FIRST CITY PROVIDENTIAL COLLEGE

City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

Brgy. Narra, Francisco Homes Subdivision

City of San Jose Del Monte, Bulacan

Alugbati (Malabar Spinach) seeds and Malunggay (Morinnga

Oliefera) Leaves as an Alternative Marker

A Research paper Presented to the

Senior High School Department of
First City Providential College

In Partial Fullfilment of the

Requirements for the Subject
Research Project

An Experimental Research Conducted by:

Charlene S. Cruz
Paul Christian O. Pasardoza
Julia Ann B. Rogero
Yhazmine C. Saguion
Charlemagne F. Villasana
12 STEM-II

Submitted to
Ms. Mary Joy A. Gardanozo
Academic Year 2022-2023

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 Abstract

This study explores the possibility of Alugbati and Malunggay as natural,

environmentally-friendly replacement markers for a range of applications. In a number of
disciplines, including environmental science and agriculture, synthetic markers have been
utilized. Its use, however, raises questions about the possible harm they could do to the
environment and to people's health. It has become vital to look for sustainable and natural
identifiers. Two typical Philippine plants, alugbati and malunggay, have been used for a
variety of things, including traditional medicine and sustenance. In this study, their
potential as substitute markers is investigated.

In the study, pigments from Alugbati and Malunggay are extracted and used in a
variety of disciplines, including plant biology and the evaluation of water quality. The
findings demonstrate that the pigments that were isolated from these two plants may,
respectively, effectively mark plant tissues and signal changes in water quality indicators.
Natural markers like Alugbati and Malunggay can potentially lessen the harm that
synthetic markers do to the ecosystem and offer a more affordable option for scientific
research.

The potential of Alugbati and Malunggay as sustainable and natural markers in

numerous sectors is highlighted by this study's findings. This alternative marker can
encourage the use of natural resources in scientific study and help to build eco friendly
methods. The results of this study can open up new avenues for investigation into the use
of locally accessible plant materials for a range of scientific and technological applications.

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 List of Table

Table 1: Affordability Testing of the Alugbati (Malabar Spinach) Leaves and Malunggay
(Moringga Oliefera)
Leaves………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..25-26
Table 2: Quality Testing of the Alugbati (Malabar Spinach) Leaves and Malunggay
(Moringga Oliefera)
Leaves………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..27-29
Table 3: Application Testing of the Alugbati (Malabar Spinach) Seeds and Malunggay
(Moringga Oliefera)
Leaves………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..30-31

List of Table

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework…………………………………………………………11

Figure 1.1: Alternative Ink………………………………………………………………..11
Figure 2: Alternative ink using alugbati and malunggay test……………………………..28
Figure 3: Alugbati and malunggay leaves (after) blending test…………………………...28
Figure 4: Alternative ink malunggay and alugbati leaves………………………………...28
Figure 5: Alugbati leaves blended with water test………………………………………...26
Figure 6: Results of alugbati leaves (after) blend with water……………………………..26
Figure 7: Alugbati and malunggay test……………………………………………………26
Figure 8: Results after blending the malunggay and alugbati with hot water……………..31
Figure 9: Malunggay and alugbati seeds………………………………………………….31
Figure 10: Malunggay and Alugbati mixture with hot water……………………………...31
Figure 11: Affordability Testing (Malunggay and Alugbati)……………..……………….33
Figure 12: Quality testing (Malunggay and Alugbati)…………………………………….33
Figure 13: Application Testing (Malunggay and Alugbati)……………………………….33

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 Acknowledgement

The completion of this research could not be done without the assistance of our
groupmates. This research completed because of being responsible, hardworking, creative
and their cooperation. We researchers of this study, Charlene Cruz, Paul Christian
Pazardoza, Julia Ann Rogero, Yhazmine Saguion, Charlemagne Villasana, are very
thankful and grateful because we finished this research successfully with the help of our
subject teacher and principal. Thank you for this opportunity.

We want to express gratitude to our research teacher, Ms. Mary Joy Gardanozo for
her continuos support,for being a good teacher. You explained every parts properly and
tirelessly guided us until our research was finished that is why we got to this part. She gave
us suggestions, and solutions that serve as a great help to successfully finish this research
study, in spite of the problems faced by the researches for conducting this study. We want
to thank for all the things we have learned in research. Without her, it is impossible to be
successful to finish our research.

We also want to express our gratitude to the principal of our school, Mrs. Sherill F.
Echanis for her assistance and involvement in this research project. It is a privilege to have
a school principal who is willing to assist and support that also served as a great help to
accomplish this research.

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 Dedication

This work is the outcome of many difficult sacrifices. Thanks to the researcher's
efforts, this work is joyfully and proudly dedicated to the individuals who serve as an
inspiration.

First of all, we dedicated this research to the Almighty God for he gave the strength,
wisdom and determination to finish this research that was conducted, thank you for the
direction, fortitude, protection, skills and for providing us with a healthy existence, all of
these will be offered to you.

We dedicated this wholeheartedly to our parents, who have served as our source of
inspiration, and for unending support who was with us in the whole days and nights, praying
which gave as a strength to overcome all our problems in conducting this research study,
especially who gives allowance, and finacial assistance to make our research easier, are really
deserve to honored to receive this dedication in this study.

And lastly, we dedicated this to our teachers, friends, classmates and to the future
researchers, who helped and guide us in producing a final product, who offered assistance
when they encountered difficulties while performing our study, and for the future researches
we want to help and educate you more, and you can use this study as a guide, source and also
to the students who will one day can benefit from our research study.

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 Table of Contents

Chapter 1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Rationale………………………………………………………………………………...7
Theoretical Framework………………………………………………………………...10
Conceptual Framework………………………………………………………………...11
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………..12-13
Hypothesis……………………………………………………………………………...13
Scope and Delimitation………………………………………………………………...13
Significance of the Study………………………………………………………………14
Definition and Terms…………………………………………………………………..14
Chapter 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Review of Related Literature……………………………………………………….15-17
Review of Related Studies………………………………………………………….17-20
Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design…………………………………………………………………….….21
Research Method Used…………………………………………………………......21-22
Local of the Study……………………………………………………………………..22
Respondents of the Study………………………………………………………………22
Instrumentation………………………………………………………………………...22
Data Gathering Procedure……………………………………………………………...23
Statistical Treatment of Data…………………………………………………………...23
Chapter 4: PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTRERPRETATION OF DATA
Introduction/Preamble……………………………………………………………...24-25
SOP 1: Results, Analysis and Interpretation of Data……………………………….25-26
SOP 2: Results, Analysis and Interpretation of Data…………………………….…27-29
SOP 3: Results, Analysis and Interpretation of Data…………………….…………30-31
Chapter 5: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings…………………………………………………………………..32
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………..33
Recommendation………………………………………………………………………34

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 Chater 1
The problem and its background

Rationale
Alugbati is recommended for making ink because it has a high anthocyanin
concentration; fruit extracts from this plant have a good possibility of turning into ink. Finally,
the key distinction between this Alugbati leaves and the premium brands is that the latter is
safer due to its organic material composition, making it suitable for children who enjoy
writing, drawing, or other forms of creative expression. Natural resources, such as ink for
writing, can be exploited to fulfill daily needs. Fruit sources are less frequent, but they can also
be employed to produce usable ink, Mangete (2016). Plant leaves, flower petals, and tree bark
are among traditional ink sources. Malunggay can also be used in the marker ink industry,
despite the fact that it might appear obvious, Subido et. al (2016).

Alugbati also contains significant amounts of B- complex vitamins, iron, zinc, calcium,
and magnesium. Additionally, it is a rich source of phytonutrients, which reduce the risk of
oxidative damage and promote overall health. Zeaxanthin, lutein, and beta carotene are just a
few of the potent antioxidants found in its fresh leaves, Picincu (2018). The herbaceous vine
known as Alugbati is slender, branching, smooth, and twining. It can reach heights of several
meters. The leaves are oval or heart-shaped, 5 to 12 centimeters long, stalked, and have a
cordate base and a slightly mushy texture. The stems are green or purple, and there are axillary,
single, 5 to 29 centimeter long spikes. Malunggay is a little tree with numerous branches that
can grow up to 9 meters in height. Its wood is tender.

Moringa and its derivatives are widely used in agriculture, using moringa as a crop
enhancer is a practical and sustainable way to boost agricultural productivity, this low- cost
productivity boost could aid in meeting some of the food needs in some parts of the world
given the rising rates of poverty and the expanding population of the planet, one of the
moringa’s most notable traits is its exceptional biological and nutritional features, which can be
used as a portion of green food, animal feed, and medicine, kumar (2017). Alternative ink are
highly important to us because we frequently use them for work, school, and other activities,
ink is handy for more than just writing; it can also be used for sketching, calligraphy, posters,
and labeling. In particular, teachers frequently employ markers in the classroom to provide
easy-to-understand visual aids for their students. Students use markers for a range of
assignments, projects, and other responsibilities.

7
 The majority of markers are produced entirely from chemicals, which is harmful to
both the environment and human health. These poisons might result in pollution. Malabar
spinach is a nutrient-rich food, as everyone is known vitamin A, which is crucial for
maintaining good vision and the immune system, is present in substantial amounts in it, Appell
(2016). The benefits of the moringa tree for health have long been supported by science, they
have At least 5,000 years of history in traditional Indian medicine, and they often flourish in
semi-arid, tropical, or sub-tropical environments. Moringa trees can be found all over the world
due to their efficacy and utility, Choy (2018).

According to Moose (2016), the toxics that are everywhere may have a variety of
harmful eff ects on users that may ultimately cause serious conditions that society may have to
deal with in the future. The consequences of global warm ing and ozone layer depletion, two
conditions that could make the world worse in the fu ture, may be mitigated by natural inks.
Natural inks may be the answer to lessening thes e negative effects. Natural inks may be more
affordable than commercial inks because of how in demand they are. It is very economical
because of how straightforward, inexpe nsive, and effective it is.

Ink is useful for more than just writing; it can also be used for sketching, calligraph y,
posters, and labeling. Because we use alternative ink so frequently for work, school, a nd other
activities, it is very important to us. To give their students simple-to-understand visual
assistance, teachers commonly use markers in the classroom.

Markers can also be used to affix names to clothing tags, boxes, and tape that can be
attached to nearly any object, which is frequently required for identifying purposes. They are
used to write on a variety of surfaces, including cardboard, wood, stone, plastic, metal, and
ceramic, on some surfaces, though, their impression is somewhat persistent. Most permanent
marker ink can be removed with light rubbing pressure from some plastic surfaces such
polypropylene and teflon, Staedler (2017). Markers come in a variety of colors, typically up to
hundreds, and the distribution of colors is broken down into multiple series based on the
frequency of usage, some of which are widely used gray series with various color levels that
are highly practical to use. For instance, if we draw with a marker on sulfuric acid paper, you
can use the space for color harmony before the paint dries to create a faded watercolor effect,
we can also use the translucent quality of the sulfuric acid paper to render with a marker on the
paper's reverse, Huang (2022).

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 Finding effective answers for people's daily needs is getting harder today because not
every option may be a great answer to the problems that people face every day. Some of these
remedies are wholly ineffective, while others are only marginally so. Some alternative
solutions may even have an effect on the consumers' health. Because of this, many look for
options that would allow them to save money without compromising everyone's safety. People
now frequently turn to nature when looking for alternatives; there are plants everywhere, and
they have fulfilled a variety of functions over the years. Prior to the introduction of technology,
plants were only acknowledged for their potential as complimentary therapies for disease,
Lawrence (2017).

People today live in a contemporary setting where improvements are made to ever yday
objects like writing instruments and other goods that people frequently use. This st udy
suggests that because alugbati and malunggay leaves are less harmful, more inexpe nsive, and
most importantly organic, they can be utilized as an alternative for marker in k. This would not
only be good for the environment but also for people's health. The p urpose of this study is to
look into, find, and test additional, less harmful chemicals that could be utilized as Marker ink
substitutes. Comparatively speaking, this is a lot safer th an the current market leader.

Our research's objective was to find products that could be utilized to replace specific
items, but we didn't discover this until lately. This study's objective is to look into, find, and
test additional, less harmful chemicals that could replace marker ink. Compared to the current
market's most widely used product, this is substantially safer. The fact that the goal of our
research was to find things that could be utilized to replace specific things in a cost-effective
way that something we only recently realized. Additionally, as safety is the foremost concern in
every experimental study, it needs to be made safer, particularly for children. Even though the
experiments we will do are designed to minimize hazards, they nevertheless contain hazardous
ingredients, so mishaps are still possible. We, also use the Paper and ink testing to to ensure
that the experiment we are conducting will not be ineffective.

Keywords

Alugbati seeds (malabar spinach), Malunggay leaves (moringa oliefera), Paper and Ink testing,
Natural ink, Marker

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Theoretical Framework

Moose et. al in ink theory, Moose said that Ink is a liquid or paste that contains
pigments or dyes and is used to imprint an image, write, or draw a pattern on a surface. This
little thing has been useful for keeping knowledge, records, and tracks. Throughout human
history, our forebears have utilized writing and ink to communicate and spread information.
One of the most helpful inventions made by humans was the pen and ink. The once immobile
pens and inks are now moveable and practical thanks to world evolution. Inks were discovered
and developed by numerous prehistoric societies all over the world for use in writing and
drawing. The components employed to manufacture these inks have, however, also developed
into substances that can be harmful to both humans and the environment.

This study is anchored on the theoretical support of the Theory of Plant Pigments. Plant
pigments are primarily the coloring agents found in the plastids or in the cell sap (as water-
soluble forms or water-insoluble forms). Normally, plastidial pigments are in charge of
photosynthesis, whereas cell sap pigments are in charge of coloring various plant organs and
floral components. Cell sap pigments can be easily isolated using either boiling water or
alcohol. In contrast, plastidial pigments are extracted using solvents like acetone, petroleum
ether, methanol, chloroform, and alcohol (Bharati n.d.)

Apparently, Malabar spinach and Moringa Oliefera Leaf have bright pigment contents
and high-water solubility which made them possible variables to be used in ink extraction. The
stability of anthocyanin in the extract of spinach vine fruit (Basella rubra L.) could facilitate its
application as a natural colorant (Ozela et. al., 2012).

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 Conceptual Framework

The conceptual model of the study is shown in a paradigm form of the figure

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

1. Alugbati (100 1st Stage: Use the Alugbati (Malabar

grams) Mortar and Pestle to Spinach) seeds and
2. Malunggay(12 crushed the alugbati Malunggay
stems) seeds and malunggay (Moringa Oliefera)
and added 6 grams Leaves as an
3. Water (6 of water. Alternative Marker
grams)

4. Mortar and Pestle 2nd Stage: After the

alugbati seeds and
5. Empty Markers (2) malunggay are done
with the mortar and
6. Blender
pestle, put the big bits
7. Empty Bottles into a strainer to strain
the juice of the alugbati
seeds and malunggay.

3rdStage: And after the

the juice of the alugbati
and malunggay are
done getting strained,
we placedit inside a
reusable marker.

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Figure 1: Shows the Research Process and Determine the Relationship Between the Variables.

Statement of the Problem

This study has the main purpose of formulation especially, this investigation endavours to
answer the following sub-problems:

1. Is there a significance defference between commercially sold (HBW) ink and malubatink
interms of pigmentation:

a. Drying time

b. Erasability

2. Is there a difference on the cost effectiveness between commercially sold (HBW) and
malubatink?

3. Pigmentation is there a difference on the cost effectiveness between commercially sold

(HBW) and malubatink?

Hypothesis

A. Quality
Ho: There are no quality difference between Malunggay (Moringa Oliefera) and Alugbati
(Malabar Spinach) as markers.

Ha: There are quality differences between Malunggay (Moringa Oliefera) and Alugbati
(Malabar Spinach) as markers.

B. Pigmentation

Ho: There are no differences in pigmentation between Malunggay (Moringa Oliefera) and
Alugbati (Malabar Spinach) as markers.

Ha: There are differences in pigmentation between Malunggay (Moringa Oliefera) and
Alugbati (Malabar Spinach) as markers.

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C. Affordable

Ho: There are no differences in affordability between malunggay (moringa oliefera) and
alugbati (malabar spinach) as a marker.

Ha: There are differences in affordability between malunggay (moringa oliefera) and alugbati
(malabar spinach) as a marker.

Scope and Delimitations

The focus of this work is on alternative sources of ink for markers, including Moringa
oliefera leaf extract and Malabar spinach. It can only handle the utilization of these plants to
produce ink and no other products. Due to its constrained scope and resources, this study must
rely on experimentation to complete its objectives. In Barangay Minuyan of Norzagaray
Bulacan, the raw materials would be gathered from a home's backyard. In Upper Bigte
Norzagaray Bulacan, the marker will be made.

Significance of the Study

This study is beneficial to the growing knowledge of alternative markers. With limited
resources, continuous investigation of the study will be of the great following to the following
principal beneficiaries:

Users - This study would be very beneficial to the users of markers. This study provides many
advantages to them, such as they would have a more natural and cheaper way of having ink for
their markers and lessen their expenses. This will also help to keep their health from toxins and
bad odors.

Students - This study will help to lessen the expenses of the students since the material we are
using is very cheap and easy to acquire we hope that this will help them to make a substitute
for pens and other writing materials.

Environment - This study will help to replenish the atmosphere and surroundings from getting
destroyed.

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Definition of Terms

Malunggay – Moringa Oliefera is a plant that is often called the drumstick tree, the miracle
tree, the ben oil tree, or the horseradish tree. Moringa has been used for centuries due to its
medicinal properties and health benefits. It also has antifungal, antiviral, antidepressant, and
anti-inflammatory properties.

Alternative ink - Alternative inks are those that you choose to purchase from a different
vendor with a different brand label.

Alugbati - The dark green, glossy, oval to heart-shaped leaves are thick and semi succulent
with a mucilaginous texture.

Marker - Porus permanent markers can write on materials like glass, plastic, wood, mrtal, and
stone.

Natural ink - All writers need natural ink, which is a very important element. It has wonderful
features in addition to its standard functions. The sort of ink with basic ink capabilities can
produce many of the same outputs as ordinary ink.

Paper and ink testing - The quality of the ink, paper, and paperboard, as well as their
interactions, are determined through several tests.

14
 Chapter 2

Review of Related literature and Studies

Review of Related literature

Alugbati Seeds

According to Prezi (2018) Malabar spinach is the name given to alugbati (Basella rubra
L) in the United States. Its thick leaves are surrounded by a stalk that is either purple or green.
When fully grown, the fruit's juicy, stalkless, 5–6 millimeter-long, and purple-colored fruits.
Anthocyanin, a substance found in alugbati fruit extract, can be used to manufacture a
substitute for traditional marker ink. Anthocyanin is a pigment that can produce color in
soluble glycosides, including and vegetation. since Alugbati is known for having a high
Anthocyanin content and is highly recommended for ink production, the fruit extracts from this
fruit have a great chance of becoming ink. Last but not least, the main distinction between the
top brands and the Alugbati fruit extract is that the latter is more safe due to the fact that it is
made of organic materials and can be used by kids who enjoy writing, sketching, or other
creative endeavors

Malunggay Leaves

According to Whitmer (2019) the leaves are completely safe to eat, however eating a
lot of the bark or pulp could be dangerous. Because of the plant's alkaloids, moringa adverse
effects could include: lower blood pressure and a slower heartbeat. The tropical and subtropical
parts of the world support the growth of Moringa oleifera, an Indian native. Its common names
include "horseradish tree" and "drumstick tree." The moringa plant is frequently grown because
it can resist both extreme drought and light frost. Every portion of the tree, with its high
nutritional contents, can be used for food or commerce. The leaves are a great source of
vitamins, minerals, and other vital compounds. Moringa bark causes uterine contractions,
individuals today live in a modern world where things are progressively getting better and
more innovative, especially the everyday items utilized by individuals, such writing tools. The
goal of this study is to investigate, identify, and test additional non-harmful substances that
might serve as replacement materials for markers in place of ink. which is considerably safer
than the most widely used product in use today.

Pigmentation of an Alternative Marker

According to Limnogica (2023) lacustrine phytoplankton can be identified and counted

using morphology-based microscopic identification and counting techniques, although high-
15
throughput DNA sequencing (HTS) and photosynthetic marker-pigment analyses can offer
more cost- and time-effective options. Application of HTS in particular is still not prevalent in
tropical lakes. In 15 tropical crater lakes in western Uganda, we used high-performance liquid
chromatography (HPLC) of photosynthetic marker pigments and HTS of 16 S and 18 S small
subunit rRNA genes to examine the community composition of cyanobacterial and eukaryotic
phytoplankton in relation to trophic status and other environmental factors. Then, in order to
determine whether the two earlier techniques may be used in place of one another or in
addition to one another to examine the phytoplankton communities in these lakes, we
compared the findings to phytoplankton composition data based on microscopic identification
and cell counting.

Drying Time of an Alternative Marker

According to Basri et al. (2021) Marker ink is made, in part, from basic materials like
dried plant leaves. However, there hasn't been much research done using this cost-free and
plentiful resource. In earlier investigations on plant-based marker ink, the less effective one-
factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method was primarily employed. The use of statistical analysis and the
regression coefficient model (mathematical model) was seen as being crucial in determining
the ideal formulation of ingredients for mangosteen leaf-based marker ink. The ideal
characteristics of ink are maximum color lightness, minimal viscosity, and quick drying time.
This study aims to investigate the impact of glycerol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) on
the color brightness and viscosity of marker ink made from mangosteen leaves. Testing of the
ink's viscosity, color brightness, and drying characteristics revealed the substantial effects of
glycerol and CMC. For many years, natural materials including berries, barks, and leaf extracts
have been used to make ink. When combined with other ingredients, these have been used as
raw materials to make a variety of colors as well as ink, dye, and paint. Due to their hues'
ability to produce yellow, green, brown, or black ink, tea leaves have been used to make ink
from ancient times, according to documents.

Erasability of an Alternative Marker

According to Sadiq (2022) this study aims to confirm the alternate use of erasable
marker pen ink for the creation of indentations. A conventional electrostatic detecting device
that used toner to generate indentation was compared to the process's performance in
identifying indented impressions from 11 distinct underlying surfaces. The procedure was
assessed and optimized. All surfaces aside from coated glossy paper, have been effectively
developed utilizing an electrostatic device with toner application using the cascade developer

16
method. In contrast, the use of erasable marker pens successfully revealed indentation from six
other popular writing surfaces in addition to the coated glossy paper. While the use of toner is a
dependable method for reading indentations.

Review of Related Studies

Alugbati (Malabar Spinach)

According to several studies, alugbati fruit has been investigated as a potential

alternative ink marker due to its betalain content. Betalains are water-soluble pigments that
have been utilized as natural dyes and food colorants. A study by Padilla et al. (2017) found
that alugbati extract produced high-quality prints with good color gamut and stability,
demonstrating its potential as an alternative to synthetic inks for inkjet printing. Similarly, a
study by Sarmago et al. (2018) evaluated the use of alugbati extract as an ink for writing and
drawing on paper, and another study by Cuenca et al. (2018) investigated its potential as an
alternative ink for ballpoint pens. Both studies found that alugbati extract exhibited good ink
flow, adhesion properties, and a range of colors from pink to purple. However, further research
is needed to optimize its extraction methods and evaluate its long-term stability and
performance (Padilla et al., 2017; Sarmago et al., 2018; Cuenca et al., 2018).

Malunggay (Moringa Oliefera)

Several studies have investigated the potential use of Malunggay leaves extract as an
alternative ink marker. Malunggay, a tropical plant commonly used in traditional medicine and
as a food source, has been found to produce ink with good flow properties and adhesion to
paper, as demonstrated in a 2016 study on its use as an ink for ballpoint pens (Malasig et al.,
2016). Another study published in 2017 found that Malunggay leaves extract produced stable
and high-quality prints with good color gamut, indicating its potential as an alternative to
synthetic inks for inkjet printing (Yusuf et al., 2017). Similarly, a 2018 study evaluated the use
of Malunggay leaves extract as an ink for stamp pads and found that it produced a range of
colors from light green to dark brown with good printing properties (Salgado et al., 2018).
These studies suggest that Malunggay leaves extract has the potential to be a viable alternative
to synthetic inks for various applications. However, more research is needed to optimize its
extraction methods and to evaluate its long-term stability and performance as an ink marker.

Drying Time

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural dyes in textile
applications. This is a result of the meticulous environmental standards imposed by many
17
countries in response to the toxic and allergic reactions associated with synthetic dyes. Indeed
natural dyes exhibit better biodegradability and are generally more compatible with the
environment. Natural dyes are derived from natural resources; these are broadly classified as
plant, animal, mineral, and microbialdyes. Natural dyes can be used for dyeing almost all types
of natural fibers. Recent research shows that they can also be used to dye some synthetic fibers.
Apart from their application in textiles, natural dyes are also used in the coloration of food,
medicines, handicraft articles, and in leather processing, and many of the dye yielding plants
are used as medicines in various traditional medicinal therapies. This book chapter attempts to
review the classification of natural dyes and various sustainability issues involved in their
production and application. (Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the use of natural
dyes in textile applications. This is a result of the meticulous environmental standards imposed
by many countries in response to the toxic and allergic reactions associated with synthetic
dyes. Indeed natural dyes exhibit better biodegradability and are generally more compatible
with the environment. Natural dyes are derived from natural resources; these are broadly
classified as plant, animal, mineral, and microbialdyes. Natural dyes can be used for dyeing
almost all types of natural fibers. Recent research shows that they can also be used to dye some
synthetic fibers. Apart from their application in textiles, natural dyes are also used in the
coloration of food, medicines, handicraft articles, and in leather processing, and many of the
dye yielding plants are used as medicines in various traditional medicinal therapies. This book
chapter attempts to review the classification of natural dyes and various sustainability issues
involved in their production and application. (Mansour, R.. 2018. Et al.)

Erasability

Coloring agents were obtained from natural sources such as plants and animals. The
biosphere is gifted as more than 500 plant species which yield natural dyes. With the
worldwide concern over the use of eco-friendly and biodegradable materials, the use of natural
dyes has undoubtedly once again gained interest and momentum. This study aimed to analyse
the level of absorbance and (%) transmission of Atsuete seeds and Alugbati stem dye extract
through spectrophotometer as potential hair dye substitute synthetic hair dye. Parallel group
design was used in this study with three treatments groups and one control group and was
subjected to spectrophometric analysis at 200nm, 250m, and 400-550nm. Results showed that
Treatment3 is the most potential hair dye coloring agent because it absorbs less light from
ultraviolet to visible light and this may protect the hair strands from being brittle due to light
absorption of color applied in the hair stands. Further, Treatment3 has the highest transmission
among the treatment and control groups with transmission of 6.028%-6.300% at 200-250nm
18
respectively; and 99.46% at 400-550nm. High Transmission property of Treatment3 can protect
the hair from phototendering due to light when applied by this dye. Generally, this study found
that combination of dyes from plant can enhance light transmission to help protect hair
structure and color from sunlight exposure and that atsuete and alugbati have a potential as hair
dye. Recommendation for home-made use for the said extract is recommended. (John, V. B.,
Hazel, E. L., 2020)

Pigmentation

The quest for alternative and organic products has always been common in the
community. Parallel group design was used in this study with three treatments groups and one
control group and was subjected to spectrophometric analysis, substantivity, and acceptability
evaluation. Using Atsuete seed and Alugbati stem, the researchers formulated and evaluated a
semi-permanent hair dye from these plants that could be used as alternative hair dye. The
researchers evaluated the aborbance level of the Atsuete-alugbati hair dye via
spectrophotometer and found that the Treatment 3 (20mL Atsuete seeds dye with 10mL
Alugbati stem dye) formulation yield for the least absorbance of light (therefore can protect the
hair strands from photodegradation and phototendering). Compared to Bremod synthetic hair
dye in the market, Treatment3 has generally decreasing absorbance level of light in increasing
wavelength while Bremod synthetic hair dye has generally increasing absorbance level of light
in increasing wavelength. Further, the researcher evaluated the substantivity level (a property
of hair dye to retain its color after eight washes) of the hair dye and Treatment3 was rated as
‘Moderately Substantive’ while Bremod synthetic hair dye was rated as ‘Not Substantive’.
Furthermore, Atsuete-Alugbati hair dye was found to be generally ‘Highly Substantive’. With
this, the use of Atsuete-Alugbati hair dye for home-made use is recommended. (John, V. B.,
Jun, S. C., 2020)

19
 Chapter 3

Research Design

The Experimental Group

The Experimental Group has a three trials. To measure the effectiveness of the
Malubatink, we researches used three testing techniques and we used some statistical tools.
The first trial is we tried to add more color additive to the solution to increase the amount of
pigment in malubatink, therefore we combined everything, we added more water, and then
boiled to the mixture for five minutes. The second trial we conducted based on our observation
that our two independent variables the alugbati seeds and malunggay leaves were primarily
utilized the extract to create an malubatink marker. When the refillable marker is dried and the
malunggay and slugbati are crushed in a mortar and pestle, the color is already becoming more
apparent and the marker is turning into an ink marker. When the third trial we attempt to
combining the two independent variables and putting them to a blender and we compared to
the HBW Office Marker, interms of pigmentation, drying time and erasability. All set-up of
trials we're same procedure and methods that we used in conducting this study. Three set-ups
we're conducted since this is a research project, then our plan of action is also include the
methodology, such as the formula, data and application based in our three set-ups of trials.

Control Group

The Control Group has also a three trials. We researchers used a pigmentation, drying
time and erasability test in order to compare the malubatink to hbw office marker. As a result, it
is largely in charge of how our own malubatink has increased over the course of the trials.
When we conduct this research study, a total of three setups were used in experimentation, and
we also include a three different testing procedures.

Research Method Used

The methodology section of this research tackles the procedures that were done to
assess the Alugbati (Malabar Spinach) seeds and Malunggay (Moringa Oliefera) leaves as a
Marker. In this study, we researchers developed an alternative marker which is called
"Malubatink" using our two independent variables. The methodology used by Pauser (2018)
we employed the procedure and method to analyze the Malubatink's performance compare to

20
the HBW Office Marker, and we also tested the ink's flow, thickness, and dry appearance after
generating it. We researcher after gathering the required information, we total, tabulate, and
analyze the information with the aid of statistical tools to come up with our conclusions about
the study based on our informatio thorugh our observation in the tables. Also, we used tables to
collect, the present of primary data. Then we also used the comparative sampling that utilized
as the statistical method since this study will compare two or more groups to determine
whether there is a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of a certain
variables.

Local of the Study

This study was conducted at Upper Bigte Norzagaray Bulacan. This place was selected
to know the efficiency of Alugbati (Malabar Spinach) and Malunggay (Moringa Oliefera) leaf
extracts with Color Additive as a marker. This study was carried out on FCPC students in grade
12 stem.This study has tested the effectiveness of Malabar spinach and Moringa oleifera as its
main components. The research study was implemented inside the house in Barangay Bigte .
The room was clean and had enough chairs and materials for every student who participated in
the experiment.

Respondents of the Study

This study tackles only evidence and observations. Therefore, this paper focuses on
experimentation and observation in which supporting details are collected from different
sources like articles, validated research, etc.. Furthermore, this study will be having a scientific
procedure to identify viable solutions. This study is not applicable to use a survey because it is
purelyexperimental.

Instrumentation

The instrument that we will use is experimenting and observations on how the Moringa
Oliefera and Malabar spinach leaf extract will be an ink in marker. Researchers developed an
alternative marker in this investigation using Moringa oliefera and Malabar spinach leaf
extract. The procedure followed by Moose et. Al (2016) used an alternative marker prepared
from Moringa oliefera and Malabar spinach leaf extract to evaluate the effectiveness of color

21
additives on observations and experimenting. The researchers can analyze the outcomes of
their data collection efforts with the aid of this experimenting.

Data Gathering Procedure

The purpose of this experimenting is to know what is better between Malunggay

(Moringa oliefera) leaf extract and Alugbati (Malabar Spinach) for the quality and the
pigmentation of an alternative marker. We used four tablespoon of Malunggay (Moringa
oliefera) leaf extract and same amount with the Alugbati (Malabar Spinach) and then we added
one teaspoon of color additive in both mixture. We boiled it within five minutes until the
mixture is already done.

Statistical Treatment of Data

We used t-test, a t-test compares the means of two groups and calculates a t-value,
which represents the difference between the means of the two groups relative to the variation
within each group. The t-value is compared to a critical value from a t-distribution with degrees
of freedom equal to the sample size minus 1. If the calculated t-value is greater than the critical
value, then we reject the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant difference
between the means of the two groups.

22
 Chapter 4

Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data

4.1 Introduction/Preamble

The study follows an experimental research design in which the independent variable is
the Alugbati and malunggay while the dependent variable is the alternative marker. The
independent variable, Alugbati and malunggay was manipulated to become an ink marker.
Then, the experimental group is subjected to quality, affordability and pigmentation testing.
The relationship between the independent and dependent variable of this study determines the
efficacy of Alugbati seeds and malunggay leaves as an alternative marker.

In this study, three testing procedures were employed on the Alugbati seeds and
malunggay leaves to access their efficacy as an alternative Ink marker. The first testing
procedure is the paper and ink test, what we used were malunggay leaves and Alugbati leaves
and more color additives, we mixed it all together and add more water and we boiled it for five
minutes. The second testingbased on the observation that after a few minutes, Malunggay
leaves and Alugbati seeds were largely used in the extract to make an ink marker, it can be
used. Ink that is in good condition can now be seen in the container after one minute. However,
Alugbati is superior to malunggay in terms of pigmentation since we can clearly see how the
color is as opposed to malunggay, which is more reasonably priced and of lower quality.The
observation suggests that after a few minutes. When the refillable marker is dried and the
malunggay and alugbati are crushed in a mortar and pestle, it can already be seen that the color
is becoming more obvious and that it is turning into an ink marker.

After gathering the necessary data, our researchers draw conclusions about our study
based on the data obtained through observation, but it can also be used as an abrasive. The
third testing procedure as a result of the observation, a color additive was added to the solution
to increase the amount of pigment, so the observation was not important because there were
insufficient alugbati leaves to create adequate pigment. The control group is the one who is
responsible for the testing. The obtained values from the paper and ink stability test procedures
were combined to the control group to determine whether the null hypothesis will be accepted
or rejected. The alternative ink marker in this study are made out from Alugbati seeds and
malunggay leaves and then the Alugbati and malunggay placed and mix using a blender, 26
stems of malunggay leaves and 200 Alugbati seeds with 19 tablespoon of water. After that the
Alugbati seeds and malunggay

23
leaves that are combine we also strained the Alugbati and malunggay to prevent it from fully
forming and to prevent us from seeming overly viscous and to essence to get an ink from the
Alugbati and malunggay, and then we placed the essence of the Alugbati seeds and malunggay
leaves inside a refilable marker were made for the testing to proceed

4.2 FINDINGS

The testing procedures done in this study gave light to the following:

4.2a Is there a significance difference on the cost effectiveness between commercially sold ink
snd malubatink?

Table 1: Quality Testing

Pigmentation

Reference value: 9grams

Sample measurements: 10grams, 12 grams, 11grams

(10 + 12 + 11)/3 = 11grams

Sqrt(((10-11)^2+ (12+11)^2 + (11-11)^2) = 1 gram

(11-9) / (1/sqrt(3)) = 3.00

2 (n-1)
(two-tailed test, alpha=0.05, df=2): 4.303

Conclusions: Since the calculated t-value (3.00) is less than the critical t-value (4.303), we fail
to reject the null hypothesis that the black ink has the same pigmentation level as the reference
value of 9 grams. Therefore, therefore, there is not enough evidence to conclude that the
pigmentation level of the black ink is defference from the reference value.

24
MALUBATINK TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3

Pigmentation 10grams 12grams 11grams

Drying Time 5minutes 6minutes 4minutes

Erasability 3grams 4grams 3.5grams

In our hypothesis testing relating to affordability of marker, we accepted the alternative

hypothesis for affordability. Wherein, it is stated that there is a significant difference in
affordability of alternative markers with malunggay and alugbati as used factors. In our T-Test,
we used our two variables which are the malunggay leaf extract and alugbati seeds. In
accordance to the retail prices released by Department of Trade and Industries (DTI), it has
been shown that alugbati costs at around Php40 per bundle while malunggay is priced between
Php5 per bundle. In relation to this, during our entire experimentation we actually allotted
more budget for alugbati. Thus, affordability of our produced alternative marker may have a
significant difference due to differently priced factors (alugbati seeds and moringa) and
fluctuating high priced products.

Ho: There are no differences in affordability between malunggay (moringa oliefera) and
alugbati (malabar spinach) as a marker.

Ha: There are differences in affordability between malunggay (moringa oliefera) and alugbati
(malabar spinach) as a marker.

25
4.2b What is the quality of making this alternative marker using Malunggay leaf extract and
Alugbati seeds?

Table 2: Application testing

DRYING TIME

Control group mean: 5 minutes

Sample measurements: 5 minutes, 6 minutes, 4 minutes

(5 + 6 + 4) /3 = 5 minutes

sqrt(((5-5)^2 + (6-5)^2 + (4-5)^2) = 0.82 minutes

Calculation of t-value: (5 – 6) / (0.82/sqrt(3) = -1.53

Degrees of freedom: 2 (n-1)

Critical t-value (two-tailed test, alpha=0.05, df=2): 4.303

Conclusions: Since the absolute value of calculated t-value (1.53) is less than the critical t-
value (4.303), we fail to reject the null hypothesis that the drying time of the black ink is the
sane as the control group with an average drying time of 5 minutes. Therefore, there is not
enough evidence to conclude that the drying time of the black ink is different from the control
group.

26
 TIME DATE PICTURES OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Based on our It was
April 12, 2023 observation in determined that
our the alugbati
experimentation, seeds give a dark
we put the color to the ink,
(Figure 1) malunggay leaves while the
and alugbati malunggay
seeds in mixing leaves make the
bowl then we ink thicker.
mixed them using Alugbati seeds
pestle. give a darker
After a few color because of
minutes, we their dark
check it again to pigmentation.
5:00 minutes (Figure 2) see if the leaves Malunggay
and seeds had leaves make a
been mixed. After thicker ink
a few minutes we because of the
saw and observed thicker
that the alugbati pigmentation of
seeds helps better their leaves.
than malunggay
leaves to darken
the ink, and the
(Figure 3) malunggay leaves
helps to give
thickness of the
natural ink.

27
 In our pigmentation, drying time, and erasability testing, we accept the pigmentation of
our ink marker. In our T-Test, we used our two variables which are the malunggay leaf extract
and alugbati seeds. The alugbati seeds stands for the color of our ink, it gives a darker color to
have a good pigmentation in our ink. The purpose of our malunggay leaves is to thicken the ink
and while we are experimenting we observed that malunggay helps to darken the ink. It's just
necessary to place and mix the variables correctly to avoid making mistakes, we mixed it with
a blender until it was thick enough to write. Our experimentation is successfully worked
because we combined the malunggay leaves and alugbati seeds properly. In our hypothesis in
pigmentation is accept.

Ho: There is no significant difference in pigmentation, drying time, and erasability of the
Malubatink made using malunggay leaves and alugbati seeds compared to a commercial sold
ink.

Ha: There is a significant difference in pigmentation, drying time, and erasability of the
Malubatink made using malunggay leaves and alugbati seeds compared to a commercial sold
ink.

28
4.2c What are the possible application of this ink base on the equally it posses?

Table 3: Affordability Testing

ERASABILITY

Reference value: 5 grams

Sample measurements: 3 grams, 4 grams, 3.5 grams

(3 + 4 + 3.5) / 3 = 3.5 grams

sqrt(((3-3.5)^2 + (4-3,5)^2 + (3.5-3,5)^2) / 2) = 0.26 grams

(3.5 – 5) / (0.26/sqrt(3)) = -9.66

2 (n-1)

Critical t-value (two-tailed test, alpha = 0.05, df=2): 4.303

Conclusions: Since the absolute value of the calculated t-value (9.66) is greater than the
critical t-value (4.303), we reject the null hypothesis that the eresability of the black ink is the
same as the reference value of 5 grams. Therefore, there is enough evidence to conclude that
the erasability of the black ink significantly different from the reference value, and it may be
either better.

29
 TIME DATE PICTURES OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Our Based on the
April 12, 2023 experimentatio n Experimentatio n
in our first trial, trial, the alugbati
(Figure 1) The observation seeds utilized
that we have than and provide
is failed because more color than
we used more the malunggay
5:00 minutes color additive and leaves. The used
(Figure 2) instead of of malunggay
alugbati seed we leaves more
used its leaves thanthe alugbati
and malunggay seeds is not
leaves suitable because
(Figure 3) the seeds is more
effective than
malunggay
leaves.

To determine the possible applications of an ink based on its properties, we can use a t-
test to compare the means of two sets of data related to the ink's properties. We could measure
the ink's pigmentation, drying time and erasability and compare them for two different
formulations of ink. If the t-test shows a significant difference between the means of the two
groups, this would suggest that the ink's properties are related to its application. We could then
use this information to make informed decisions about which applications the ink is best suited
for based on its properties

Ho: There is no significant difference in the application of this ink base on the equally it
posses. Ha: There is significant difference in the application of this ink base on the equally it
posses.

30
 Chapter 5
Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

5.1 Summary of Findings

In this study, the efficacy of the alugbati seeds and malunggay leaves was assessed
through the affordability testing, quality testing and pigmentation testing the ink marker.
1.The affordability testing that we have done refers to the alternative ink because the
reason why we experimenting is to save money. In our testing we found out that the alugbati
seeds and malunggay is low cost and it is easy to do. The malunggay or the moringa oliefera is
low cost and we can see it everywhere outside of our houses. In our experimentation, we have
noticed that alugbati seeds were not easy to find because its fruit is timely. According to Eric
Stowell (2018) Branded ink is pricey because original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) assert
that the technology required to produce ink is pricy; significant sums of money are spent on
R&D, and it is very expensive to guarantee the highest levels of ink quality and dependability.

2.In quality testing, we have noticed in our experimentation that mixing the alugbati
seeds and malunggay leaves help to have a good quality ink. Everyone must be aware of the
distinct characteristics of their inks before they apply them to their products in order to ensure
that codes do not blur, rub off, or fade away during the course of a product's lifecycle. The
quality of the ink, paper, and paperboard are evaluated, as well as the interactions between
them, using a number of tests. They are essential for maintaining a balance between print
quality, price, and press wear. The following is a list of some of the crucial paper and ink
exams. In pigmentation testing, we found out that the used of alugbati seeds is more than
effective, it gives more color to the product. Alugbati seeds is rich in anthocyanin because of its
red-violet pigment. However, it making a potential dye in the production of whiteboard market
ink. Thus, making anthocyanin and betacyanin in the alugbati the alugbati is potential natural
source of pigment of whiteboard marker ink. In the study, we made a comparison between the
effectiveness of the two variables to make a natural ink in terms of certain factors which are
absoption, stick consistency, and color.

3.In our application testing, this marker are adaptable tools with a range of uses in
varied contexts. These markers are much liked in arts and crafts because of their capacity to
produce distinctive and bright works of art, as well as the fact that they are eco-friendly and
safe to use. This markers are also used in educational settings for children's activities since they
promote the development of fine motor skills. The markers are used in industrial settings to
mark on materials like metal, plastic, and wood since the ink is permanent.

31
5.2 Conclusion
1.For an ink marker to be deemed effective, it consists three testing, the first testing is a
color additive was added to the solution to increase the amount of pigment, therefore the
finding was not significant because there were not enough alugbati leaves to produce enough
pigment. The effectiveness of the Alugbati seeds and malunggay leaves as an alternative ink
marker we used malunggay and alugbati leaves as well as additional color additives for the
paper and ink test. We combined everything, added more water, and then boiled the mixture for
five minutes.

2.The second test was conducted based on the observation that, after a short period of
time, Malunggay leaves and Alugbati seeds were primarily utilized in the extract to create an
ink marker. Ink that is in good condition can now be seen in the container after one minute. But
in terms of pigmentation, alugbati is better than malunggay because we can clearly see how the
color is, while malunggay is cheaper but of lower quality, it would appear from the observation
that after a few minutes. When the refillable marker is dried and the malunggay and alugbati
are crushed in a mortar and pestle, the color is already becoming more apparent and the marker
is turning into an ink marker.

3.The third testing we also tried combining them and putting them in the blender based
on our observation and experimenting. We checked the seeds and leaves again after a short
while to make sure they had been crushed, and after five minutes we discovered that the
alugbati seeds worked better than the malunggay leaves since the malunggay leaves were used
to thicken and darken the ink.

4.We researchers use observational data to draw conclusions about our study after
gathering the necessary data. However, this data can also be used as an abrasive. As natural
inks are in high demand, they may be more cost-effective than inks made commercially.
Natural inks are also extremely widely available since they are easy to use, affordable, and
have been proved to be beneficial in minimizing the effects of ozone layer depletion and global
warming.

5.To ascertain whether the null hypothesis will be accepted or rejected, the obtained
data from the affordability, quality, and application testing procedures were merged with the
control group. Despite the fact that our experiments are meant to be risk free, they still contain
potentially harmful components, so accidents are still possible. Additionally, we make use of
the paper and ink testing to guarantee that the experiment we are carrying out will not fail.

32
5.3Recommendations

1.Based on the findings of this study, it can be recommended that the alternative ink
marker made of malunggay and alugbati can be a viable and sustainable option for writing and
drawing. First, the investigation showed that the color intensity and saturation of the ink made
from malunggay and alugbati were comparable to those of commercially available markers.
This implies that the alternative ink can have performance that is comparable to that of
conventional markers in terms of color quality second, using organic materials like malunggay
and alugbati to make ink can be both economical and environmentally friendly. Because to
their accessibility and ability to be cultivated close by, these plants can replace traditional
markers without the use of hazardous chemicals or transportation. Also, the eco-friendliness of
the alternative ink may benefit the environment. The quantity of plastic waste produced by the
manufacture and disposal of conventional markers is decreased by the use of natural
substances.

2.Malunggay and alugbati's inherent qualities can also offer additional advantages like
anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory actions, which may make the ink safer to use.
Consequently, it can be stated that those looking for an eco-friendly substitute for conventional
markers may find the alternative ink produced of malunggay and alugbati to be a promising
and viable solution. The potential economic viability and scalability of this alternative ink can
be investigated through further study. In order to promote sustainable behaviors, outreach
activities can be used to advocate the usage of this alternative ink in communities, schools, and
enterprises.

33
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