The Contemporary World - Lecture

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER
LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024
WEEK 1: DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION

● incomes a growth of international exchange and
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION interdependence.
● is found in enlarged movements between countries of
Over the last century, efforts have been made to bring various
people, money, investments, diseases, pollutants,
countries together. All these efforts have been applied in
messages, ideas etc. (Scholte 2005: 16)
enabling human beings on the earth’s surface to come together
LOCALIZATION
in all aspects of life. These aspects of human life include
● Easily be adapted to specific and local languages and
social, political and economic aspects. Integration effort has
cultures
been seen to bear fruits. In the current years, the world has
been visualized as being a global village, where the LIBERALIZATION
interactions of the people in the world, has been equivalent to ● a process of removing state-imposed restrictions on
the interaction in one village or locality. Almost all parts of the movements between countries in order to create an
world are interconnected to the rest of the world in different "open", "borderless" world economy.
ways. Barriers, which initially isolated countries, have been ○ Ex: removing taxes, visa, and permit so many can
removed. In recent times, higher levels of integration have travel to other countries
been achieved. Initially, countries only integrated economically. ● In recent decades there has been widespread reduction
This is now outdated. Other areas of human life have also or even abolition of regulatory trade barriers,
been put in the circle of integration. This is commonly referred foreign-exchange restrictions, capital controls, and visas.
to as globalization (Ghauri 22).
● Pageants to bring countries close together UNIVERSALIZATION
● Global village - visualize countries living in like a ● Globalization-as-Universalization is viewed as
barangay, magkakapitbahay standardization and homogenization with worldwide
○ The world is gearing towards this cultural, economic, legal and political convergence.
DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION ○ There could be a time that there could only be one
culture
● Globalization is the word used to describe the growing GLOBAL
interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures, and ● worldwide
populations, brought about by cross-border trade in GLOBALIZATION
goods and services, technology, and flows of investment, ● process of spreading various objects and experiences to
people, and information people all-around the world.
○ No man is an island, countries need to rely on one ● We could see the evidence of "globalization" of the
another Gregorian calendar, tobacco, rock music, automobiles,
■ Example: Philippines cannot make good Chinese restaurants, cattle farming, business suits,
technology so in turn ibang bansa tayo Barbie dolls, school curricula and much more.
umaasa and in return nagbibigay tayo ng
pineapples, mangos, and other fruits WESTERNIZATION OR MODERNIZATION
○ World is responsibility of everyone ● AKA Americanization
● Globalization is the process by which countries, ● Here the social structures of modernity like capitalism,
economies, and regions have been integrated in a global rationalism, industrialism, bureaucratism, individualism,
network. and so on, are spread the world over, normally destroying
● Countries’ economies, cultures, and societies have been earlier-existent cultures and local self-determination in
placed in the global networks of communication, trade, the process
transportation, and immigration. GLOBALIZATION
● Globalization is a societal phenomenon wherein social ● in this sense is sometimes described as imperialism of
barriers no longer exist and the only thing that separates McDonald`s, Hollywood, and CNN
people from each other is time and not geographical ○ Often interpreted as colonization, Americanization
restrictions. and west toxification
● Human interactions will no longer be confined by ○ Ex: coffee from starbucks, hotdogs for breakfast in
territorial means because people will coexist as Philippines
inhabitants of a single community with the aid of ○ Becoming one culture from western
technology and other innovations in communication, ● Standardization of culture
transportation, etc ○ Some filipino cultures and values are slowly
OTHER DEFINITIONS OF GLOBALIZATION disappearing due to becoming one with other
cultures
● Globalization is increasing interdependence of national
economies in trade, finance, and macroeconomic policy. ACCORDING TO SOME AUTHORS
○ Need another country to provide other needs GLOBALIZATION
■ Ex America friendships with Philippines ● Ideology of supposed progress that masks far-reaching
sending ships to guard west phil sea subordination by the west of the rest.
● Globalization is the diffusion of practices, values and LARGE SCALE GLOBALIZATION
technology that have an influence on people's lives ● resulted mainly from forces of modernity (RK, CP, BG)
worldwide. ○ rationalist knowledge
○ Diffusion - pagkalat ng practices ○ capitalist production
■ Sharing of practise ○ bureaucratic governance
■ Example: filipinos migrating causes diffusion ● governance institutions, firms, mass media, academics,
of practices and civil society associations in Western Europe and
● A reconfiguration of social geography marked by the North America have ranked among the most enthusiastic
growth of trans planetary and supra territorial promoters of contemporary globalization
connections between people WHY STUDY GLOBALIZATION
○ Connected in a single village
● Globalization is a process fueled by and resulting in, OVERCOME PAROCHIALISM
increasing cross- border flows of goods, services, money, ● globalization and development is important because it will
people, information, and culture. help each one to become more knowledgeable about the
● Globalization as a development in the structure of different phenomena that are happening around the
geography is closely interrelated with concurrent world right now
developments in structures of production, governance, ● studying globalization will help to widen and overcome
identity and knowledge limits of imagination and outlook
● Parochialism : outlook that is limited to one’s immediate
INTERNALIZATION community
● the process of planning and implementing products and ○ a parochial person is close minded and concerned
services only with his/her immediate community
● Most common opinion of globalization ○ Example: working for only a community or province
GLOBAL DEEPER UNDERSTANDING ON SOCIETAL ISSUES
● described as cross-border relations between countries,
Prepared by: TORRE, Bill Ritchie C., MT2C PAGE 1

● one can engage / participate actively in development and

improvement in different fields such as politics,
technology, science, culture, economy, education, and
the like.
● By being actively involved, one would be able to
contribute, work hand-in-hand and think of ways in
making our world a better place to live in by being
actively involved
STUDYING GLOBALIZATION IS INEVITABLE
● this phenomenon of globalization simply cannot be
ignored and cannot be stopped
● there is enough evidence to support this claim
○ statistical and graphical data found in the Global
Policy Forum site show that there is a growing rate
of global interconnectedness
○ For example, the number of internet users grew
from only 16 million in 1995 to about 1.565 billion in
2008.
○ Other relevant data included there are the
exponential growth of international tourist arrivals
and rate of migration
BECOME CONNECTED WITH THE WHOLE WORLD
● A lot of opportunities will be open to contribute to the
society by learning about various disciplines and
approaches related to it
● It will serve as passport not only to reach and understand
more other countries, but most of all to achieve one’s
goals and dreams
CONCLUSION
● Globalization is indeed an inescapable process and that
there is a need for us to be aware on the said topic so
that we would know where we stand.
○ should not be left behind on international issues
especially in economic survival, global politics,
environmental concerns, etc.
○ prepare ourselves with the age of globalization by
equipping necessary knowledge and skills, and
continuous study of world around us

WEEK 2: PARAMETERS OF GLOBALIZATION ● resulted in an integration of cultures

INCREASE IN FREE TRADE
VIDEO ● an increase in free trade has opened doors for investors
● Effects of globalization in developed countries to invest their money in
● No country is an island developing countries
● Import - goods and services coming from other countries ● big companies from developed countries have the
○ Has something to do with the government freedom to operate in developing countries
○ Ex: Ph focuses importing rices ● 2000s
PARAMETERS - limits of globalization ○ Japanese and European companies (Kawasaki and
GLOBALIZATION Siemens) started producing high-speed trains in
China
● interaction of one economy with all the other economies
○ helped Chinese firms in gaining knowledge about
of the world
the production process and now Chinese
○ No country can provide services and solutions of
companies (China South Locomotive & Rolling
their own countries
Stock Corp.) are producing high-speed trains on
○ interaction can be in terms of financial transactions,
their own
trade, politics, education, production, etc.
FASTER FLOW OF INFORMATION
● picked up steam with the invention of newer technologies
● information flows from one part of the world to the other
in the world of transportation and communication
immediately, resulting in the world being tied together
○ it truly began at the end of the 19th and beginning
● vital information can be shared between individuals and
of the 20th century
corporations at a very fast rate
PARAMETERS OF GLOBALIZATION ○ facilitated in increasing the ease of transporting
TRUE GLOBALIZATION IS ATTAINABLE ONLY IF ALL OF people and goods
THESE FOUR PARAMETERS ARE PRESENT: INCREASE IN QUALITY OF GOODS AND SERVICES
1. free flow of goods and services between countries due to ● people have access to the best quality of goods and
the reduction in trade barriers services throughout the world
a. It becomes free ● companies have to strive to provide better quality goods
b. Losing permits and fees and services to the consumers
c. Ex: pag nagtayo ka ng business, mawawala na ○ consumers have the liberty of choosing whichever
yung mga fees product he thinks is best suited for his needs
2. creation of an environment for flow of capital and DECREASE IN PRICES OF GOODS AND SERVICES
investment among countries ● due to rapid globalization, competition in the market has
a. Government needs to create an environment that is increased
ideal for businesses to attract foreigners and invest ● producers have to price their products competitively in
in the Philippines order to remain in the market
3. free flow of technology from one country to another REDUCTION IN CULTURAL BARRIERS
4. free movement of labor among countries ● as people move from one country to another, barriers
between various cultures tend to decrease
FEATURES OF GLOBALIZATION
○ resulted in tolerance and openness towards other
1. the business expands throughout the world cultures
2. goods and services are bought/sold to or from any ○ facilitated communication between different cultures
country of the world and hence, nations
a. Ex: We are dependent to Japan in terms of ○ led to a reduction in wars as we are today living in
technology, at the same time some countries one of the most peaceful periods in the history of
depend on us in terms of agriculture mankind
3. products are planned and developed keeping in mind the
DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
markets of the entire world
4. manufacturing and distribution can be done at any part of ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
the world based on feasibility and viability ● developed countries can take advantage of
5. outsourcing of goods and services can be done underdeveloped countries’ weak regulatory laws in terms
of environmental protection
CONDITIONS FOR GLOBALIZATION
GROWING DISPARITY AMONG THE RICH AND THE POOR
1. quotes and tariffs must be removed ● 86% of world’s resources are consumed by the richest
2. freedom must be given to business and industries 20% of the world population
3. bureaucratic hurdles must be removed ○ other 80% only gets to consume 14% of the world’s
4. rules and regulations of control should be liberalized resources
5. money and capital markets should be developed ● direct result of globalization according to some activists
6. administrative and government support is essential who believe that globalization only serves the rich
PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION whereas the poor have to face its disadvantage
SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES FACE EXTINCTION
1. domestic company exports to foreign countries through ● Small scale industries which are
dealers and distribution of home country ○ indigenous to particular place face extinction (they
2. domestic company becomes an international company do not have the resources / power that the
establishing productions and marketing operations in multinational companies have)
various foreign countries ○ unable to compete with bigger companies and go
a. Ex: Jollibee is now in other countries becoming out of business
international companies RAPID SPREAD OF DEADLY DISEASES
b. Ex: McDonald’s ● deadly diseases
3. the company replicates a foreign company in the foreign ○ AIDS or other communicable diseases
country by having all the facilities R&D, HR, etc. ○ can spread at very fast pace via travelers or due to
4. the company becomes a true foreign company by serving other means as a direct consequence of
the needs of foreign customers just like the host country’s globalization
company serves
EXPERIENCING GLOBALIZATION
ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
● Research on globalization has shown that it is not an
INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES omnipotent, unidirectional force leveling everything in its
● as globalization increases, more and more companies path. Because a global culture does not exist, any search
are setting up businesses in other countries for it would be futile. It is more fruitful to instead focus on
● in turn, it increases the employment opportunities that particular aspects of life that are indeed affected by the
people at one place have globalizing process.
EDUCATION
● with the increase in globalization, it has become easier
for people to move across borders to different parts of the
world to acquire better education

countries to developing nations has accelerated the

adoption of Western-style dress by people of all
socioeconomic levels around the world.
● Clothing and style influenced by south korea
ENTERTAINMENT
● The power of media conglomerates and the ubiquity of
entertainment programming has globalized television’s
impact and made it a logical target for accusations of
cultural imperialism. Critics cite a 1999 anthropological
● This is not what was planned but this is where we are study that linked the appearance of anorexia in Fiji to the
headed popularity of American television programs, notably
Melrose Place and Beverly Hills 90210. Both series
THE COMPRESSION OF TIME AND SPACE featured slender young actresses who, it was claimed,
● The breakdown of time and space is best illustrated by led Fijian women (who are typically fuller-figured) to
the influential “global village” thesis posed by question indigenous notions of the ideal body.
communications scholar Marshall McLuhan in Gutenberg ● Anti-globalism activists contend that American television
Galaxy (1962). Instantaneous communication, predicted shows have corrosive effects on local cultures by
McLuhan, would soon destroy geographically based highlighting Western notions of beauty, individualism, and
power imbalances and create a global village. Later, sexuality. Although many of the titles exported are
geographer David Harvey argue that the postmodern considered second-tier shows in the United States, there
condition is characterized by a “time-space compression” is no dispute that these programs are part of the daily
that arises from inexpensive air travel and the fare for viewers around the world. Television access is
ever-present use of telephones, fax, e-mail, and social widespread, even if receivers are not present in every
media. household. In the small towns of Guatemala, the villages
● There can be little doubt that people perceive the world of Jiangxi province in China, or the hill settlements of
today as a smaller place than it appeared to their Borneo, for instance, one television set—often a satellite
grandparents. In the 1960s and ’70s immigrant workers system powered by a gasoline generator—may serve two
in London relied on postal systems and personally or three dozen viewers, each paying a small fee.
delivered letters to send news back to their home villages ● Collective viewing in bars, restaurants, and teahouses
in India, China, and elsewhere; it could take two months was common during the early stages of television
to receive a reply. The telephone was not an option, even broadcasting in Indonesia, Japan, Kenya, and many
in dire emergencies. By the late 1990s, the grandchildren other countries. By the 1980s video-viewing parlors had
of these first-generation migrants were carrying cellular become ubiquitous in many regions of the globe. Live
phones that linked them to cousins in cities such as sports programs continue to draw some of the largest
Kolkata (Calcutta), Singapore, or Shanghai. Awareness global audiences. The 1998 World Cup men’s football
of time zones (when people will be awake; what time (soccer) final between Brazil and France was watched by
offices open) is now second nature to people whose work an estimated two billion people. After the 1992 Olympic
or family ties connect them to far-reaching parts of the Games, when the American “Dream Team” of National
world. Basketball Association (NBA) stars electrified viewers
● McLuhan’s notion of the global village presupposed the who had never seen the sport played to U.S. professional
worldwide spread of television, which brings distant standards, NBA games were broadcast in Australia,
events into the homes of viewers everywhere. Building Israel, Japan, China, Germany, and Britain. In the late
on this concept, McLuhan claimed that accelerated 1990s Michael Jordan, renowned for leading the Chicago
communications produce an “implosion” of personal Bulls to six championships with his stunning basketball
experience—that is, distant events are brought to the skills, became one of the world’s most recognized
immediate attention of people halfway around the world. personalities.
○ Most filipinos now prefer NBA than PBA because
STANDARDIZATION OF EXPERIENCES
ambagal daw nila tumakbo kuno
● homogeneity of experiences ● Hollywood movies have had a similar influence, much to
TRAVEL the chagrin of some countries. In early 2000 Canadian
government regulators ordered the Canadian
● Since the mid-1960s, the cost of international flights has
Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) to reduce the showing
declined, and foreign travel has become a routine
of Hollywood films during prime time and to instead
experience for millions of middle- and working-class
feature more Canadian-made programming. CBC
people. Diplomats, businesspeople, and ordinary tourists
executives protested that their viewers would stop
can feel “at home” in any city, anywhere in the world.
watching Canadian television stations and turn to satellite
Foreign travel no longer involves the challenge of
reception for international entertainment. Such objections
adapting to unfamiliar food and living arrangements. CNN
were well grounded, given that, in 1998, 79 percent of
has been an essential feature of the standardized hotel
English-speaking Canadians named a U.S. program
experience since at least the 1990s. More significantly,
when asked to identify their favorite television show.
Western-style beds, toilets, showers, fitness centers, and
● In the Philippines wala na masyado nanonood ng
restaurants now constitute the global standard.
philippine made movies more on hollywood na
CLOTHING ● Hollywood, however, does not hold a monopoly on
● Modes of dress can disguise an array of cultural diversity entertainment programming. The world’s most prolific film
behind a facade of uniformity. The man’s business suit, industry is in Bombay (Mumbai), India (“Bollywood”),
with colored tie and buttoned shirt, has become where as many as 2,000 feature films are produced
“universal” in the sense that it is worn just about annually in all of India’s major languages. Primarily love
everywhere, although variations have appeared in stories with heavy doses of singing and dancing,
countries that are cautious about adopting global popular Bollywood movies are popular throughout Southeast Asia
culture. Iranian parliamentarians, for example, wear the and the Middle East. State censors in Islamic countries
“Western” suit but forgo the tie, while Saudi diplomats often find the modest dress and subdued sexuality of
alternate “traditional” Bedouin robes with tailored Indian film stars acceptable for their audiences. Although
business suits, depending upon the occasion. In the early the local appeal of Bollywood movies remains strong,
years of the 21st century, North Korea and Afghanistan exposure to Hollywood films such as Jurassic Park
were among the few societies holding out against these (1993) and Speed (1994) caused young Indian
globalizing trends. moviegoers to develop an appreciation for the special
● The emergence of women’s “power suits” in the 1980s effects and computer graphics that had become the
signified another form of global conformity. Stylized hallmarks of many American films.
trouser suits, with silk scarves and colorful blouses FOOD
(analogues of the male business suit), are now worldwide
● Food is the oldest global carrier of culture. In fact, food
symbols of modernity, independence, and competence.
has always been a driving force for globalization,
Moreover, the export of used clothing from Western
especially during earlier phases of European trade and

colonial expansion. The hot red pepper was introduced to ● The introduction of fast food has been particularly
the Spanish court by Christopher Columbus in 1493. It influential on children, especially since so many
spread rapidly throughout the colonial world, transforming advertisements are designed to appeal to them. Largely
cuisines and farming practices in Africa, Asia, and the as a consequence of such advertising, American-style
Middle East. It might be difficult to imagine Korean birthday parties have spread to many parts of the world
cuisine without red pepper paste or Szechuan food where individual birth dates previously had never been
without its fiery hot sauce, but both are relatively recent celebrated. McDonald’s and KFC have become the
innovations—probably from the 17th century. Other New leading venues for birthday parties throughout East Asia,
World crops, such as corn (maize), cassava, sweet with special rooms and services provided for the events.
potatoes, and peanuts (groundnuts), were responsible for These and other symbolic effects make fast food a
agricultural revolutions in Asia and Africa, opening up powerful force for dietary and social change, because a
terrain that had previously been unproductive. meal at these restaurants will introduce practices that
● Marami ang nag resort to western food in the philippines younger consumers may not experience at home—most
● Everything is there to entice people to adapt people to notably, the chance to choose one’s own food. The
western culture especially in terms of food concept of personal choice is symbolic of Western
● Western food corporations are often blamed for these consumer culture. Visits to McDonald’s and KFC have
dietary trends. McDonald’s, KFC (Kentucky Fried become signal events for children who approach
Chicken), and Coca-Cola are primary targets of fast-food restaurants with a heady sense of
anti-globalism demonstrators (who are themselves empowerment
organized into global networks, via the Internet).
McDonald’s has become a symbol of globalism for
obvious reasons: on an average day in 2001, the
company served nearly 45 million customers at more
than 25,000 restaurants in 120 countries. It succeeds in
part by adjusting its menu to local needs. In India, for
example, no beef products are sold.
● Many are getting diseases
(MCDONALDIZATION)
● Mcdonald empire
● Same experience with other countries
● McDonald’s also succeeds in countries that might be
expected to disdain fast food. In France, for example,
food, especially haute cuisine, is commonly regarded as
the core element of French culture. Nevertheless,
McDonald’s continues to expand in the very heartland of
opposition: by the turn of the 21st century there were
more than 850 McDonald’s restaurants in France,
employing over 30,000 people. Not surprisingly, many
European protest movements have targeted McDonald’s
as an agent of cultural imperialism. French intellectuals
may revile the Big Mac sandwich for all that it
symbolizes, but the steady growth of fast-food chains
demonstrates that anti-globalist attitudes do not always
affect economic behaviour, even in societies (such as
France) where these sentiments are nearly universal.
Like their counterparts in the United States, French
workers are increasingly pressed for time. The two-hour
lunch is largely a thing of the past.
● Food and beverage companies attract attention because
they cater to the most elemental form of human
consumption. We are what we eat, and when diet
changes, notions of national and ethnic identity are
affected. Critics claim that the spread of fast food
undermines indigenous cuisines by forcing a
homogenization of world dietary preferences, but
anthropological research in Russia, Japan, and Hong
Kong does not support this view.
● Close study of cultural trends at the local level, however,
shows that the globalization of fast food can influence
public conduct. Fast-food chains have introduced
practices that changed some consumer behaviors and
preferences. For example, in Japan, where using one’s
hands to eat prepared foods was considered a gross
breach of etiquette, the popularization of McDonald’s
hamburgers has had such a dramatic impact on popular
etiquette that it is now common to see Tokyo commuters
eating in public without chopsticks or spoons.
● In late-Soviet Russia, rudeness had become a high art
form among service personnel. Today customers expect
polite, friendly service when they visit Moscow
restaurants—a social revolution initiated by McDonald’s
and its employee training programs. Since its opening in
1990, Moscow’s Pushkin Square restaurant has been
one of the busiest McDonald’s in the world.
● Yet another innovation, in some areas of Asia, Latin
America, and Europe, was McDonald’s provision of clean
toilets and washrooms. In this way the company was
instrumental in setting new cleanliness standards (and
thereby raising consumer expectations) in cities that had
never offered public facilities. Wherever McDonald’s has
set up business, it rapidly has become a haven for an
emerging class of middle-income urbanites.

WEEK 3: GLOBALIZATION STRUCTURES reflects a standardization of cultural expressions around

the world.
GLOBALIZATION ● Although homogenizing influences do indeed exist, they
are far from creating anything akin to a single world
● process of interaction and integration among the people,
culture
companies, and governments of different nations
● has been facilitated by the information revolution, and
● process driven by international trade and investment and
the spread of satellite communication, telecommunication
aided by information technology
networks, information technology, and the Internet etc.
● these processes has effects on:
● this global flow of ideas, knowledge and values is likely to
○ environment
flatten out cultural differences between nations,
○ culture
regions and individuals merging / watering down of the
○ political systems
world’s cultures
○ human physical well-being in societies around the
○ heavily criticized as destructive of local culture (e.g.
world
The Simpsons which is shown in over 200 countries
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION in the world)
● Economic globalization refers to the increasing ● cultures of villages of poor countries which will be the
interdependence of world economies as a result of the first to suffer erosion
growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and ○ flow of culture is mainly from the center to the
services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid periphery, from the North to the South, and from the
spread of technologies. towns and cities to villages
● no national economy is an island now; national ● merging or “watering down” of the world’s cultures e.g.,
economies influence one another to varying degrees food, entertainment, language, etc. This is heavily
○ a capital-rich country invests in another country criticized as destructive of local culture.
which is poor ○ cultural unification
○ one who has better technologies sells these to ○ Globalization also brings new values that are not
others who lack such technologies dear to us. Now many cultures are able to interact
● Is a worldwide economic system that permits easy with each other which causes the individuality of
movement of goods, production, capital, and resources that culture to fade.
(free trade facilitates this) NEGATIVE INFLUENCES
○ e.g. NAFTA, EU, Multinational corporations ● influence multinational corporations have on promoting a
● NAFTA - The agreement came into force on January 1, consumer culture, exploitation of workers and markets
1994. The goal of NAFTA is to eliminate all tariff and and influencing societal values.
non-tariff barriers of trade and investment between the ○ This increased availability of commercial media and
United States, Canada and Mexico products can "drown out" local cultural influences.
● Economic Union - An economic union is an agreement ● Loss of individualism and group identity occur when
between two or more nations to allow goods, services, globalization encourages a 'Western ideal of
money and workers to move over borders freely. individualism'. This promotes a homogeneous set of
○ The countries may also coordinate social and values and beliefs.
financial policies to support this common market. ○ The adoption of Western Culture and ideologies is
○ Ex: European Union (EU) seen as many computer-mediated technologies are
● Multinational corporation (MNC) - corporation that is developed, marketed, and processed via western
registered and operates in more than one country at a markets.
time. ○ The dominant population and culture of the day
○ Aka transnational corporation determine the next greatest technology along with
○ has its headquarters in one country and operates the next commercialized gadget that will be offered
wholly or partially owned subsidiaries in other up to the masses and longed for by those who are
countries at arm’s reach of financially obtaining these devices
● natural resources of developing countries are sold to ● allows further colonization which impacts intellectual
developed countries that need them property and cultural rights
○ products of an advanced country enter the markets ○ Global access to information has opened the
of those countries that have demands for these gateway to acquiring cultural property and
products information. Many view that ‘if it is out there it is free
● globalization is predominantly an economic process for the taking’, which includes cultural signs, songs,
involving the transfer of economic resources form one dance, rituals and other cultural artifacts. These
country to another implies economic liberalization icons of a culture are viewed as a living heritage
● Economic globalization implies economic liberalization and are an integral part of identity
○ lessening of government regulations and POSITIVE INFLUENCES
restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater ● It allows self-representation and information sharing on a
participation by private entities whole new level
○ the doctrine is associated with classical liberalism ● Technology provides a medium where depiction of
○ liberalization : removal of controls in order to images and portrayals of self-identity can provide the
encourage economic development means in which truism can be established. Global media
HISTORY centers allow cultures a distinctive voice to promote
● 6500 BCE awareness and provide public knowledge and
○ people in Syria were trading livestock, tools, and understanding of their stories and identities.
other items ● It also allows for the communication of their relevant
● Sumer accounts and commentaries on issues that are important
○ early civilization in Mesopotamia in preserving the culture and knowledge acquisition of
○ token system was one of the first forms of cultural ways - allowing them to retain their diversity.
commodity money ● Being in charge of their own media production companies
● Labor Markets allows control of their artifacts, signs and symbols that
○ consist of workers, employers, wages, income, and are regarded as cultural property. When cultures are in
supply and demand control of their own public images they are better
○ been around as long as commodity markets equipped to manage and represent their images
○ first labor markets provided workers to grow crops appropriately without misrepresentation.
and tend livestock for later sale in local markets POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
● Capital Markets
● Refers to the growth of the worldwide political system,
○ emerged in industries that require resources
both in size and complexity. ... The creation and
beyond those of an individual farmer
existence of the United Nations is called one of the
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION classic examples of political globalization
● phenomenon by which the experience of everyday life, as WORLD UNDER ONE GOVERNMENT
influenced by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, ● League of Nations and United Nations (UN)

○ efforts that are bringing the whole world under one economic, cultural, social, and political spheres of
government society. As a process, it involves the ever-increasing
● it is believed that the world will be safer and freer from integration of these aspects between nations, regions,
conflicts communities, and even seemingly isolated places.
UNITED NATIONS ● growing belief that we are all global citizens and should
● international organization formed in 1945 that increases all be held to the same standards – and have the same
political and economic cooperation among its member rights
countries ● e.g. growing international ideas (capital punishment is
● 195 countries in the world today immoral, and that woman should have all the same rights
○ 193 = member states of UN as men)
○ 2 = non-member observer states (Holy See and GEOGRAPHICAL GLOBALIZATION
State of Palestine) ● geographers don’t see the world in terms of relationships
● main responsibility : to maintain International Peace between countries anymore
and Security ● they now see a borderless world, dominated by
● came into being in 1945, following the devastation of the worldwide concerns about:
Second World War, with one central mission: ○ ecological concerns
○ the maintenance of international peace and security ○ politics
(responsibility of UN Security Council) ○ culture
● member-states remain sovereign ○ economics
○ but through their obligations and commitments, they ○ other relationships existing
have, to some extent, integrated themselves to the ● all are influenced by networks of world cities
concerned international organizations and
groupings
● amount of political cooperation that exists between
different countries is necessary
GLOBALIZATION OF POLITICS
● maintaining the security and economic welfare of their
citizens, as well as the protection of human rights and the
environment within their borders
● politics can take place above the state through political
integration schemes such as the European Union and
through intergovernmental organizations such as the
International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the
World Trade Organization.
● Political activity can also transcend national borders
through global movements and NGOs. Civil society
organizations act globally by forming alliances with
organizations in other countries, using global
communications systems, and lobbying international
organizations and other actors directly, instead of working
through their national governments
●
OTHER TYPES OF GLOBALIZATION
FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION
● interconnection of the world’s financial systems (e.g.
stock markets)
● more of a connection between large cities than of nations
● Example: What happens in Asian markets affects the
North American markets
TECHNOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
● Technological globalization is speeded in large part by
technological diffusion, the spread of technology across
borders. ... While the diffusion of information technologies
has the potential to resolve many global social problems,
it is often the population most in need that is most
affected by the digital divide.
● technological revolution has meant the global village has
expanded in every corner of the globe with growth in
travel communication and computer technology, mobile
(smart) phones communications
● remotest village can now use hand crank computers to
communicate via Internet
● some regions have no phone networks → jumped ahead
to cell phone networks only
● connection between nations through technology was
traditionally available only to the rich but is now far more
available to the poor
○ much less infrastructure is needed now
ECOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
● Ecological globalization refers to global environmental
issues including: - population growth. - access to food. -
worldwide reduction in biodiversity. - the gap between
rich and poor
● seeing the Earth as a single ecosystem rather than a
collection of separate ecological systems because so
many problems are global in nature
● e.g. international treaties to deal with environmental
issues (biodiversity, climate change or the ozone layer,
and wildlife reserves that span several countries)
SOCIOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION
● Globalization, according to sociologists, is an ongoing
process that involves interconnected changes in the

WEEK 4: GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM INTERSOCIETAL RELATIONS

THREE ACTORS IN THE INTERNATIONAL FIELD ● authoritative actions / understandings / commitments of
the authorities of groups within one state with those
1. Government groups / citizens of another state / those relations within
○ all states are the coercive force monopolizing groups whose membership and organizations transcend
spheres of states states
2. Social Groups ● examples:
○ family, church, corporation, institution, etc. ○ multinational corporations with foreign subsidiaries,
3. Individual’s Personal Interests Catholic church, international professional
INTERSTATE SYSTEM associations
○ companies selling goods to the citizens of other
● system for international relations
states, contracts between foreign firms, company
● refers to institutions that govern them
contracting with a foreign firm
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
● academic discipline that focuses on the study of the INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS
interaction of the actors in international politics, including ● relations of / between citizens of different states acting in
state and non-state actors their personal interests
○ United Nations (UN) ● examples:
○ International Monetary Fund (IMF) ○ tourists, migrants, foreign students, international jet
○ World Bank set
○ Amnesty International ○ international mail, telegrams, phone calls, and
INTERNATIONALISM cross - border air and surface traffic
● political principle which transcends nationalism and INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
advocates a greater political / economic cooperation ● is the study of the interaction of nation-states and
among nations and people non-governmental organizations in fields such as politics,
INTERNATIONALISTS economics, and security. Professionals work in
● supporters of internationalism academia, government, and non-profits to understand
● they believe that people of the world should unite across and develop cooperative exchanges between nations
national, political, cultural, racial, or class boundaries to that benefit commerce, security, quality of life, and the
advance their common interests that the governments of environment.
the world should cooperate because their mutual long - ● interdisciplinary in nature, blending the fields of
term interests are of greater importance than their short - economics, history, and political science to examine
term disputes topics such as human rights, global poverty, the
INTERNATIONAL FIELD environment, economics, globalization, security, global
● complex of individuals that: ethics, and the political environment
○ act in different international capacities and roles
○ represent different international groups STUDY AND PRACTICE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
○ interact at different international levels IS VALUABLE FOR MANY REASONS
State 1. Promote successful trade policies between nations.
● provides most coherence to this complex 2. Encourage travel related to business, tourism, and
● in international law, it takes precedence over (can immigration.
command) all other organizations at least within its ○ provided people with opportunities to enhance their
boundaries lives
TOTALITARIAN STATES 3. Allows nations to cooperate with one another, pool
● international relations of all their groups and people are resources, and share information as a way to face global
integrated into state policy and rigidly controlled issues that go beyond any particular country or region.
● it includes the actions of their citizens representing ○ contemporary global issues : pandemics, terrorism,
international organizations and the environment
DIVISIONS OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS 4. Advances human culture through cultural exchanges,
diplomacy and policy development.
● control by state and complex of relations between diverse
international actors can be more coherent THEORIES OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
● scope of the 3 divisions depends on the type of state ● set of ideas aimed at explaining how the international
○ Ex: Relations between libertarian and totalitarian system works
states can be interstate, intersocietal, and 1. Realism
interpersonal. 2. Liberalism / Idealism
● virtually, all the foreign relations of a totalitarian state are 3. Constructivism
controlled by the state 4. Marxism
○ includes the autonomous international relations of 5. Feminism
groups and individuals in libertarian societies 6. Postmodernism
● Totalitarian state - interstate relations compose nearly REALISM
all its relations ● focuses on the notion that states work to increase own
● Libertarian state would be of small scope compared to power relative to other states
societal and individual relations ● states that the only certainty in the world is power,
● creates a basic asymmetry in the international relations therefore, a powerful state via military power will always
between libertarian / welfare-liberal states and totalitarian be able to outlast its weaker competitors
ones ○ military power : most important and reliable form of
INTERSTATE RELATIONS power
● major theme : self - preservation
● authoritative actions / understandings / commitments of ○ states must always seek power to protect
the governmental authorities (leaders) of one state / themselves
another state / its groups or citizens, either: LIBERALISM / IDEALISM
○ bilaterally ● “liberal internationalism”
○ through international organizations ● based on the belief that the current global system is
● any authoritative actions of a state’s governmental elite capable of engendering a peaceful world order
against any citizen / group / another state ● Rather than relying on direct force, such as military
● examples: action, liberalism places an emphasis on international
○ international conferences, military aid, state visits, cooperation as a means of furthering each nation’s
treaties respective interests
○ nationalizations of foreign business, expelling CONSTRUCTIVISM
foreign newsmen, arresting a foreign national, ● Rests on the notion that rather than the outright pursuit of
applying duties to foreign goods, censoring foreign material interests, it is a nation’s belief
magazines

systems—historical, cultural and social —that explain its Free Trade The flow of goods and services across
foreign policy efforts and behavior national boundaries unimpeded by tariffs or
MARXISM other restrictions.
● analyzes social classes, aims to dismantle the capitalist Cartel An association of producers or consumers
structure of the international system as, it states that (or both) of a certain product, formed for the
capitalism is no longer practically sustainable in the purpose of manipulating the price on the
modern world world market.
● Marx - believed that private property should be replaced Mercantilism The economic theory and political ideology
by cooperative ownership, with the emphasis placed opposed to free trade
entirely on satisfying human needs for consumption, It shares with the realism belief that each
rather than creating private profit state must protect its own interests without
FEMINISM seeking mutual gains through international
● seeks to regulate the power derived from (or denied on organizations and agreements.
the basis of) an individual’s gender Facism An authoritarian and/or totalitarian political
● The significance of feminism in international relations is system, often based on a corporate state
evidenced by the role women play in promoting more just and centering around a powerful supreme
and fair international relations policies. leader.
POSTMODERNISM Usually emphasizing militarism and
● Paradigm believes in the arbitrary nature of modernity nationalism and characterized by
● subscribes to the notion that the existing arrangements regimentation, propaganda,
were merely created by human beings and that what is Clash of Thesis put forward by Samuel Huntington
conceived to be the truth is in the actual sense a “choice” Civilizations It argues that the past and future global
made by a predecessor conflicts can be traced along the fault lines
● it denies the notion of objective truth between the nine major world civilizations.
BASIC CONCEPTS FOR GLOBAL RELATIONS Intellectual Rights of creators of books, films, computer
Nation-state ● The primary or fundamental unit in IR Property Rights software, and similar product to receive
● A political entity within a defined territorial royalties when their products are sold
area possessing legal and political Sustainable Economic development approaches based
authority over that area Development in long-term
National interest Those elements constituting a nation's most considerations
vital needs and objectives, including such Meeting current needs without destroying
factors of self-preservation, independence, resources that will be needed in the future
sovereignty, territorial integrity, military INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN INTERNATIONAL
security, and economic well-being RELATIONS
Sovereignty Considered to be the enabling concept of ● The Bretton Woods Institutions—the IMF and World
world politics, whereby nation-states Bank—have an important role to play in making
possess authority not only within their own globalization work better. They were created in 1944 to
territorial entities but possess membership help restore and sustain the benefits of global integration,
in the international community by promoting international economic cooperation.
Balance of Power A term used in various ways, but the ● The WTO came into being in 1995, succeeding the
traditional concept involves General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) that was
creating/maintaining an equilibrium in the established in 1947. First of all, the IMF makes loans to
international order so that one "developing" countries to help them build infrastructure.
nation/alliance does not become ... In short, we can say that the IMF and the WTO play a
preponderant over others huge role in globalization.
Bipolar A world political system in which power is ● The International Monetary Fund is an international
concentrated in two power centers. organization that aims to promote global economic
Unilateral A national acting on its own, independently, growth and financial stability, to encourage international
in the pursuit of its foreign policy objectives, trade, and to reduce poverty.
as opposed to a bilateral or multilateral ● The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an
approach international body whose purpose is to promote free
Multilateral Relationships among more than two states trade by persuading countries to abolish import tariffs and
of other international actors for the purpose other barriers. As such, it has become closely associated
of collective action with globalization. The WTO is the only international
Hegemony Preponderant influence or dominance of agency overseeing the rules of international trade
one nation (or group) over other ● The IMF's key roles are the following: To promote
Interdependence The increasing interrelationship international monetary cooperation, to facilitate the
and mutual dependence among nations, expansion and balanced growth of international trade
especially in an economic sense and lastly, to promote exchange stability.
Geopolitics The use of geography as an element of
power; theories and concepts emphasizing
location, size, and geographic factors as
primary influences in IR.
Imperialism A policy or course of action that through
which a state imposes control over others;
identified with the acquisition of colonies or
colonial authority
Diplomacy The range of actions taken by a nation to
represent and pursue its interests
Weapons of Mass Generally deemed to be nuclear weapons
Destruction with massive destructive capabilities.
May also include exceptionally devastating
conventional arms as weak as certain
biological and chemical weapons.
International Study of the politics/policies of
Political Economy trade, monetary and other economic
relations among nations and their
connection to transnational forces
Just War Doctrine Moral criteria identifying when a 'just war'
may be undertaken and how it should be
fought

WEEK 5: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE ○ only by international cooperation can mankind meet

the challenges of the global and regional issues
GLOBAL / WORLD GOVERNANCE ● efforts should be made to uphold the purposes and
principles of the Charter of the United Nations
● movement towards political cooperation among
○ in order to strengthen the role of the United Nations
transnational actors, aimed at negotiating responses to
● authority of the Security Council in maintaining
problems that affect more than one state / region
international peace and security must be preserved and
● institutions of global governance tend to have limited or
the role of the United Nations in development area
demarcated power to enforce compliance
should be strengthened
○ United Nations
○ it is essential to ensure to all Member States of the
○ International Criminal Court
United Nations the right to equal participation in
○ World Bank
international affairs and the rights and interests of
● modern question of world governance exists in the
the developing countries should be safeguarded
context of globalization and globalizing regimes of power
○ politically FUNCTIONS AND POWERS OF UNITED NATIONS
○ economically Under the United Nations Charter, the functions and
○ culturally powers of the Security Council are:
● response to the acceleration of worldwide 1. maintain international peace and security in accordance
interdependence, both between human societies and with the principles and purposes of the United Nations
between humankind and the biosphere, the term "global 2. investigate any dispute or situation which might lead to
governance" may name the process of designating laws, international friction
rules, or regulations intended for a global scale 3. recommend methods of adjusting such disputes or the
● singular system terms of settlement
○ there is no "world government" but many different 4. formulate plans for the establishment of a system to
regimes of global governance do have regulate armaments
commonalities 5. determine the existence of a threat to the peace or act of
● way in which global affairs are managed aggression and to recommend what action should be
SEVERAL REASONS WHICH HAVE PROMOTED THE IDEA taken
OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 6. call on Members to apply economic sanctions and other
● No single nation has got all the resources to tackle measures not involving the use of force to prevent or stop
problems plaguing humanity and this planet - poverty, aggression
malnutrition, disease, climate change, disaster risk, 7. take military action against an aggressor
organized crime, terrorism etc. 8. recommend the admission of new Members
○ these problems do not recognize political 9. exercise the trusteeship functions of the United Nations
boundaries and are a risk to us all in "strategic areas"
● globalization 10. recommend to the General Assembly the appointment of
○ with which world has woven into one fabric where the Secretary-General and, together with the Assembly,
internal policies of one nation can affect the whole to elect the Judges of the International Court of Justice
world
UNDERLYING GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 3 PRINCIPLES ON THE STRATEGIES FOR BETTER
● tolerance and a willingness to manage differences and GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
reconcile self/other, us/them and inside/outside EFFECTIVE, REPRESENTATIVE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
● can take place only where there is a common set of ARE ESSENTIAL FOR DEMOCRATIZING GLOBAL
values, norms, beliefs, ideas and institutions. As these INSTITUTIONS
values evolve, the nature of global governance has ● international system does not weaken national
necessarily to change. Indeed, global governance ‘is a governments, rather, it relies on them
broad, dynamic, complex process... that is constantly ● governments must perform well to attract foreign funding
evolving and responding to changing circumstances’ ● weak states
ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS ○ threats to themselves and to global governance
● efficiency of the state is increasingly threatened
● an intergovernmental organization aiming to maintain ○ where legitimacy is weak (rogue states,
international peace and security, develop friendly semi-authoritarian regimes, facade democracies),
relations among nations, achieve international but enhanced where the freedom and effectiveness
cooperation, and be a center for harmonizing the actions of civil society are high
of nations ● many regional institutions and agreements now enhance
● headquartered on international territory in New York legitimacy through democracy clauses
City, and has other main offices in Geneva, Nairobi, ○ EU, OAS, Mercosur, EU-ACP and SADP
Vienna, and The Hague EFFECTIVE REGIONAL GOVERNANCE IS NEEDED FOR
● established after World War II with the aim of preventing INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT
future wars, succeeding the rather ineffective League of OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
Nations. ● emergence of strong regional governance is often seen
● On 25 April 1945, 50 governments met in San Francisco as hostile to global governance
for a conference and started drafting the UN Charter, ● but as long as they do not restrict trade, effective regional
which was adopted on 25 June 1945 and took effect on arrangements act as the building blocks of global
24 October 1945, when the UN began operations. governance by facilitating the movement of people,
● Pursuant to the Charter, the organization's objectives development of trade and infrastructure, and natural
include maintaining international peace and security, resource management
protecting human rights, delivering humanitarian aid, REFORMS MUST BE IMPLEMENTABLE AS LONG AS
promoting sustainable development, and upholding HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES LARGELY FUND GLOBAL.
international law. ● institutions, these countries must ‘opt in’ if reforms are to
● At its founding, the UN had 51 member states; with the be implemented
addition of South Sudan in 2011, membership is now ● gradual reforms are more likely to succeed since they
193, representing almost all the world's sovereign states. keep more of the major players on board
● as the most representative inter-governmental
organization of the world today, the United Nations' role CHALLENGES THAT FACES THE GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
in world affairs is irreplaceable by any other international / IN THE 21ST CENTURY
regional organizations PROTECTING CIVILIANS
● the United Nations has made enormous positive ● presence of peacekeeping troops
contributions in maintaining international peace and ○ no guarantee that civilians will be protected
security and global order, promoting cooperation among ○ such troops need to be restructured for human
states and international development security tasks instead of fighting wars
● today, people of the world still face the two major issues ● job of the military in a human security framework
of peace and development ○ protect individuals

○ create public security rather than to defeat

enemies, while cooperating with development
agencies
○ build an interrelated approach to security
ESTABLISHING LEGITIMATE POLITICAL AUTHORITY
● more emphasis is often placed on stability than on
human rights and justice
○ including accountability for the commission of war
crimes
PRIORITIZING DEVELOPMENT
● insufficient attention is paid to economic and social
development, especially job creation
○ immediate post-conflict priorities tend to focus on
humanitarian relief and macroeconomic
stabilization
● civil and political rights are favored over economic and
social rights
● development concerns are usually relegated to the
‘post-recovery’ period
MAINSTREAMING GENDER
● unequal gender relations are among the conditions that
are conducive to conflict
○ active role played by women’s groups in peace
processes suggests that greater involvement of
women can contribute to improved human security
FOCUSING ON THE REGIONAL DIMENSIONS OF
CONFLICT
● not enough attention is paid to the regional dimensions of
conflict
● dealing with the nexus between corrupt governments,
insurgent groups, drugs, minerals / other valuable
primary products and weapons is crucial to dealing with
most chronic internal armed conflicts
AVOIDING A HEAVY FOOTPRINT
● in most conflict countries:
○ one of the parties to the conflict has dominated the
various branches of government
○ has often been complicit, if not directly responsible
for, human rights violations and other atrocities
ENSURING SECURITY
● final problem is security
● attack on UN headquarters in Baghdad in (August 2003)
○ was a watershed in that it was systematic,
premeditated and of significant proportion
POTENTIAL THREATS TO PEACE AND SECURITY
6 BROAD HEADINGS
1. threats from poverty, disease and environmental
breakdown
○ threats to human security identified in the
Millennium Development Goals
2. threats from conflict between states
3. threats from violence and massive human rights
violations within states
4. threats from terrorism
5. threats from organized crime
6. threats from the proliferation of weapons particularly
WMD, but also conventional
CONCLUSION
GLOBALIZATION HAS TO BE RESHAPED, REFORMED TO
ALLOW IT TO REALIZE ITS TRUE POTENTIAL. THIS
REQUIRES:
● review of interests and ideology
● need for stronger International Public Institutions which
focus on issues of collective action
● transparency in decision making
● general reform
CHANGE IN GOVERNANCE
● most fundamental and crucial change that is required that
will enable globalization to be a force for good
KOFI ANNAN
● Secretary - General of United Nations
● "The central challenge we face today is to ensure that
globalization becomes a positive force for all the world’s
people, instead of leaving billions of them in squalor."

WEEK 7: GLOBAL DIVIDES (natural resources, labor resources, and capital

resources),
● Despite very significant development gains ○ productivity of those factors (specifically the
DEFINITION productivity of labor and capital resources)
○ called total factor productivity (TFP)
NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE (A.K.A RICH-POOR DIVIDE)
● Higher TFP will have higher output, earn greater
● It is the socio-economic and political division that exists
income, and provide higher wages for its workers.
between the wealthy developed countries and the poorer
○ result in a higher rate of economic growth.
developing countries.
○ A higher rate of economic growth means more
GLOBAL NORTH
goods are produced per person, which creates
● Wealthy developed countries
higher incomes and enables more people to escape
● The United States, Canada, Europe, developed parts of
poverty at a faster rate.
Asia (the Four Asian Tigers, Japan, Macau, Brunei and
Israel) as well as Australia and New Zealand. TWO FACTORS STANDOUT
● Home to all the members of the G8 and to four of the INSTITUTIONS
five permanent members of the United Nations Security ● For an economist, institutions are the "rules of the
Council. game" that create the incentives for people and
● is taken to include the industrialized, high-per-capita businesses.
income, national political economies of which the majority
are located in the Northern Hemisphere.
GLOBAL SOUTH
● Poorer developing countries (least developed countries)
● Africa, Latin America, and developing Asia including the
Middle East.
● A term used in various ways, but the traditional concept
involves creating/maintaining an equilibrium in the
international order so that one nation/alliance does not
become preponderant over others
● Describes those countries with high levels of poverty and
comparatively low levels of industrialization, large
numbers of which exist in the Southern Hemisphere.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE GLOBAL NORTH AND THE
GLOBAL SOUTH
North South
▪ Mostly covers the West and ▪ Largely corresponds with
the First World along with the Third World
much of the second world • China is actually in
• The Second World was third world country
the so-called pag dinivide mo yung Example: North Korea
Communist Bloc: The yaman per individuals
Soviet Union, China,
▪ Poorer, less developed TRADE
Cuba and friends.
region ● Nations trade for the same reason.
▪ Richer, more developed
▪ Lacks appropriate ● When poorer nations use trade to access capital goods
region
technology (such as advanced technology and equipment), they can
▪ 95% of the North has
▪ No political stability, increase their TFP, resulting in a higher rate of
enough food and shelter
▪ Economies are economic growth.
Economic terms:
disarticulated ● Also, trade provides a broader market for a country to sell
▪ One quarter of the world
▪ Foreign exchange the goods and services it produces.
population
earnings depend on ● Many nations, however, have trade barriers that restrict
▪ Controls four-fifths of the their access to trade.
primary product exports
income earned anywhere ● Recent research suggests that the removal of trade
Economic terms:
in the world. 90% of the barriers could close the income gap between rich and
▪ Three quarters of the
manufacturing industries poor countries by 50 percent
world populations
are owned by and located
▪ Has access to one-fifth of OTHER FACTORS BASED ON THE TERMINOLOGIES OF
in the North.
the world income THE LAYMAN.
▪ If nations become
▪ Any nations that do not ● Terms "rich" and "poor" are often used in a relative
economically developed,
qualify for "developed" sense: A "poor" person has less income, wealth, goods,
the can become a part of
status are in effect or services than a "rich" person.
the North, regardless of
deemed to be part of the ● The huge gap has been seen between underdeveloped
geographical location
"South". and prosperous nations because of many causes.
WHY THE RICH COUNTRIES ARE BECOMING RICHER, However, making strict laws and providing society with
AND THE POOR COUNTRIES ARE BECOMING POORER, modern technology can also help underprivileged
EXPLAINED: countries to be affluent countries.
GDP (GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT)
● Rich countries tend to have better access to capital, ● economists often use gross domestic product (GDP)
technology, and education, which allows them to per capita as an indicator of average economic
generate more wealth and economic growth. Poor well-being within a country
countries, on the other hand, often face challenges such ● GDP is the total market value, expressed in dollars, of all
as political instability, corruption, lack of infrastructure, final goods and services produced in an economy each
and limited access to global markets, which hinder their year.
economic development and contribute to their relative ● In a sense, a country's GDP is like its yearly income. So,
poverty. Additionally, global economic systems and trade dividing a particular country's GDP by its population is an
policies can sometimes favor richer nations, exacerbating estimate of how much income, on average, the economy
the wealth gap between rich and poor countries produces per person (per capita) per year.
● From the video, there is a needed change especially in ● In other words, GDP per capita is a measure of a nation's
their system in politics standard of living.
THE GROWTH OF ECONOMY ○ For example, in 2016, GDP per capita was $57,467
● a sustained rise over time in a nation's production of in the United States, $42,158 in Canada, $27,539 in
goods and services. South Korea, $8,123 in China, $1,513 in Ghana,
● How can a country increase its production? and $455 in Liberia.
○ a function of its inputs, or factors of production MASSIVE DIFFERENCE AMONG WEALTHY AND LESS
AFFLUENT COUNTRIES

● prosperous countries have strict laws without any

corruption and also talented people have no dearth of
opportunities in their countries
● while many poorer countries have none of this kind of a
chance to provide its society. however, there are some
ways to tackle this problem
RICH COUNTRIES HAVE RULE OF LAW IN THE COUNTRY
● rich countries have significantly high growth rates
because of the rule of law in the country.
● For instance, companies and factories pay taxes to the
country without any gap which can help the country to
grow financially and for this reason, first world countries
can maintain a very healthy growth rate.
● However, underprivileged countries can also use this
method by following similar growth models and focus on
improving their economy.
● In that case, poor countries need to extinct corruption
among officials, and they must constitute anti-corruption
laws, which will be equal for all society
RICH COUNTRIES VALUE TALENT
● talented people have enough opportunities in their
country that can allow them to develop their investments,
which can create a new workplace.
● There is a solution to create this opportunity in less
developed territories too such as they must provide its
society with advanced types of equipment and
technology for industrialization which is quite necessary
for the development of any civilization and that can
create many chances for skillful people to have many
practices and experiments and improve their abilities in
the same way to create their own investments
CONCLUSION
● The huge gap has been seen between underdeveloped
and prosperous nations because of many causes.
● However, making strict laws and providing society
with modern technology can also help underprivileged
countries to be affluent country
CHALLENGES OF THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH DIVIDE
GREATEST CHALLENGE TO GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
● Contrast in economic welfare, political stability, and
culture among states
○ Creates many dilemmas for the international
community.
● Economic differences
○ between highly developed economies and the rest
of the world deter cooperation.
● Social differences between North and South
○ Create cultural clashes that breed violence, and
add difficulty to forming international norms.
● Political weakness of some states in the global South
○ Creates security dilemmas and keeps global
governance initiatives away from success.
● International order is skewed in favor of the global North
○ Serves to empower them
○ International leaders can solve these issues by
promoting global equity.
● Inequality of states
○ Must be first addressed in order for global
governance to achieve its fullest potential
CHALLENGES TO THE GLOBAL ORDER
CAPITALISM – Vladimir Lenin believed that:
● Capitalism’s strength is premised on the creation of new
markets via imperialism.
COLONIALISM - Sukarno believed that:
● Colonialism also has its modern dress, in the form of
economic control, intellectual control, and actual physical
control by a small but alien community within a nation.
● It is a skillful and determined enemy, it appears in many
guises.
REALIZED CONCLUSIONS:
1. The south continues to be globalized
2. The global south has provided models of resistance for
the world
3. As global problems intensify, it becomes more and more
necessary for people in the north to support alternatives
from the south
4. Emphasis on the state and interstate politics remains
politically and analytically relevant most especially in
addressing global inequalities

WEEK 8: ASIAN REGIONALISM its goods to an even bigger market outside of the country
of origin.
REGIONALISM AND REGIONALIZATION ● This leads to monetary gains for countries involved,
through more profits for the country of origin and through
● Basically, regionalism from below means that countries
cheaper products for the importing country.
in a geographical area cooperate either for specific
purposes or general mutual benefit, especially involving ECONOMIES OF SCALE (ERFO)
economic cooperation and peacekeeping ● Economies of Scale - where per-unit price of producing
● Region - a group of countries in the same geographically a good decreases as the total quantity of that good's
specified area production increases. per-unit price dec = total quantity
● Regionalization - is the “societal integration and the inc
often undirected process of social and economic ● Regional integration agreements - expand the market
interaction for goods and therefore allow companies, factories and
○ refers to events across regions that are sub-global industries to produce more of their goods and sell it to a
(like Europe, or Northeastern North America, nor bigger market.
the Amazon in Brazil). ● Fewer trade barriers - also allow increased competition,
● Regionalism which in turn causes less-productive companies within a
○ It is “the formal process of intergovernmental particular industry to close.
collaboration between two or more states. ● Overall net positive - because it leads to greater
○ It is the set of conscious activities carried out by productivity within an industry, because only the
states within a region to cooperate while companies that produce a good the most quickly and
regionalization is a less conscious process which is efficiently survive amid increased competition.
the outcome of these states policies.
● Globalization - a term used to explain, justify and LIMITED FISCAL CAPABILITIES
anticipate the rapid expansion and intensification of ● Some regional integration agreements that involve the
social relations across world time and space (Steger, creation of a common currency – most notably the
2013) European Union's -- lead to fiscal crises.
○ signifies events relating to the globe or all over the ● Without regional integration, individual countries cannot
world control the supply of their own currency to suit the
REGIONS: HOW THEY FORM nation's economic conditions.
REGION CULTURAL CENTRALIZATION
● An area that includes a number of places--all of which ● While regionalism puts regional communities on the map
have something in common. so everyone will know where they are and, in many ways,
● An area united by shared characteristics. who and what they are, still regional integration has a
● Geographers categorize regions in two basic ways: final non-economic disadvantage.
○ Physical regions - defined by landform (continents ● Especially strong integration -- like the European Union --
and mountain ranges), climate, soil, and natural can lead to the loss of unique minority cultures within
vegetation. a region.
○ Cultural regions - distinguished by such traits as ● European Union - has a series of languages that it
language, politics, religion, economics, and deems to be the official languages of the EU government.
industry. ○ These do not include minority languages spoken by
CHARACTERISTICS OF REGIONS remote communities in Europe: Welsh, Breton,
Frisian, Retoromanic, Occitan and others.
Physical ● physical space that are very similar in WORLD REGIONS/CONTINENTS
Regions their natural characteristics The widely recognized all the 7 continents are listed by size
● Characteristics that define physical below, from biggest to smallest.
regions can include landforms, types of ASIA
vegetation, climate, or other natural ● Includes 50 countries
features. ● Most populated continent, 60% of the total population of
the Earth live here.
Cultural units of physical space defined by people AFRICA
Regions who share cultural traits like religion, ● Comprises 54 countries
language, identity, or even food ● It is the hottest continent and home of the world's largest
preferences. desert
● Sahara occupying 25% of the total area of Africa.
Economic ● physical spaces determined by economic NORTH AMERICA
Regions interactions. ● includes 23 countries
● Border zones - are important economic ● led by the USA as the largest economy in the world.
regions in many countries where lots of SOUTH AMERICA
trade occurs. ● comprises 12 countries.
● Economic blocs - economic regions; ● located the largest forest, the Amazon rainforest
group of countries that act as a unit when ○ which covers 30% of the South America total
dealing with the global market. area.
ANTARCTICA
Political ● spaces that share common ideas about ● coldest continent in the world
Regions political ideologies, the reach of laws, or ● No permanent inhabitants, except for scientists
political power. maintaining research stations in Antarctica.
● The countries that share ideas about EUROPE
democracies could be considered a ● comprises 51 countries
political region of the world of authority. ● most developed economically continent
○ European Union - biggest economic and political
union in the world.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES AUSTRALIA
REGIONALISM FROM BELOW MEANS - countries in a ● includes 14 countries
geographical area cooperate either for specific purposes or ● least populated continent after Antarctica
general mutual benefit, especially involving economic ○ only 0.3% of the total Earth populations live here
cooperation and peacekeeping. ASIA COUNTRIES AND REGIONS
GAINS IN TRADE ASIA
● Regionalism encourages cooperation and partnerships. ● Largest continent in the world in terms of both land area
● Trade agreements that open borders allow a country with and population.
a particularly strong industry, like wool production, to sell ● It covers around 17 million square miles
● home to over four billion individuals.

● Asia is divided into 48 countries;

○ three of them are trans-continental archipelago in the world and is home
to the largest number of active
ASIA’S FIVE GEOGRAPHICAL SUB REGIONS volcanoes in the world.
● Region's importance in global trade -
SOUTH ASIA ● has a peninsula-like shape that is began during the spice trade, which
● Lanka bordered by three bodies of water: started before European exploration.
● Bangladesh ○ Indian Ocean - south ● Its economy today is rapidly
● India ○ Bay of Bengal - east developing.
● Afghanistan ○ Arabian Sea - west. ● Indonesia is considered the largest
● Pakistan ● includes Indian subcontinent and economy in the region
● Bhutan surrounding countries covers a total ○ East Asia's only member of the
● Nepal area of roughly two million square G20.
● Maldives miles and has a population size of ● Philippines is the only catholic
more than 1.74 billion (2 : 1.74) country
○ which is nearly a quarter of the
global population CENTRAL ASIA ● west of China, south of Russia, and
● has the distinction of being the most ● Tajikistan north of Afghanistan
densely populated area in the world ● Uzbekistan ● Western border - region runs along the
● Kazakhstan Caspian Sea.
EAST ASIA ● located east of Central Asia ● Turkmenistan ● Given that the name of each of these
● China ● Eastern border - running along the ● Kyrgyzstan countries ends in "-stan"
● Mongolia East China Sea ○ Central Asia is sometimes
● North Korea ● covers a total area of 4,571,092 informally referred to as "The
● South Korea square miles and has a population size Stans."
● Japan of more than 1.641 billion ● covers a total area of 1,545,741
● Hong Kong ○ which represents 22% of the global square miles and has a population size
● Taiwan population and 38% of Asia's total of just over 69.78 million individuals
● Macau population (4.5 : 1.6) (1.5 . 0.06)
● Beijing and Tokyo – major ● played an important role in the
metropolitan areas where many transportation of goods between China
residents are concentrated in. and Europe during the Silk Road
● Inner continental area - experiences a trading era.
temperate climate
● Mongolia - covered by the arid Gobi
desert FACTORS LEADING TO GREATER INTEGRATION OF THE
● China - the largest country in the ASIAN REGION
region.
○ It is home to both mountains and ● Entire world is moving towards integration, it is inevitable.
plateaus REGIONAL PARTNERSHIP
● Japan - is characterized by thousands ● first step towards integration
of islands and coastlines. ● can be seen in European Union, African Union, Union of
● have some of the most advanced South American Nations, and more on the way.
technologies in the world ASEAN (ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS)
● Buddhist, taoist, hindus ● Formed by Southeast Asian countries .
● This regional power block appears to work fine, the
WESTERN ASIA ● located in the area between Central member states fit very well together because of the
● Georgia Asia and Africa, south of Eastern following factors:
● Armenia Europe 1. Mutual benefit - when it comes to trade, these
● Azerbaijan ● Middle east – majority of the region nations can readily supply each other’s needs.
● Turkey ○ geographically excludes the 2. Mutual goals - to improve countries
● Cyprus mainland of Egypt - which is 3. Similar culture
● Syria culturally considered a Middle ● The people of this region are generally alike
● Lebanon Eastern country in appearance, temperament which is
● Israel ● covers a total area of around 2.415 seemingly peaceful.
● Palestine million square miles and has a ● They tend to get along quite well even on an
● Jordan population size of 313.428 million. individual level.
● Iraq (2.4 : 0.3) 4. Similar security needs - aside from small localized
● Iran ● Arid desert environment - large area rebels, this association needs only to contend with
● Kuwait of the region foreign-supported terrorist groups which are usually
● Bahrain ● It has several points of access to large handled well.
● Qatar bodies of water: ASIAN REGION
● Saudi Arabia ○ Black Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian ● Extends beyond the territories of the ASEAN member
Sea, Red Sea, Caspian Sea, nations.
Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea. ● Northern Asian countries like Japan, Taiwan, North
Korea, and South Korea do not get along and
appears to distrust each other.
SOUTHEAST ● located north of Australia, south of
○ the invisible walls between these nations will fall
ASIA East Asia, west of the Pacific Ocean,
someday, and hopefully, they will realize the benefit
● Brunei and east of the Bay of Bengal
of integration with regional AUTO
● Cambodia ● It encompasses several island and
● Indonesia archipelago nations that stretch
● Laos between the northern and southern
● Malaysia hemispheres
● Myanmar ○ making it the only Asian region
● Philippines located on both sides of the
● Singapore equator
● Thailand ● covers a total area of 1,735,121
● Timor Lester square miles and has a population size
● Vietnam of more than 641 million individuals.
● Christmas (1.7 : 0.6)
Island ● Its geography is characterized by a
● Cocos large number of archipelagos.
Islands ● Indonesian Archipelago - the biggest

WEEK 9: GLOBALIZATION THROUGH MEDIA ADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL MEDIA FOR THE SOCIETY
GLOBAL MEDIA CONNECTIVITY
● Global communication is the term used to describe ● People from anywhere can connect with anyone.
ways to connect, share, relate and mobilize across ● Regardless of the location and religion, the beauty of
geographic, political, economic, social, and cultural social media is that you can connect with anyone to learn
divides. and share your thoughts.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDIA EDUCATION
● Two main categories: broadcast and print. ● Social media has a lot of benefits for the students and
● The Internet - emerged as a major player, as a rapidly teachers.
growing number of people globally get their news, ● It is very easy to educate others who are experts and
movies, etc. online. professionals via social media. You can follow anyone to
PRINT MEDIA learn from him/her and enhance your knowledge about
any field.
● includes all types of publications, including newspapers, ● Regardless of your location and education background
journals, magazines, books and reports. you can educate yourself, without paying for it.
● oldest type, and despite suffering since the emergence of
the Internet HELP
● is still used by a major proportion of the population. ● You can share your issues with the community to get help
BROADCAST MEDIA and giddiness.
● Whether it is helping in term of money or in term of
● refers to radio and TV, which came onto the scene at the advice, you can get it from the community you are
beginning and middle of the 20th century respectively. connected with.
● Most people still get their news from TV and radio
● broadcasts – experts predict that it will not be long INFORMATION AND UPDATES
before online sources take over. ● The main advantage of social media is that you update
○ Over the past twenty years, cable news has grown yourself from the latest happenings around the world.
in importance. ● Most of the time, Television, and print media these days
THE INTERNET are biased and do not convey the true message.
● With the help of social media, you can get the facts and
● specifically websites and blogs – are rapidly emerging as true information by doing some research.
viable and major channels of communication as more
and more people seek news, entertainment and PROMOTION
educational material online. ● Whether you have an offline business or online, you can
● The term ‘viable,’ in business, means capable of promote your business to the largest audience.
generating profits for many years. ● The whole world is open for you and can promote to
● every part of the Internet has become a medium of them.
communication – most free email services have little ● This makes the businesses profitable and less expensive
boxes that display ads and other messages. The Internet because most of the expenses made over a business are
as we know it today did not really take off until the 1990s. for advertising and promotion.
● In 1995, just 1% of the world’s population was online, ● This can be decreased by constantly and regularly
compared to over 49% today. involving on the social media to connect with the right
● The notion of the Internet started in the 1960s in the USA audience.
during the Cold War, when the military and scientists NOBLE CAUSE
were worried about a missile attack, which could knock
out the telephone system. ● Social media can also be used for the noble causes.
● For example, to promote an NGO, social welfare
MOST COMMON MEDIA TODAY activities and donations for the needy people. People are
LEADING SOCIAL NETWORKS using social media for donation for needy people, and it
● usually available in multiple languages can be a quick way to help such people.
● enable users to connect with friends or people across AWARENESS
geographical, political or economic borders
APPROXIMATELY 2 BILLION INTERNET USERS ARE ● Social media also create awareness and innovate the
USING SOCIAL NETWORKS way people live.
● these figures are still expected to grow as mobile device ● It is the social media which has helped people discover
usage and mobile social networks increasingly gain new and innovative stuffs that can enhance personal
traction lives.
MOST POPULAR SOCIAL NETWORKS USUALLY DISPLAY ● From farmers to teachers, students to lawyers every
A HIGH NUMBER OF USER ACCOUNTS OR STRONG individual of the society can benefit from the social media
USER ENGAGEMENT. and its awareness factor.
● Example: market leader Facebook was the first social HELPS GOVT AND AGENCIES FIGHT CRIME
network to surpass 1 billion monthly active users,
● It is also one of the advantages of the social media that it
whereas recent newcomer Pinterest was the fastest
helps Governments and Security Agencies to spy and
independently launched site to reach 10 million unique
catch criminals to fight crime.
monthly visitors.
UNITED STATES IMPROVES BUSINESS REPUTATION
● Origin of the majority of social networks with more than ● Just like it can ruin any business reputation, It can also
100 million users improve business sales and reputation.
EUROPEAN SERVICES LIKE VK OR CHINESE SOCIAL ● Positive comments and sharing about a company can
NETWORKS QZONE AND RENREN help them with sales and goodwill.
● have also garnered mainstream appeal in their areas due ● Since people are free to share whatever, they want on
to local context and content the social media, it can impact positively when good
SOCIAL NETWORK USAGE BY CONSUMERS IS HIGHLY words are shared.
DIVERSE
HELPS IN BUILDING COMMUNITIES
● platforms such as Facebook or Google+ are highly
focused on exchanges between friends and family and ● Since our world has different religions and beliefs.
are constantly pushing interaction through features like ● Social media helps in building and participating in the
photo or status sharing and social games community of own religion and believes to discuss and
OTHER SOCIAL NETWORKS LIKE TUMBLR OR TWITTER learn about it. Similarly, people of different communities
● are all about rapid communication and are aptly termed can connect to discuss and share related stuffs.
microblogs. Some social networks focus on community; ● For example, Game lover can join games related
others highlight and display user- generated content communities; car lover can join communities related to
cars and so on.

DISADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL MEDIA FOR THE SOCIETY ○ helped to spread information and has helped
people to come together from all over the world
NEGATIVE IMPACT ON CHILDREN IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON MEDIA
● has its own advantages and disadvantages
● a new study has found that children would be happy if
○ however the advantages are much more than the
social media didn’t exist
disadvantages
○ over half of them experiencing abuse or having
PROCESS OF GLOBALIZATION
their confidence knocked by websites
● led to opening up of people mind towards not just the
○ two thirds of schoolchildren said they’d feel happy if
walls within which they stay but also be aware of what’s
it had never been invented
happening around the world
○ 71% of them had followed in the footsteps of
EXISTENCE OF MASS MEDIA
celebrities like Ed Sheeran and the Kardashians by
● companies have used this as a means to communicate to
taking a break from social networking altogether
let a large no. of people aware about their products
● Several studies have also found a link between increased
people watching it or reading about it are in a position to
social networking use and a higher incidence of anxiety
gain maximum benefit as with the help of media
and depression.
○ they will be able to decipher between good or bad
NO LIFE WITHOUT A PHONE as per their requirements
● popular perception is that youngsters are glued to their HOW MEDIA WORKS IN GLOBALIZATION
phones and obsessed with taking selfies
● it is the very perception – and the very real reality of the ROLE OF INTERNET IN THE MEDIA GLOBALIZATION
pressure they face to fit in ● The reductions in costs and better facilities and variety of
○ that’s pushing kids to change the way they choices
approach technology ○ changed the tastes of individual and societies
● It promotes Individualization. leading to a stronger integration
REDUCES FAMILY INTIMACY ● The use of the internet through the media provides an
inter mix and exchange of ideas and thoughts between
● texting, Facebook, Twitter, etc. separate us from our
countries.
families more than we actually think it does
POLITICAL ASPECT
● most children are on their phones rather than watching
● serves as a medium to connect the media and the
the film with their parents
viewers
● social media promotes individualization
● people read about the elections about the various
LACKS EMOTIONAL CONNECTION political issues through the internet
● the quality of a conversation when using social media is ECONOMICAL ASPECT
unpleasant ● Share market, online trading and banking facilities
○ you cannot sense the emotion or interest from the ○ people have started shifting from the conventional
other person ways of doing things to this modern easier and
○ makes you wonder if they mean what they say hustle-free method
CULTURAL & TRADITIONAL ASPECT
IT CHANGES LIFESTYLE HABITS, AND IT IS SLEEP
● Globalization has an immense effect on the cultures of
DISRUPTION
the different countries.
● it can sometimes motivate too much sitting down in one ○ always had a very deep impact on cultural identity.
place for too long. ● converted this world into a “global village”
● Staring into the light from a computer or phone screen at ○ through the free flow of information, speedy
night can negatively affect your ability to get a proper progress in the field of technology, transportation
night sleep. and communication
PRIVACY PROBLEMS ROLE OF TELEVISION IN THE MEDIA GLOBALIZATION
● Causes you some issues that cannot be solved TELEVISION
○ sharing your online location ● acts as an eye opener to the viewers
○ getting in trouble at work because of tweeting ● In today’s world almost every house has an access to it.
something inappropriate ● Over the years the accessibility has increased
○ sharing too much with the public immensely.
MEDIA’S ROLE IN THE GLOBALIZATION PROCESS ● United Kingdom tops the list
○ with an average television rate of 28 hours per
MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES person per week
● intended to reach a large audience by mass PRESS MEDIA
communication ● before it came to picture, people used to communicate by
● today, media plays a key role in enhancing globalization writing letters and sending them through direct mails
important role in globalization process has internet ● Its beginning came as an information revolution
○ which connects all the countries around the world ● has become a source for promoting, projecting and
GLOBALIZATION supporting the process of providing information
● a process by which various cultures, societies and ● assists the journalists in networking
economies through a global network of trade and ○ globalization has led to revolution of news
communication become integrated in all respects circulation, printing, editing and reportage
MEDIA ● the spread and exchange of news becomes possible
● refers to the different means of communication ○ leads to people of one country knowing not just
● plays a very important role in shaping human mind about the news within their own country but aware
MASS MEDIA about international news as well
● a section of the media determined to reach a greater ● has led to the timely processing and distribution of
audience information
MOST GLOBALIZATION THEORISTS ROLE OF PRESS MEDIA
● believe that media has played an important role in ● It is diverse and it focuses on all the issues concerning
acceleration of globalization out daily lives and well-being
● increase in the importance of economic, cultural and ● plays role in educating the people on political parties,
technological integration between countries international happenings, entertainment glamorous
● has a great impact on our society’s personal lives celebrity gossip and sport events
● Globalization today increased access to a broad range of ● After the press media
media ○ discovery of radio and television
INFLUENCES OF GLOBALIZATION ON MEDIA ○ lead to a different kind of revolution
WIDE SPREAD COMMUNICATION ■ press media restricted one to just read
● Most visible effect of globalization ■ radio and television appealed to another sense
● introduction of newspapers, magazine, internet and TV as it had both visual and audio sense

● A recent poll states that about 59% of America’s ROLE OF MEDIA IN THE SOCIETY
population obtains the world news on television
○ 37% is through cable ● Media has always played a very important role in our
○ 22% through broadcast society and for a long time it remained one of the
● younger generations watch television regularly methods of controlling people and their recreational time.
○ there are points in the year when they watch it more ● The media hence provides different types of information
than the average in different ways in the form of newspapers, internet,
POLITICAL ASPECT television, magazine, radio etc. In fact, it’s a very
● The viewers can be made aware of the political issues essential and simplified way to inform or simply to
sensitive topics concerning the nation entertain the audience.
● television can provide its viewers with important facts and ● Just by sitting at home one can get the entire news of the
information concerning the democracy and the political world by any medium like radio, tv or internet, this is
system possible only because of globalization.
○ can help us make better decisions ● Globalization in media has also made us aware about the
● it gives us the overall picture of what is happening in the economic and political conditions of a particular country
rest of the world but also provides us with entertainment of all sorts
● A lot can be understood and adopted through movies as
well.
○ depict the various issues of the society and politics
○ greatly influences the viewers and a lot of the time
leaves them thinking about the social and political
issues
○ acts as an eye-opener
ECONOMICAL ASPECT
● News channels
○ giving updates on the share market, brokers and
stocks
○ can keep oneself updated with the television news
channel
● Advertisements
○ makes people consumers
○ helps to make us aware of all the suitable options
available for us in the market
○ not just restricted to clothing or grocery but at the
same time about pension plans and banks
CULTURAL AND TRADITIONAL ASPECT
● focused by the television through movies, serials, reality
shows and advertisements
ROLE OF RADIO IN THE MEDIA GLOBALIZATION
RADIO
● one of the easiest and cheapest media source
● easily available in most part of the country
● biggest advantage:
○ it can be understood by even an illiterate person
and can cater to a larger number of people
● has a greater impact on the rural
○ they are able to connect to the radio easily
● importance of radio in the society is indispensable
● one of the oldest means of spreading information
amongst the people
● people’s ears used to be stuck to the radio to keep
themselves aware of things around them
USE OF RADIO
● Most people in today’s generation are not regular
listeners to the radio unless they listen to it for music on
their way to work.
● Now restricted only to music reduced remarkably
because of technological advancements like Ipods and
music phones
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS
● the role of radio is slow and steady
● Rural people are greatly influenced by the news and
information shared by the media through radio
○ it helps them to understand the political system and
the advertisements make them aware about the
various products
● Radio in today’s world is a platform for advertisement
○ it generates a lot of income and adds to the
economy of the media
○ provides the listeners with enumerable options
available in the market
○ highlights the ill issues of the societies and methods
to eradicate them
PLATFORM FOR CULTURAL AND TRADITIONAL
EXCHANGE
● radio channels provide music of different parts of the
world
○ leads to one nation understanding the music of the
other
● Music reflects the culture and the tradition of the area to
a large extent

WEEK 10: GLOBALIZATION AND RELIGION ● viewed as the creator of the universe
● the source of all good and all evil
● Animism - philippines first religion ● Everything that happens is his will
DEFINITIONS OF RELIGION ● He is a powerful and strict judge who will be merciful
toward followers
● A set of beliefs concerning the cause, nature, and
○ depending on the sufficiency of their life's good
purpose of the universe
works and religious devotion
○ especially when considered as the creation of a
superhuman agency or agencies CHRISTIANITY
○ usually involving devotional and ritual observances ● Simplicity is the key to success
○ often containing a moral code governing the ● Not searching for material
conduct of human affairs ● Concept of heaven and hell
● A specific fundamental set of beliefs and practices ● Largest
generally agreed upon by a number of persons or sects: ONE ETERNAL GOD
○ the Christian religion ● The creator of all that is
○ the Buddhist religion ● He is viewed as a loving God who offers everyone a
● The body of persons adhering to a particular set of personal relationship with himself now in this life.
beliefs and practices JESUS CHRIST
WORLD RELIGIONS AND ITS MEMBERS ● He did not identify himself as a
○ prophet pointing to God
HINDUISM ○ teacher of enlightenment
WORSHIP ONE BEING OF ULTIMATE ONENESS ● He claimed to be God in human form
(BRAHMAN) ● He performed miracles
● Through infinite representations of gods and goddesses ● He forgave people of their sins
○ incarnated within idols, temples, gurus, rivers, ● He said that anyone who believed in him would have
animals, etc eternal life
● Oldest religion of the world CATHOLICISM
HINDUS BELIEVE THEIR POSITION IN THIS PRESENT ● happiness should be found along the road
LIFE WAS DETERMINED BY THEIR ACTIONS IN A PROTESTANTISM
PREVIOUS LIFE. ● martin luther
● Provides a possible explanation for suffering and evil in ● Protested against catholic church
this life ● Hated authority of santo papa and priests
○ If a person’s behavior before was evil HOW DISTINCT ARE THESE MAJOR RELIGIONS?
■ they might justifiably experience tremendous
1. Hindus acknowledge multitudes of gods and goddesses.
hardships in this life
2. Buddhists say there is no deity.
● The following are deserved by people because of their
3. New Age Spirituality followers believe they are God.
own evil actions, usually from a previous lifetime:
4. Muslims believe in a powerful but unknowable God.
○ Pain
5. Christians believe a loving God who created us to know
○ Disease
him.
○ Poverty
○ Disaster - like a flood
BEING FREE FROM THE LAW OF KARMA
● the Hindu's goal
● to be free from continuous reincarnations
● Only the soul matters which will one day be free of the
cycle of rebirths and be at rest.
BUDDHISM
BUDDHISTS DO NOT BELIEVE IN ANY GOD
● Spiritual
● They do not worship any gods or God.
● People outside of Buddhism often think that Buddhists
worship the Buddha.
● Talking about enlightenment RELIGION IN GLOBAL CONFLICT
● Buddha reached enlightenment thru meditation ● Religious ideas, values, symbols and rites relate to deep
BUDDHA (SIDDHARTHA GAUTAMA) issues of existence
● never claimed to be divine ● It should not be surprising when religion enters the
● He is viewed by Buddhists as having attained what they picture in times of crisis.
are also striving to attain, which is spiritual enlightenment 3 Enormous Problems Answers/ Solutions provided by
○ with it, freedom from the continuous cycle of life brought by the Era of Religion
and death Globalization (ISA)
NEW AGE SPIRITUALITY Identity It provides sense of identity
● Promotes the development of the person's own power or Accountability Traditional religious leadership
divinity provide a sense of accountability
● everything that the person sees, hears, feels or imagines Security Religion offer a sense of security
is to be considered divine
DEITY EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON RELIGION
● is not a transcendent
○ personal God who created the universe COUNTER REACTION TO GLOBALIZATION
● is referring to a higher consciousness within themselves ● Taken the form of:
A PERSON PURSUING SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT ○ increasing nationalism
WOULD SEE THEMSELVES ○ cultural retrenchment
● deity ● occurs in countries where liberal western culture has
● the cosmos challenged traditional religious and cultural sensibilities
● the universe ● Examples:
○ Islamic fanaticism
ISLAM ○ Rise of religious fundamentalism (hate
ALLAH globalization)
● One Almighty God ■ Christian
○ As believed by the Muslims ■ Muslim
● God of old testament = Yahweh ■ Hindu
● New testament = Jesus RISE IN NATIONALISM – has caused:
● infinitely superior to and transcendent from humankind ● pushback against international trade agreements

● the movement of labor ● It has been difficult for religion to cope with values that
● increasing racism stoked by security concerns accompany globalization like liberalism, consumerism,
RISE IN FUNDAMENTALISM AND ITS LEVERAGING FOR rationalism, etc.
POLITICAL PURPOSES ○ Such phenomena advocate scientism and
● Example: ISIS secularism.
● has caused widespread conflict across large parts of the ISLAMIC NORMS AND VALUES CONTRADICT THOSE
world ADVOCATED BY GLOBALIZATION
● caused another diaspora of people fleeing from conflict ● For Muslims, globalization is a source of the loose
zones into areas that are perceived as ‘safer’ Western morals, according to the writer.
○ further compound the rise of nationalist ● Imperialist aspirations of globalization and its
xeno-phobic movements incompatibility with Islam
■ people feel culturally threatened and ○ make the former completely alien to the Muslim
physically less secure realities
THE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON RELIGION ARE ● Salim Al-Awwa
SEEN IN THE FOLLOWING AREAS: ○ the leading Islamic scholar
○ maintains, as paraphrased by Ehteshami, that
RISING RELIGIOUS FUNDAMENTALISM globalization is an invasion
● influx of ‘strange’ cultural factors ■ it is a cultural construct at its heart
○ made people feel culturally threatened ■ its meaning is the Western discourse
○ resulted from the increasingly multicultural societies ○ promoting and engaging with it on the part of
triggered by globalization Muslims is like accepting and promoting Western
INCREASED RATE OF SOCIAL AND CULTURAL cultural values and their dominance
LIBERALIZATION
● resulting in potential loosening of traditional religious CONCLUSION
structures RELIGION TAKES CAUTION AGAINST THE NORMS AND
● Caused by the movement of people and information THE VALUES
across national borders ● related to globalization
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM AS A COUNTER PRESSURE ● It challenges the latter since it (religion) does not approve
TO GLOBALIZATION its hybridizing effects.
● may put pressure on ethnic/religious diversity in some IDEA OF DE-HYBRIDIZING EFFECTS OF RELIGION
countries ● approved by Samuel Huntington Clash Theory
● Rise of globalization suppresses: ○ which maintains that such de-hybridising upshots
○ countries that do not have long histories of spring also from the religious partitioning and
multiculturalism clashes
○ countries where there has been historical conflict
between ethnic/religious groups
THE EASE OF INFORMATION FLOW
● allows the rapid movement of religious proselytizing
across the world
● same cause as #2 above but with a different effect
● The converts to regionally non-traditional religion in Latin
America have increased dramatically
○ Examples:
■ Mormonism
■ Fundamentalist
ISLAM’S NORMS AND VALUES ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH
THE LIBERAL VALUES OF GLOBALIZATION
● According to many scholars:
○ Globalization is aimed at the hybridization of the
world cultures around the pattern of the Western
culture
■ it entails liberal values and norms, religion
(particularly Islam) constitutes a challenge to
it)
CHALLENGE OF RELIGION
RELIGION REPRESENTS A CHALLENGE TO ITS
(GLOBALIZATION’S) HYBRIDIZING EFFECTS
● seeks to assert its identity in the light of globalization
○ As a result, different religious identities come to the
fore and assert themselves.
● Assertions of religious identities constitute a defensive
reaction to globalization
● Scholte maintains that:
○ “At the same time as being pursued through global
channels, assertions of religious identity have, like
nationalist strivings, often also been partly a
defensive reaction to globalization’’.
GLOBALIZATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH
WESTERNIZATION AND AMERICANIZATION
● The dominance and hegemony exerted by these two
processes, particularly on the Third World countries:
○ makes religions-related cultures and identities take
defensive measures to protect themselves
● Islam takes caution and resists the encroachment of
globalization forces on its cultures and livelihoods in
many ways
ISLAM CANNOT CONTRIBUTE TO THE HYBRIDIZING
CONSEQUENCES OF GLOBALIZATION
● it is always resistant to and defiant of globalization
● the Islamic culture and identity in general are
incompatible with the norms and the values
○ that are related to globalization and to other distinct
religions (such as Christianity, Judaism, etc)

WEEK 11: GLOBAL CITY 4.Service a major media hub

5.Large mass transit networks
6.Home to a large international airport
7.Having a prominent skyline
NEW GLOBAL CITIES
● arisen not only as financial centers but also producers of
services that are global in scope
● Global cities are post-industrial and manufacturing has
been scattered across national and global networks.
○ It turns from “landscapes of production” to
“landscapes of consumption”.
APART FROM BEING FINANCIAL CENTERS, GLOBAL
CITIES ARE:
1. Geopolitical power centers
2. Cultural and trendsetting powerhouses
3. Higher education hubs
4. Creative Industries
5. Nature of activities generates a specific labor demand
INTRODUCTION 6. A professional class of knowledge workers
7. Highly mobile, career minded not necessarily elites
CITIES 8. “Brain hubs” and centers of a “knowledge economy”
● centers of innovation and businesses 9. Economies of scale and concentration necessary
● portray the economic, social, and political state of the despite the proliferation of communications
country and its people technology
● categorized differently depending on the role they play on
the global scene WHY GLOBAL CITIES MATTER
ALPHA + CITIES – one level below the alpha ++ cities ● Important role at the global and regional level
● Tokyo - largest in the world with a population of about ● Interact with states and other international actors
38,000,000 ○ Pursue objectives that are often intertwined with
● Shanghai global economic agendas, and are crucial to
● Dubai questions related to climate change, mobility and
● Singapore migration, technological innovation, economic
● Hong Kong development, and infrastructure.
● Paris ○ Dramatically display challenges posed by social
● Beijing inequalities and exclusion
ALPHA ++ CITIES ● What impact do global cities have on these issues, and
● New York what impact do these issues have on them in return
● London ○ Always between both, products, and producers of
GLOBAL CITY globalization
○ Role in shaping global economy, culture, and
● an urban center that enjoys significant competitive society also shaped by it
advantages and that serves as a hub within a globalized ○ Places where countervailing forces match and local
economic system reactions to globalization become especially visible
● initially ranked depending on their size
○ several other factors other than the size of the city 7 TYPES OF GLOBAL CITIES DRIVING THE WORLD
are being considered ECONOMY
● Cities can also fall from such categorization ● The first three are the world’s leading economic power
○ cities that have become less cosmopolitan and less centers.
internationally renowned in the current era 1. GLOBAL GIANTS
AMSTERDAM, HOUSTON, MEXICO CITY, PARIS, SÃO
● world’s leading economic and financial centers
PAULO AND ZURICH
● foremost global cities Includes:
● grown to be global cities
○ New York
● possess several similar characteristics:
○ Los Angeles
○ Home to several financial service providers and
○ London
institutions
○ Paris
○ headquarters to large multinationals
○ Tokyo
○ dominate the trade and economy of their countries
○ Osaka-Kobe
○ major hub for air, land and sea transport
● They are also: 2.KNOWLEDGE CAPITALS
○ centers of innovation ● world’s leading knowledge and tech hubs
○ boast of well-developed infrastructure ● include 19 cities centers
○ large population of employed people
○ centers of communication of global news ● San Jose (the ● Dallas
THE USE OF "GLOBAL CITY", AS OPPOSED TO ● Silicon Valley) ● Atlanta
"MEGACITY" ● Boston ● Portland
● popularized by sociologist Saskia Sassen in her 1991 ● Seattle ● Denver in the U.S.
work ● San Diego ● Amsterdam
WORLD CITY ● Washington, D.C. ● Stockholm
● describe cities that control a disproportionate amount of ● Chicago ● Zurich in Europe
global business ● Austin
○ dates to at least the May 1886 description of
3. ASIAN ANCHORS
Liverpool by The Illustrated London News
● Patrick Geddes ● Asia’s five established and rising economic power
○ used the term “world city” in 1915 centers (pero 6 yung given sa module)
NUMBER OF STUDIES WERE UNDERTAKEN TO ● Hong Kong ● Shanghai
PRODUCE VARIOUS RANKINGS ● Singapore ● Beijing
● However, the definition of global city used is far broader ● Seoul-Incheon ● Moscow
than Sassen’s core version
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL CITIES ● Their ability to attract foreign direct investment makes
them serious global power players
1. Home to major stock exchanges and indexes ○ despite having lower levels of economic output than
2. Influential in international political affairs the Global Giants
3. Home to world-renowned cultural institutions

● Four other types of global cities in the U.S. and around ○ economic globalization
the world ○ human development
○ occupy the middle ranks of the world economy ● form an important link in processes of globalization and
○ Some are growing in sync with globalization their implications for human development
○ Others are more challenged by globalization CRITICISMS OF GLOBAL CITIES
4. AMERICAN MIDDLEWEIGHTS GLOBAL CITY THESIS
● These are 16 mid-sized U.S. metro areas ● has been known for being a threat to state-centric
● include places that are growing via connections to the perspectives
global economy ● These cities have been accused of
● include Miami and Rustbelt metros: ○ focusing their reach to other global cities
○ Cleveland ○ neglecting cities national outreach
○ Detroit ● These cities are more connected to the outside world
○ Pittsburgh than to their domestic economy.
● their major industries are challenged by global ● Although they are interconnected and interdependent,
competition global cities are always in a competitive state.
5. INTERNATIONAL MIDDLEWEIGHTS CITIES OF NEW YORK AND LONDON
● have been trying to outwit each other as the global
● This group includes 26 mid-sized metros outside the U.S. financial centers
○ Canada LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
■ Toronto ● have been keen to promote the global cities within their
■ Vancouver territories as either
○ Europe ○ economic or cultural centers
■ Brussel ○ sites of innovation
■ Rome
■ Milan OTHER DOWNSIDES OF GLOBAL CITIES
■ Berlin ● High costs
■ Vienna ● Alienation
■ Madrid ● Impersonality
■ Barcelona ● Social isolation
● Australia ● Discrimination against migrants of certain kinds
■ Sydney CONCLUSION
■ Melbourne
■ Perth GLOBAL CITY
○ Middle East ● A significant production point of specialized financial and
■ Tel Aviv producer services that make the globalized economy run.
● Many of these cities are aspiring tech and knowledge ● Saskia Sassen
hubs ○ covered specifically New York, London, and Tokyo
● Serve as centers for talent in her book
■ but there are many more global cities than this
6. FACTORY CHINA ● The question then becomes how:
● This set includes 22 second- and third-tier Chinese cities ○ to identify these cities
that are manufacturing powerhouses. ○ to determine to what extent they function as global
● Even though these metros have experienced rapid cities
growth based on export-intensive manufacturing, they ■ specifically, beyond all of the other things that
remain relatively poor. they do simply as cities
7. EMERGING GATEWAYS
● These are 28 large global business and transportation
gateways for major national and regional markets
○ Mexico City
○ Sao Paolo
○ Rio de Janeiro
○ Istanbul
○ Mumbai
○ Johannesburg
CITIES IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD
● Although globalization certainly affects rural and peri
urban areas, global forces are centered in cities.
CITIES
● where global operations are centralized
● where we can see most clearly the phenomena
associated with their activities, whether it is changes in:
○ the structure of employment
○ the formation of powerful partnerships
○ the development of monumental real estate
○ the emergence of new forms of local governance
○ the effects of organized crime
○ the expansion of corruption
○ the fragmentation of informal networks
○ the spatial isolation
○ social exclusion of certain population groups
● Characteristics of cities and their surrounding religions
help shape globalization by:
○ providing a suitable labor force
○ making available the required physical and
technological infrastructure
○ creating a stable and accommodating regulatory
environment
○ offering the bundle of necessary support services
○ contributing financial incentives
○ possessing the institutional capacity without which
globalization cannot occur
● mediate the reciprocal relationships between

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THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER

LECTURE TRANSCRIPT ACADEMIC YEAR 2023 - 2024

WEEK 1: DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION GLOBALIZATION

Prepared by: TORRE, Bill Ritchie C., MT2C PAGE 1

● one can engage / participate actively in development and

Prepared by: TORRE, Bill Ritchie C., MT2C PAGE 2

WEEK 2: PARAMETERS OF GLOBALIZATION ● resulted in an integration of cultures

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countries to developing nations has accelerated the

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WEEK 3: GLOBALIZATION STRUCTURES reflects a standardization of cultural expressions around

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WEEK 4: GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM INTERSOCIETAL RELATIONS

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WEEK 5: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE ○ only by international cooperation can mankind meet

Prepared by: TORRE, Bill Ritchie C., MT2C PAGE 10

○ create public security rather than to defeat

Prepared by: TORRE, Bill Ritchie C., MT2C PAGE 11

WEEK 7: GLOBAL DIVIDES (natural resources, labor resources, and capital

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● prosperous countries have strict laws without any

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● Asia is divided into 48 countries;

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WEEK 11: GLOBAL CITY 4.Service a major media hub

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