→ It is the modernization of the world

It is the situation of the world that shaped by history

- It encompasses a multitude of processes that involves the economy political systems and culture
→ It is the process of world shrinkage, of. distances getting shorter, things moving closer. It pertains to
the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit with
somebody on the other side of the world (Thomas Larson, 2001).

GLOBALIZATION
- Human beings have encountered many changes over the last century especially in their social
relationships and social structures. Of these changes, globalization is very important. Over the
years, globalization gained many connotations pertaining to progress, development and
integration. In this module, different definitions of globalization will be discussed The task of
conceptualizing it reveals a variety of perspectives.
- To understand further the concept, different reasons for studying globalization. These reasons
will also allow an appreciation of earlier epochs before globalization and the present globalized
world. This chapter also is devoted to discussing the merits and demerits of globalization.
- This module will also highlight the different views of scholars toward globalization.

OVERVIEW
- THE PHENOMENON of globalization is a fact of life. The daily press is filled with reminders of how
the world organizations have taken on a global focus, International and national news reports
frequently mention such matters as international trade, foreign exchange rates, losers and gainers
in the stack market, currency fluctuations and oil price hike. It is common to read about Japanese
companies making way in the United States and European markets and vice versa. This means that
our world is no longer isolated as we are participants in all these global activities. Our home is filled
with global products ranging from gadgets to audio and video equipment including our mode of
dressing and the foods that we consume.
- Today, it is not unusual for a global organization with headquarters in Japan, United States,
Germany, and United Kingdom to serungs to oversee manutactusing operations inexchange rates,
losers and gainers in the stock market, currency fluctuations and oil price hike.
- It is common to read about Japanese companies making way in the United States and European
markets and vice versa. This means that our world is no longer isolated as we are participants in all
these global activities. Our home is filled with global products ranging from gadgets to audio and
video equipment including our mode of dressing and the foods that we consume.
- Today, it is not unusual for a global organization with headquarters in Japan, United States,
Germany, and United Kingdom to oversee manufacturing operations in Singapore, India, South
Korea, and even in Third World countries such as Philippines and Indonesia. It is not just large
corporations that have a global focus. For instance, Jollibee has expanded its network in some parts
of Asia and the United States.

A. INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION
ATION
• Generally, the view on globalization is taken primarily as an economic process. It is usually related
to global management and market integration. In the context of economics, it is defined as the
recognition by organizations that business must have a global, not local focus. It refers to a new
perspective, or attitude, about relationships with other people in other nations. Economically, it also
refers to the unprecedented scope, shape, number, and complexity of business relationship
conducted across international boundaries. The phenomenon of globalization according to Stoner et
al. consists of three interrelated factors which are proximity, location, and attitude. Taken together,
these three facets of globalization emphasize the unprecedented lineup and complexity of
relationship that confront the contemporary society.

PROXIMITY
• First, organizations now operate in much closer proximity than ever before to a greater number and
range of customers, competitors, suppliers, and government regulators. Proximity, a functions of the
shrinking globe, is partly a matter of time, as today's telecommunications technology allows people
around the world to share voice, video, and facsimile information i in minutes. To empbasize this
new spirit of closer ties and the insignificant of miles in today's global world, organizations should
treat all clients as equidistant form their organizations.

• Philippines is considered as the text messaging capital in the world due to the large volume
of SMS traffic exchange in the country.

LOCATION
• Second, the location and integration of an organization's operations across several international
boundaries is part of globalization. For example, Nokia cellular iphones are designed and
manufactured in Finland and sold worldwide to customers who ue the equipment to connect with
anyone.
• Toyota, Nissan, and Honda operate auto assembly plants in the United States. Samsung and LG
are products of South Korea and both have worldwide distribution centers. This new organizational
scheme is termed transnational management to describe this growing practice of spreading an
organization's operations across many nations.

ATTITUDE
• Third, globalization refers to a new, open attitude about practicing marlagement internationally. This
attitude combines a curiosity about the world outside one's national borders with a willingness to
develop capabilities for participating in the global economy. Ohmae cited that nothing is overseas
anymore.

DEFINITION OF GLOBALIZATION

• Manfred Steger described globalization as the expansion and intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and across world-space.
• Expansion may refer to the creation of the international cultural environment where education,
social institutions, material elements are connected and occur at different levels. Example are the
nongovernmental organizations, international organizations such as those involved in global
warming movements.
• Intensification refers to the expansion, stretching and acceleration of the networks of the former.
For example, the impact of international trade and investment in one country to another and the
foreign policy responses to trade problems have intensified trade relations between and among the
countries in the world.

• Globalization is defined also as the process through which an increasingly flow of ideas,
people, goods and services, technology and capital leads to the integration of economics
and societies at a speed unprecedented in effect and outcomes.

• The definition above is political and economic in nature.

• Anthropolgist Arjun Appadurai argues that there are multiple globalizations and it depends on what
is being globalized.
• The globalization system which is aptly called the digital age has something to do with the context,
character, content, and conduct of power shaped up with the changing configuration of power of the
individuals, individuals, associations, corporations, institutions, and the nation-state.

B. HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION
- This topic focuses on the history or origin of globalization. This topic adheres to the perspective that
the major points of the beginnings of the globalization started after the Second World War. Below
are the different perspectives regarding the origins of globalization.
-
-
HARDWIRED
•It is a basic human need to make our lives better that made globalization possible (Nayan Chanda,
2007). One can trace the beginning of globalization from our ancestors in Africa who walked out from
the said continent in the late Ice Age. Commerce, religion, politics and warfare are the urges of people
toward a better life. These are connected to four aspects of globalization and they can be traced all
throughout history: trade, missionary work, adventures and conquest. (Chanda, 2007).

CYCLES
For some, globalization is a long term-cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be a daunting
task. What is important is the cycles that globalization has gone through. Subscribing to this view will
suggest adherence to the idea that other global ages have appeared. There is also a notion to suspect
that this point of globalization will soon disappear and reappear.

EPOCHS
Ritzer cited Therborn's six grat epochs of globalization. These are also called waves and has its own
origin. Today's globalization is not unique if this is the case. The difference of this view from cycle is
that it does not treat epoch as returning. The following are the sequential occurrence of the epochs:
I.Globalization of Religion

1. European colonial conquests

2. Intra-European wars
3. Heyday of European imperialism
4.Post- World War II period
5. Post-Cold War period

EVENTS

Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the origin of globalization.
Several points can be considered as the start of globalization:

• I. Roman conquests centuries before

Christ were its origin Rampage of the armies of Genghis Khan into Eastern Europe in the 19th
Century.
• Christopher Columbus' discovery of America in 1942, Vasco de Gama in Cape of Good Hope in
1498 and Ferdinand Magellan's completed circumnavigation of the globe in 1522.

Christopher Columbus
discovered America, however, it was named after Amerigo Vespucci because he set forth the
concept of lands that Columbus sailed to were part of separate continent, which is now
America.

C. METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
in order for us to better understand the concept of globalization, we will utilize metaphors. Metaphors
make use of one term to help us better understand another term. In our case, the states of matter
such as solid and liquid will be used. In addition, other related concepts that are included in the
definition such as structures and flows wil be elaborated.

SOLIDITY AND LIQUIDITY

Solidity refers to the barriers that prevent or make things move difficultly.
Solids as a metaphor in globalization can either be natural of man-made. Example of natural are land
forms and bodies of water. While for man-made,
the examples are Great Wall of China and Berlin Wall.
The Great Wall of China starts by the Yellow River and ends by the White River

Liquidity refers to the increasing ease of movement information, and people,

places things, the contemporary world. Liquid phenomena change quickly and their aspects spatial
and temporal are in continuous fluctuation. Liquid phenomena is also difficult to stop and it best
describes globalization today. Example of liquidity are space, time, videos uploaded on YouTube, and
Social Media.

FLOWS

Flows are the movement of people, things, places, and information brought by the growing porosity of
global limitations.
Examples:
Food is being globalized because most Filipinos patronize the cuisine of other countries.
Filipino communities abroad and the Chinese communities in the Philippines.

• This section will give you a glimpse on the important theories of globalization by analyzing
globalization culturally, economically, and politically. This topic would help you assert that the
theories see globalization as a process that increases either homogeneity or heterogeneity.

HOMOGENEITY
• It refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors, and political
orientations of societies expand to create a common practices, same economies, and similar forms
of government.
•
EFFECTS OF HOMOGENIZATION:

1. CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
Homogeneity is often linked to cultural imperialism.
This means a given culture influences other cultures.
2. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
Global crises are products of homogeneity in economic globalization.
3.MEDIA IMPERIALISM
It is the effect with regards to the global flow of media. It undermines the existence of alternative
global media origination from developing countries.
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