers the spread of
democracy in the world; Globalization requires War on
Terror.
Capitalism is the dominant economic
framework and system in many parts of the world
today it is primarily premised on the profit motive.
Pro-globalization lobby for deregulation,
privatization, and liberalization to give corporations a
free hand in the global economy. The pro-globalization
side defends its adherence to neoliberal capitalism by
claiming that freeing corporations from much
government regulation would encourage capitalists to
invest more on existing industries.
Critics of globalization are divided into 2
main camps: the anti-globalization side and the alter
globalization current. As their name suggests, the anti-
globalization side and the alter globalization current
differ only on their long-term objective: the former
wants an end to what it considers as a highly
imbalanced system of globalization that favors the
First World over the Third World, corporations over
citizens and communities, and profit-seeking over
environmental sustainability. The latter favors altering
or changing the current system of globalization to
make it more humane, more pro-environment, and
more grassroots driven rather than staying as a top-
down imposition.
Karl Marx classic book Das kapital
emphasizes that the directing motive, the end and aim
of capitalist production, his extract the greatest
possible amount of surplus-value, and consequently to
exploit labor-power to the greatest possible extent.
One of the direct consequences of trade and
globalization is race to bottom phenomenon. In the
context of globalization, Rudra defines this as
international market pressures causing a downward
convergence in the government policies that result in
the victimization of the poor.
Such capitalist penchant for maximizing
profits even at the expense of workers and more
recently, even at the expense of the environment --
has only become more explicit under globalization, as
it allows firms to shift all or part of its operations to
countries where wages and Labor Standards are low,
in a process called outsourcing.
 WORLD WAR I – 1944 = Bretton Woods
Helped lay the rationale for the founding of
what came to be known as Bretton Woods
Replaced the gold standard and aided
capitalist countries toward achieving closer economic
integration

LESSON #2: STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION Economies can’t have an equaled exchange rate
Core of globalization – economy, business because if the money is at surplus there would be
Policies made by government is circulating upon inflation AND prices will go up. Hence, countries with
economy low economy might suffer
Life of citizens is anchored on how companies run
their business WORLD BANK
Consumers are dependent on big businesses It provides capital for underdeveloped
Big companies don’t just own one business it nations. During 1944 bretton wood system it is made.
is MONOPOLYZED Developed countries (USA) can easily win policies and
SERVICES AND PRODUCTS ARE assigning of officials and leaders in world bank org.
CONCENTRATED ON FEW CERTAIN OWNERS USA have stronger voice in this institution.
Causing the population to be
dependent on them IMF
Globalization is composed of different voices, loud Monitor exchange rate
and soft voices If nalulugi yung isang bansa and the exchange
MARKET INTEGRATION rate are inflating they monitor
Process of economic transformation within a
region CORE REGIONS
Merging the market Engaged in innovation, capital intensive
GLOBAL COOPERATION production that requires higher and specialized labor
Company operates in a number of countries Innovation such as technology and medicinal
Build their brands on field
LENDER OF LAST RESORT
whoever you turn to when you urgently PERIPHERAL REGIONS
need funds and you've exhausted all your other Take part in labor intensive production that
options requires lower level of skllls
3 FACTORS THAT AFFECT GLOBALIZATION
1. GOVERNMENT GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
Policy makers Market integration cannot be achieved
2. GLOBAL INSTITUTIONS without global corporation
Funded by governments INCIPIENT GLOBALIZATION
3. GLOBAL CORPORATIONS Colonial powers freely expropriated
Capitalist the finite resources of colonies
Sells the products Ex: exploitation of Spaniards on
MONETARY SYSTEM resources from the Philippines then after it is
1800s the western countries adopted gold taken to their country
standard. Michael Bordo notes in an explanatory ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
article that the gold standard was a commitment by IN TH ECREATION OF GLOBAL ECONOMY
participating countries to fix the prices of their WORLD BANK GROUP
domestic currencies in terms of a specified amount of 2 goals
gold End extreme poverty
Promote shared prosperity in
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION a sustainable way
Production and transportation accelerated WBG 5 entities
industrialization IBRD – AIMS TO REDUCE POVERTY BY
PROVIDING LOANS AND GRANTS
 - IMPROVES LIVING CONDITION
IDA – international development
corporation
Same with IBRD AIMS their
differences is that IBRD helps middle income country
middle income – have the
ability to pay while IDA doesn’t choose
IFC – private sector on developing
countries
Have low interest charge
Ex: big company in the
Philippines can seek help from them
MIGA – help developing countries to
have investors
ICSID – settle problems in investments
The Global Economy and Market Integration  moods.
 Under globalization, the global economies operation
is shaped and influenced by governments, global or
multinational corporations, and global institutions --
the very same sectors that laid the foundations of
contemporary market integration.  corporations can trace their lineage to the ear of
 Governments function as leading policymakers and
implementers of globalization's tenets. Global
institutions are also partly managed and funded by
governments and their representatives. Global
corporations ensure a leading role in making the cogs
of capitalist globalization operate as smoothly,
efficiently, and profitably as possible.  facilitate the growth of trade between countries, and
 Contemporary economic globalization has its roots in
the institutionalization of International Monetary
systems or the means of international payments
(payment made by a country to another, or an entity
of on country to another entity of another country). To
some extent, silver, gold, another precious metals
were already used as de facto currency in many parts
of the world even before the modern times.   With the widening control of global corporations over
 In the 1800s, the United Kingdom, the United States
of America, and Europe adopted the gold standard
Michael Bordo notes in an explanatory article that the
gold standard was a commitment by participating
countries to fix the prices of their domestic currencies
in terms of a specified amount of gold. National
money and other forms of money were freely
converted into gold at the fixed price.  countries from recession, further remarking that with
 Technological innovations in production and
transportation accelerated industrialization and
facilitated swifter trade. International trade aided by
the global standard led to market integration. 
The devastation caused by World War 1 in World War
2 helped lay the rationale for the founding of what
came to be known as the Bretton Woods system which
replaced the gold standard and aided capitalist
countries toward achieving closer economic
integration. In 1944, 44 capitalist countries led by the
US met at the Bretton Woods, a town in New
Hampshire, resulting in agreements that created an
international basis for exchanging one currency for
another. It also led to the creation of the International
Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development, now known as the
World Bank (WB).  
 IMF was designed to monitor exchange rates and lend
reserve currencies to nations with trade deficits, the
WB to provide underdeveloped nations with needed
capital with the member nations contributing a
membership fee, of sorts, to find these institutions;
The amount of each contribution designated a
country's economic ability and dictated its number of
 
 
Global Corporations and Globalization 
 Global market integration cannot be achieved without
the growth of global corporations. Modern-day global
colonialism when colonizers exploited colonies as
cheap sources of raw materials and, oftentimes, slave
labor; Or as markets for surplus goods. 
 To their credit, bold ventures of global corporations
into research and development and investments in
new products and services have done much to
consequently, in the further spread of globalization.
Global corporations engage in resource extraction,
commodity production, communication, or
transportation such as Toyota Motor Corporation,
Royal Dutch Shell, Boeing Co, are still among Fortune’s
2017 Global 500 list of firms, proving that global
corporations have changed so little through centuries. 
the world's wealth and resources, critics
understandably point out that there is a need to
regulate rather than deregulate these entities. Walden
Bello's analysis retains potency as it stresses the
reluctance of public authorities to regulate the activity
of capital in the new global economy is among the
culprits behind capitalism's failure to swiftly lift
corporate-driven market forces unchecked, structural
imbalances built up.
LESSON 3: ROLES OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS LESSON 4: A WORLD OF REGIONS
IMF is known as the twin institution of World Bank
IMF is known as the twin institution of WB. IMF As economic globalization -- free trade -- is essentially
identifies that its primary purpose is to ensure the a zero-sum game, global divides are observable under
stability of the International Monetary system -- the the current setup where one side wins at the expense
system of exchange rates and international payments of another; a country’s gains (for example, increase
that enables countries and their citizens to transact exports) is another nation’s loss such as in the form of
with each other. increased imports. Indeed, globalization failed to
Original aims of IMF:  drastically bridge the gap between and within
 Promote International Monetary countries. The promise of shared prosperity remains
cooperation  unfulfilled for hundreds of millions of citizens in the
 Facilitate the expansion and balance Third World countries. As of 2013, the number of poor
growth of international trade  citizens (people who live on less than USD 1.90 a day)
 Promote exchanges stability  worldwide reach 767 million.
 Assist in the establishment of multilateral
system of payments  In the human development index HDI for 2015 – UN's
 Make resources available to members ranking of countries based on levels of holistic human
experiencing balance of payments development that encompasses data on health,
difficultie education, and income -- Norway is ranked first with
an almost perfect score of 0.949, compared with the
The IMF’s last original aim means it functions as a De last among 188 countries, the Central African
Facto lender of last resort. Simply put, the IMF is Republic, with a measly score of 0.352. The Philippines
obliged to provide liquidity in the form of loans to is at rank 116 with a score of 0.68 two period
those countries facing an economic downturn and inequality's within nations are also evident period
unable to stimulate aggregate demand with their own from 1960s to 2010, then income shares of the
resources.  poorest and richest in the Philippines are almost
o Obliged to give loans to countries that stagnant.
experiences economic downturns
o IMF played a huge role in the The contrast between the slums of Metro Manila and
revitalization of economy of Paris its posh gated subdivision such as Forbes Park and
Dasmariñas, and the extravagant corporate towers in
The debt trap refers to the developing countries’ financial centers such as Makati and Taguig, is very
inability the free themselves from debts  acquired clear. At the outset, it seems that these economic
from the First World-dominated multilateral financial divides are parallel with geographical groupings, but a
institutions and private banks, due to the onerous closer look makes it a little bit more complicated in
nature of most loans which structurally bind debtor reality, as this chapter intends to tackle.
countries to economic policies that maintain and
expand economic dependency such as privatization,
deregulation, premature trade liberalization, and Global Divides: The North and the South, First and
lifting of other protectionist schemes; and hence, Third World's
hampered the capability of their governments to pay
their debts in the long run and provide social services Among development studies researchers, the term
to their citizens at the same time.  Global North and Global South are commonly used to
refer to the two halves of the current global system.
The Global North countries such as the US, Canada,
Europe, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Australia, and
New Zealand; while the Global South refers to Africa,
Latin America, and developing countries of Asia
(including Southwest Asia or Middle East).
Hence, economically, the Global North refers to the
rich and developed parts of the world, while the
Global South covers the poor and developing half of it.
Most countries of the Global North have a GDP per
capita that is above the world's GDP per capita, while
most nations of the Global South of a GDP per capita
below the roads GDP per capita.
Differentiate and assess the Global South from the
Third World
Politically, the Global North is also more powerful as
an entity, if its collective strength at the SC will be
taken into consideration -- as it holds the said council's
at least three out of the five permanent seats.
Culturally, diversity reigns in both of the Global North
and the Global South, through the rapid spread of
technology and the increasing accessibility to
mainstream popular media have done much to
multiply and strengthen cultural linkages within the
context of a multilingual and multicultural world.
The terms global North in global South, and 1st world
and third world are used interchangeably in common
conversation. Though these two set of concepts are
related, they're actually different. The labels first
world intelligible came into popular use during the
Cold War between the capital is camp led by the US,
UK and their allies; and the socialist side led by the
Soviet Union otherwise known as the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics or USSR and its allies mostly
Eastern European countries. The capitalist camp was
dubbed as the First World, while the socialist side was
labeled as the Second World. The other countries of
the world comprising much of Asia Africa and Latin
America were called as the Third World. These
countries were mostly former colonies of Western
powers, but were nevertheless reluctant to be overtly
included in either camp.
Currently, many countries labeled as part of the First
and Second Worlds during the Cold War are now part
of the Global North while most of the Third World
countries still belong to the Global South.
Whatever labels are used, it is clear that the existence
of considerable gaps between the developing
countries in the developed countries is undeniable.
Authors William Thompson and Rafael Reuveny
acknowledged that despite the promises of a so-called
borderless world under globalization, significant gaps
between the Global North in the Global South are still
observable, specially and technological diffusion or
the spread of technological innovation through
research and development, and debts.
In other words, present and future innovations that
improve production and promote efficiency do little to
change the status quo where the Global South is
condemned to economic dependency with cause the
global North still monopolizes such technological
advances which give the latter enormous and
advantages over the former.
The vulnerability of Third World countries to recurring
crises, which constitute these cyclical roadblocks to
their holistic development, can be traced to their
integration into the global economic system
dominated by that technologically advanced and
industrialized First World country that also control
multilateral financial institutions and big private
banks. These financial institutions, in turn, entice third
world governments to acquire high-interest loans,
which eventually dropped the latter into perpetual
debt slavery. Economic liberation and redemption of
countries in the Global South is hinged upon their
prospects of catching up with the Global North
through innovation and industrialization maximizing
their resources for their own development.
An economist’s historical study of capitalism
globalization remarks that such process is a difficult
path to take, considering that developed countries
have been kicking away the ladder which they have
used to climb to the top, to prevent developing
countries from adopting protectionist economic
policies aimed at shielding local industries from stiff
foreign competition under free trade. For example, a
few years ago, the agriculture secretaries of Burkina
Faso and Georgia criticized wealthy countries in
Europe that are still subsidizing their farmers at the
expense of developing nations, undermining market
access for some of the world's poorest producers,
thereby artificially lowering the production costs of
Europe's agricultural outputs.
Meanwhile, Third World countries are either unable to
afford financing or are hindered from implementing
such policy of subsidizing the agricultural sector. They
are also discouraged from adopting policies that will
lead to industrialization, despite the fact that most
developed countries achieved their current status
partly because of industrialization. Hence, no
multilateral financial institutions will ever loan money
for a Philippine company that intends to produce
Philippine-made cars from Philippine steel, something
that will compare with existing established brands
from industrialized countries.
Latin America and the Philippines under Globalization
Partly because of their inability to catch up with the
Global North’s twin policies of innovation
industrialization, the Philippines and most countries in
Latin America and other regions formerly colonized by
Western powers are still relatively poorer than the
countries that colonized them. Hence, these countries
are still labeled as Third World nations. Wealth gaps
between the poorest and the riches are also
observable in these regions. Radical theorists trace
such disparities in the long decades, and even
centuries of economic colonialism -- and later
neocolonialism. Eduardo Galeano describes Latin
America's open veins which the colonizers seemingly
bled dry through colonial plunder, replaced only with
neocolonial economic relations after the region's
independence from Western conquerors.
The Philippines is comparable with Latin America for
the latter is a region that still works as a menial. It
continues to exist at the service of others needs, as a
source and reserve of oil and iron, of copper and
meat, of fruit and coffee, the raw materials and foods
destined for rich countries which profit more from
consuming them than Latin America does from
producing them. Latin America is the region of open
veins. Everything, from the discovery until our times,
as always been transmuted into European -- or later
United States -- capital, and such has accumulated in
distant centers of power. Our defeat was always
implicit in the victory of others; our wealth has always
generated our poverty by nourishing the prosperity of
others -- the empires and their native overseers.
The ideas of Galeano and Constantino were part of
the Dependency Theory school of thought (Teoria de
la Dependencia) which originated in Latin America, a
continent where nationalists and left-wing leaders and
revolutionaries strive and still strive to steer a path
away from western-oriented capitalism and forward
varying levels of economic nationalism and socialism,
or combination of both. Theotonio Dos Santos, one of
Dependency Theory’s eminent scholars, defines
dependency as a situation in which the economy of
certain countries is conditioned by the development
and expansion of another economy to reach the
former is subjected, categorizes colonial dependency
or financial industrial dependency.
He notes that aside from influencing the international
affairs of the subordinated country, dependency also
covers their internal structures: orientation of
production, the forms of capital accumulation, the
reproduction of the economy, and simultaneously,
their social and political structure. Simply put,
dependency theory scholars assert that industrialized
countries exploit countries through economic and
political neocolonialism which perpetuate the latter's
pre-industrial or semi-industrial status -- majority of
which are former colonies of developed countries.
The inflow of capital from the developed countries is
the prerequisite for the establishment of economic
dependence. This inflow takes various forms: loans
granted and onerous terms; investments that plays a
given country in the power of the investors; almost
total technological subordination of the dependent
country to the developed country; control of a
country’s foreign trade by the big international
monopolies; and in extreme cases, the use of force as
an economic weapon in support of the other forms of
exploitation.
Depending on its geographical size and a variety of its
exports, the underdeveloped economy may appear as
being made of several atoms of this type. These atoms
refer to industries and businesses which prop up the
import-dependent, export-oriented economy of many
developing countries, designed to suit the needs of
developed and capital-rich countries. Such description
of developing countries mirrors the Philippine
situation: the economy is composed of atoms of
industries of semi-manufactured goods and service-
oriented businesses (malls, fast-food chains, call
centers) that trap it into being one of the world's
repositories of cheap labor, and subject it to other
forms of exploitation.
The following table shows how low reinvested Foreign
Direct Investments (FDI) earnings are, as a percentage
of the primary income on FDI in the Philippines.

Under this economic set up, capital, debts, machinery

and technology, and high value products form bulk of
Philippine imports; While workers are professionals,
raw materials, semi-manufactured goods, and profits
are among the Philippines exports.

The Philippines situation under globalization Can be

best visualized through this following conceptual
framework based on the dependency theory:
Factors not worse in developing countries dependency
on the developed countries include:

1. Urban Development, together with

inadequate increase in agricultural production
of foodstuffs, which make necessary
increasing imports of basic food products.
2. Increase in administrative expenditure, out of
proportion with the possibilities of the local
economy
3. Changing the structures of income
distribution, with Europeanization’ Of the way
of life and consumer habits of the privileged
strata
4. Inadequate industrial development and
disequilibrium in the industrial structures,
which necessitate imports of production
goods intermediate goods. The combined
working of these forces renders the
underdeveloped countries dependent on
external aid, which tends to become
permanent.

Thus, the Philippines remains poor or underdeveloped

because its imports remain high while the government
fails to Strengthen the domestic market through
industrialization called my specially when remittances
from citizens working overseas provide enough dollars
to help keep the national economy afloat. The
preceding table shows the relationship between
overseas Filipino workers remittances, Balance of
Payments (BOP), and manufacturing in the Philippines;
And reveals how economic dependency and labor
export go hand in hand.
 The commercial media system
is the necessary transmission
belt for businesses to market
their wares across the world.
 Media firms "manufacture
consent" for globalization by
supporting the global status
quo dominated by West.
Media churn out
LESSON 6: WORLD OF IDEAS manufactured contents that
 THE INTERNET favors globalization through
o HAS FACILITATED THE GROWTH AND mainstream TV shows.
TENDENCY TOWARD CULTURAL  Mainstream media
HOMOGENIZATION OF WHAT seemed to have been
MARSHALL MCLUHAN DESCRIBED AS all easily swayed by
GLOBAL VILLAGE. the arguments of the
 TRAVEL very people and
institutions they were
o HAS BECOME A LOT EASIER THAN
supposed to watch.
BEFORE.
o Majority of
 PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN
these
TELECOMMUNICATION FIRMS
mainstream
o HAVE ALLOWED MIGRANT WORKERS
pro-
AND THEIR FAMILIES TO HAVE CHEAP
globalization
ACCESS TO TEXT AND CALLS.
channels are
 GLOBAL MEDIA AND GLOBAL INTEGRATION
broadcast in
o GLOBAL MEDIA
English.
 Corporations or entities
o The local elite is part of the so-called
globally engaged in media
global elites. They are characterized
production and/or
by a common education, lifestyle, and
distribution.
habitus.
 The media foster the
o The world elites hold the same ideas,
conditions for global
as they participate in the same
capitalism. They fill our days
economic and political conferences
with invitations and
covered by the mainstream media
exhortations for consumption,
channels.
from ceaseless commercials
 Hollywood also did a good job
on radio and TV, to product
in fashioning the world
placement in films, to digital
according to the West's image
billboards.
and likeness.
 Media firms can be labeled
 The availability of internet
collectively as some sort of
accelerated the spread of
glue that holds the various
Western cultural production -
nations under pro-
Google, Facebook, etc.
globalization camp together.
 People have needed to be
 They connect Global North to
able to truly imagine the
South; the First World to Third
world for globalization to
World. Developing countries
proceed.
aspire for Western lifestyles
o The media are helping to bring about
and cultures.
a fundamentally new imaginary – a
 Advertising is a business
rising global imaginary.
expense incurred by the
largest firms in the economy.
 o COSMOPOLITANISM is now a feature
of modern life. People imagine
themselves as part of the world.
o But there are challenges to Western
dominance in the global media - the
rise of the alternative media.
o The current digital divide in many
Third World countries clearly means
that a number of citizens are still
insulated from or at least not very
much influenced by global media.
o Lack of high speed internet access is
one of the reasons. Expensive gadgets
and electric power.
 CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND
HOMOGENIZATION
o With the unparalleled acceleration of
labor, capital, and information
mobility in the age of globalization,
local cultures, languages and national
identities either influence or become
influenced by other worldviews and
expressive forms, resulting in massive
cultural homogenization.
o Developing countries that are at the
receiving end of these global
transactions yield to cultural erosion.
LESSON 7: DYNAMICS OF CULTURAL PRODUCTION
 Globalization has allowed local and global
Cultural production to intersect. Local and
global entities engaged in cultural production
are both partners and rivals under
globalization.
 collaboration is necessitated by they decided
to expand their reach while being sensitive to
local sensibilities;
o On the other hand, competition is
assured by the continuing relevance
of cultural differences amid
accelerated globalization. Subsidiaries
of western media in the Third World
partly echo their mother channels’
dominance, albeit using local content. 
 Covers and parodies of pop songs abound in
the third world, both complementing the
western originals and at the same time
competing with them for popularity. For
example, popular Filipina seekers have
covered foreign hit songs, to the Glee of
foreign audience who praised their English
textured an excellent singing voice, while
Filipino netizen sub produced countless
parodies and serious versions of famous
songs.  
 Pinoys superhero films such as captain barbell,
Gagamboy, and Darna may have taken
inspiration from Captain America, Spiderman,
and Wonder Woman. Corollary to this,
subtitling and dubbing made the formerly
foreign film not so far in anymore.
 Cultural diversity and homogenization
through globalization
o With the unparalleled acceleration of
Labor, capital, and information
mobility in the age of globalization,
local cultures, languages and national
identities either influence or become
 influenced by other worldviews and
expressive forms, resulting in massive
cultural homogenization. Developing
countries that are at the receiving end
of these global transactions yield to
cultural erosion
o For instance, in dominantly Malay-
descent countries such as the
Philippines, weight loss products,
whitening soaps, and hair bleachers
are ubiquitous, and often made very
affordable. Citizens are goaded to
impersonate their slender, blonde,
Caucasian western counterparts with
the false belief that these
characteristics are dominant and
hence, more beautiful.
o According to the endangered
languages project, 40% of the world's
approximate 7000 languages are at
risk of disappearing, and this threat to
the language can be linked to
economic globalization. In response to
the demands to qualify in the job
market placement evaluation. For
instance, in the recent decades, some
legislators in the Philippines still
pushed for a shift in the language
program from a bilingual policy to
English only policy, leaving the
national language and regional
languages as casualties in its tracks.
o Representative Gloria Arroyo filed
House Bill 5091 - an act to enhance
the use of English as the medium of
instruction in the educational system
-- in February 2017. The said bill
favors English will be the medium of
instruction for 70% of all contact time
in Philippine schools. When culture
erodes, experts argue, the ability of
the people to make choices on how to
participate in the development goes
down the drain.
 The Globalization of Religion
o Globalization as a means of
transporting cultural items has also
paved the way for the mobilization of
religious practices from the global
South to the North, from the center to
the peripheries, and vice versa.
o This phenomenon has not only
propelled the spread of the scope of
vast religious beliefs such as
Catholicism and Islam, but it is also
hastened the emergence of religious
amalgamations. In the Philippines, for
instance, a priest calls the brand of
the Philippine faith as split-level
Christianity, which is characterized by
merging of ancestral beliefs and
practices and biblical traditions, such
as fertility dance in Obando, Bulacan.
Furthermore, by unstiffening
requirements for mobility and
through social media and other media
platforms, globalization is also
enabled local religious groups such as
Iglesia ni Cristo to expand the reach to
other countries.
o This trend is very similar to the
zealous missionary drive of Roman
Catholicism during the era of Spanish
and Portuguese colonialism in Latin
America and certain parts of Asia and
Africa.
o Despite the generally benign nature of
current missionary activities, clashes
seem inevitable between the
increasingly conservative strains of
Islam and the relatively more liberal
Christianity in some parts of the
world. Cultural, ethnic and racial
tensions are rising and are partly
fueled by some religious fanatics such
as ISIS operatives who violently assert
the purported supremacy of their
version of truth and faith as the one
and only true religion.
 Global Demography
LESSON 8: GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY
 GLOBAL CITY - also called a power city, world
city, alpha city or world center, is a city which
is a primary node in the global economic
 COSMOPOLITANISM - a phenomenon most
readily associated with a global city: large,
diverse cities attracting people, material and
cultural products from all over the world.
 URBANIZATION - refers to the population shift
from rural to urban areas, the decrease in the
proportion of people living in rural areas, and
the ways in which societies adapt to this
change.
 CITIZENS OF THE WORLD - a consumerist
world of malls and supermarkets, of theme
parks and leisure centers offering a cross-
cultural variety of food, fashion,
entertainment and various other consumables
and artifacts.
 DEMOGRAPHY - the study of statistics such as
births, deaths, income, or the incidence of
disease, which illustrate the changing
structure of human populations.
 WHY STUDY GLOBAL CITIES >Globalization is
spatial
o Globalization is spatial because it
occurs in physical spaces
o Globalization is spatial because what
makes it move is the fact that is
based in places
 DEFINING GLOBAL CITY
o Saskia Sassen
 Define global city were it is
primary economic
 Identified three global cities;
New York, Tokyo and London
 The theory of demographic transition
states that societies typically transition
from periods of high birth and death rates
to eras of lower birth and death rates, as
they engage in the process of industrialization
from agrarian or pre- industrial beginnings up
to the present.
 in the said transition before the start of
the demographic transition, life was short,
births were many, growth rate was slow
and the population was young. During the
transition, first mortality and then fertility
declined, causing population growth rates to
accelerate and then to slow again, moving
toward low fertility, long life and an old
population.
 The transition began around 1800 with
declining mortality in Europe. It has now
spread to all parts of the world and is
projected to be completed by 2100. In much
of Europe, the transition somehow coincided
industrialization, the period between 1760
and 1860.
 The international Union for the Scientific
Study of Population (IUSSP) identifies four
stages of the classical demographic transition
model
o Pre- transition
 high birth rates, and high
fluctuating death rates,
population growth was kept
low by Malthusian
preventative ( late at
marriage) and positive
(famine, war, pestilence)
checks;
o Early transition when
 the death rate begins to fall
(and) as birth rates to
decline and the rate of
population growth
decelerates;
o post- transition,
 low birth and low death
rates, and population growth
is negligible, or even enters a
decline.  Since academics
such as Drew Grover
present an alternative
phasing, with
 five stages of the demographic transition
 Drew Grover – ALTERNATIVE PHASING
o Stage 1
 birth rates and death rates
that are high. During this
stage, population size
<remains fairly constant, but
can experience <major
swings= with disruptive
events such as wars or
pandemics. o
o Stage 2
 period of modern medicine
that helps lower death rates.
Especially among children,
while birth rates remain high,
resulting to rapid population
growth
o Stage 3
 begins when birth rates
gradually decrease, usually
as a result of improved
economic conditions, and
increase in women9s status
and access to contraception.
This is the period of
continuous population growth
o Stage 4
 period of population
stability when birth rate, as
well the death rate, is low.
Countries in this stage <tend
to have stronger economies,
higher levels of education,
better healthcare, a higher
proportion of working
women, and a fertility rate
hovering around two
children per woman,
o Stage 5
 period of aging population
where fertility rates have
fallen below the
replacement level of two
children. Simply put, the
elderly population outnumber
the young in the population.
LESSON 9: GLOBAL MIGRATION
Key Words:
 LABOR EXPORT POLICY - outlines the policy of
the state with regard to labor, which includes
strengthening their network of public
employment offices and rationalize the
participation of the private sector in the
recruitment and placement of workers, locally
and overseas, to serve national development
objectives and ensuring the careful selection
of Filipino workers for overseas employment.
 MIGRANT - a person who moves from one
place to another, especially in order to find
work or better living conditions.
 OFW - Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) is a
term often used to refer to Filipino migrant
workers, people with Filipino citizenship who
reside in another country for a limited period
of employment.
 DESKILLING - is the process by which skilled
labor within an industry or economy is
eliminated by the introduction of technologies
operated by semiskilled or unskilled workers.
 REMITTANCE - is a transfer of money, often by
a foreign worker to an individual in their home
country. Money sent home by migrants
competes with international aid as one of the
largest financial inflows to developing
countries.
 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS - The balance of
payments of a country is the difference
between all money flowing into the country in
a particular period of time and the outflow of
money to the rest of the world.
LABOR MIGRATION & THE OFWPHENOMENON Ex. Domestic Helpers,
What is migration? Teachers, Seamen, Nurses
 Migration – refers to the movement of In 2014, there are
people from one place to another. 1,832,668 OFWs
 2 Types of Migration: Land-based – 1,430,842
a. Internal Migration – refers to the Sea-based – 401, 862
movement of people within one Source: POEA (Philippine Overseas
country i.e. rural to urban migration Employment Administration)
b. International Migration – refers to
the movement of people from one
country to another
Causes of Migration
■ Poverty
■ Unemployment
■ Victims of natural calamities
■ Improve standard of living
■ Better education REASONS BEHIND THE
■ Better environment OFWPHENOMENON
■ Economic Security 1.High Unemployment Rate
EFFECTS OF MIGRATION - Newly graduates join the
Positive Effects labor force that increases the
 Increase labor supply Overcrowding competition in the labor
 Cheap labor market. Instead of waiting for
Negative Effects them to be hired locally,
 Lack of housing facilities Filipinos seek employment
 Traffic congestion overseas.
 Heavy pollution in air, water, noise 2. Low Salary offered by
 Unemployment employers in the Philippines
 Occurrence of squatter areas - Filipinos are willing to work
WHAT IS LABOR MIGRATION? abroad due to low salary. Even
■Labor migration – is the professionals like nurses,
process of shifting a labor force engineers and teachers would
from one physical location to prefer to work abroad as
another household help or office workers
■Labor migration takes place because of the higher salary
with the support of labor force offered overseas.
Causes of labor migration 3. Discrimination in job hiring in
1. The desire of job seekers to the Philippines
increase income and to improve - local employers tend to hire
the standard of living candidates even if they’re not the
2. The emergence of new industries most qualified for jobs. The
3. The relocation of production qualified and overage applicants
facilities of a given business to a who were not able to find jobs
new area. decide to work abroad.

What are OFWs? 4. High Withholding Tax

■ Overseas Filipino Workers - The Philippines has a high
(OFWs) – are Filipinos who income tax rates for workers.
are presently and temporarily Workers’ take home pay decreases
working outside the country. after deducting the withholding tax,
They may be land-based of GSIS/SSS premium, Pag-ibig and
sea-based workers. Philhealth and other mandatory
deductions.