The Contemporary World

(GE 4)

Summer Class S.Y. 2021

(Modular)
Content of the Course:
1. Introduction to Globalization
Competing Conceptions of Globalization
Philosophies and Ideologies of/ on/ against globalization
Positive and Negative Aspects of Globalization
The international Labor Organization Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization

2. The Structures of Globalization

The Global Economy and Market Integration
Global Corporations and Globalization
Role of International Financial Institutions in the Creation of a Global Economy
The Global Interstate System and Contemporary Global Governance
House Bill No. 2625 (The Profit-Sharing Act of 2016)

3. A World of Regions
Global Divides: The North and South First and Third Worlds
Latin America and the Philippines under Globalization
Globalization and Regionalization in Asia
Confronting the Challenges of Globalization
The Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022

4. A World of Ideas
Global Media and Global Integration
Dynamics of Local and Global Cultural Production
Cultural Diversity and Homogenization through Globalization
The Globalization of Religion

5. Global Population and mobility

The Global City
Global Demography
Global Migration and Labor Export
New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants

6. Toward Global Citizenship and Sustainability

Sustainable Development and Degrowth
Global Food Security
Global Citizenship
Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainability Development

7. Features of Globalization
Poverty and Lack of Ample Development under Globalization
Horror Stories of Capitalism: “Suicide”, “Garbage Chicken”, and “Mud Cake”
Income Inequality and Tax System
Public Control of the Financial System
Democratization of the International System
Let the Third World Catch Up: Technology Transfer, Agricultural Modernization and Industrialization
Tax Reforms to Finance Other Socioeconomic Reforms
Making Globalization Work: A Bottom-Up Approach
Universal Declaration of Human Right
 Introduction to Globalization

Globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies,
cultures, and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and flows of
investment, people, and information. But the term gained popularity after the Cold War in the early 1990s, as
these cooperative arrangements shaped modern everyday life. 

Globalization is the process by which the world, previously isolated through physical and technological
distance, becomes increasingly interconnected. It is manifested by the increase in interaction between peoples
around the world that involves the sharing of ideas, cultures, goods, services and investment. Globalization has
brought fear of loss of jobs and loss of income, which are often described as the “race to the bottom,” as
industrialized countries are thought to have to reduce wages to be competitive with those in the developing
world. Simply put it means the speedup of movements and exchanges (of human beings, goods, and services,
capital, technologies or cultural practices) all over the planet. One of the effects of globalization is that it
promotes and increases interactions between different regions and populations around the globe.

The history of globalization is driven by technology, transportation, and international cooperation. Since
ancient times, humans have sought distant places to settle, produce, and exchange goods enabled by
improvements in technology and transportation. But not until the 19th century did global integration take off.
Following centuries of European colonization and trade activity, that first “wave” of globalization was propelled
by steamships, railroads, the telegraph, and other breakthroughs, and also by increasing economic cooperation
among countries. The globalization trend eventually waned and crashed in the catastrophe of World War I,
followed by postwar protectionism, the Great Depression, and World War II. After World War II in the mid-
1940s, the United States led efforts to revive international trade and investment under negotiated ground rules,
starting a second wave of globalization, which remains ongoing, though buffeted by periodic downturns and
mounting political scrutiny.

The wide-ranging effects of globalization are complex and politically charged. As with major
technological advances, globalization benefits society as a whole, while harming certain groups. Understanding
the relative costs and benefits can pave the way for alleviating problems while sustaining the wider payoffs.
Examples of Globalization:
 Economic globalization: is the development of trade systems within transnational actors such as corporations
or NGOs;
 Financial globalization: can be linked with the rise of a global financial system with international financial
exchanges and monetary exchanges. Stock markets, for instance, are a great example of the financially
connected global world since when one stock market has a decline, it affects other markets negatively as well as
the economy as a whole.
 Cultural globalization: refers to the interpenetration of cultures which, as a consequence, means nations
adopt principles, beliefs, and costumes of other nations, losing their unique culture to a unique, globalized
supra-culture;
 Political globalization: the development and growing influence of international organizations such as the UN
or WHO means governmental action takes place at an international level. There are other bodies operating a
global level such as NGOs like Doctors without borders or Oxfam;
 Sociological globalization: information moves almost in real-time, together with the interconnection and
interdependence of events and their consequences. People move all the time too, mixing and integrating
different societies;
 Technological globalization: the phenomenon by which millions of people are interconnected thanks to the
power of the digital world via platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Skype or YouTube.
 Geographic globalization: is the new organization and hierarchy of different regions of the world that is
constantly changing. Moreover, with transportation and flying made so easy and affordable, apart from a few
countries with demanding visas, it is possible to travel the world without barely any restrictions;
 Ecological globalization: accounts for the idea of considering planet Earth as a single global entity – a
common good all societies should protect since the weather affects everyone and we are all protected by the
same atmosphere. To this regard, it is often said that the poorest countries that have been polluting the least will
suffer the most from climate change.
Globalization has benefits that cover many different areas. It reciprocally developed economies all over the
world and increased cultural exchanges. It also allowed financial exchanges between companies, changing the
paradigm of work.
Competing Conceptions of Globalization. Globalization is a relatively new idea in the social sciences,
although people who work in and write about the mass media, transnational corporations and international
business have been using it for some time. The central feature of the idea of globalization is that many
contemporary problems cannot be adequately studied at the level of nation-states, that is, in terms of each
country and its inter-national relations, but instead need to be seen in terms of global processes. Some globalists
(for example, Ohmae, 1990) have even gone so far as to predict that global forces, by which they usually mean
transnational corporations and other global economic institutions, global culture or globalizing belief
systems/ideologies of various types, or a combination of all of these, are becoming so powerful that the
continuing existence of the nation-state is in serious doubt. This is not a necessary consequence of most theories
of globalization, though many argue that the significance of the nation-state is declining (even if the ideology of
nationalism is still strong in some places). his difficulty is compounded by the fact that most theory and research
in sociology is based on concepts of society that identify the unit of analysis with a particular country (for
example, sociology of Britain, of Japan, of the USA, of Russia, of India, etc.), sub-systems within countries
(British education, the Japanese economy, American culture, politics in Russia, religion in India) or
comparisons between single countries and groups of them (modern Britain and traditional India, declining
America and ascendent Japan, rich and poor countries, the West and the East). This general approach, usually
called state-centrism, is still useful in many respects and there are clearly good reasons for it.
Main approaches to globalization:
As with other topics in sociology, there are several ways to categorize theory and research on globalization.

 The world-systems approach - is based on the distinction between core, semi peripheral and peripheral
countries in terms of their changing roles in the international division of labor dominated by the capitalist world-
system.
 Global Culture Model - A second model of globalization derives specifically from research on the
‘globalization of culture’. The global culture approach focuses on the problems that a homogenizing mass
media-based culture poses for national identities. As we shall see below, this is complementary to, rather than in
contradiction with, the global society approach, which focuses more on ideas of an emerging global
consciousness and their implications for global com-munity, governance and security.
 Globo-localism - A subset of the global culture approach, characterized as ‘Globo-localism’, derives from a
group of scholars from various countries and social science traditions whose main concern is to try to make
sense of the multifaceted and enormously complex web of local-global relations. There is a good deal of overlap
between this and the ‘globalization of culture’ model, but the Globo-local researchers tend to emphasize the
‘territorial’ dimension.
 Global Society - Models Inspiration for this general conception of globalization is often located in the pictures
of planet earth sent back by space explorers. A classic statement of this was the report of Apollo XIV astronaut
Edgar Mitchell in 1971: It was a beautiful, harmonious, peaceful-looking planet, blue with white clouds, and
one that gave you a deep sense of home, of being, of identity. It is what I prefer to call instant global
consciousness. Had astronaut Mitchell penetrated a little through the clouds, he would also have seen horrific
wars in Vietnam and other parts of Asia, bloody repression by various dictatorial regimes in Africa and Latin
America, dead and maimed bodies as a result of sectarian terrorism in Britain and Ireland, as well as a terrible
toll of human misery from hunger, disease, drug abuse and carnage on roads all round the world as automobile
cultures intensified their own peculiar structures of globalization. Historically, global society theorists argue that
the concept of world or global society has become a believable idea only in the modern age and, in particular,
 science, technology, industry and universal values are increasingly creating a twentieth century world that is
different from any past age.
 Global Capitalism Model - A fourth model of globalization locates the dominant global forces in the structures
of an ever-more globalizing capitalism (for example, Ross and Trachte 1990, Sklair 1995, McMichael 1996; see
also Robinson 1996). While all of these writers and others who could be identified with this approach develop
their own specific analyses of globalization, they all strive towards a concept of the ‘global’ that involves more
than the relations between nation-states and state-centrist explanations of national economies competing against
each other.

This account of the state of globalization studies to date has focused on what distinguishes global from
inter-national forces, processes and institutions. It is almost exclusively based on the European and North
American literature and it does not preclude the possibility of other and quite different conceptions of
globalization being developed elsewhere. Despite the view, particularly evident in the accounts of ‘global
culture’ theorists that globalization is more or less the same as Westernization or Americanization or
McDonaldization more and more critics are beginning to question this one-way traffic bias in the globalization
literature.
Philosophies and Ideologies of/ on/ against globalization
The influence of philosophy on human minds via training and education is rather strong, philosophers,
first of all, must learn thinking in terms of a holistic and united world and take a share of responsibility for the
adequate understanding of the fundamental globalization process. This means, philosophers from different
countries, representatives of various cultures and religious groups should reach such a level of mutual under-
standing and mutual relations. There is no need and no possibility to unify thoughts, cultures and probably ways
of life, but one cannot help seeking common foundation for joint living on our planet enjoying tolerance and
mutual understanding. To have this done, the issue of the status of philosophy must be brought up for a broad
discussion and international experience of teaching philosophy must be exchanged. Importance of this task was
confirmed at the 20th World Congress of Philosophy in Boston being a good starting point for this debate.
Although this topic is important for the whole world, it is especially significant for the countries their
authoritarianism is still dominant or strong enough.
Globalization is a social process, while globalism is an ideology that endows a concept of globalization
with a particular concept or value. He considers market globalism the dominant ideology of our time, and
believes that there are five major ideological claims of market globalism. ‘Ideologies of globalization: market
globalism, justice globalism, religious globalism’ investigates the ideologies underlying globalization, which
endow it with values and meanings. Market globalism advocates promise a consumerist, neoliberal, free-market
world. This ideology is held by many powerful individuals, who claim it transmits democracy and benefits
everyone. However, it also reinforces inequality, and can be politically motivated. Justice globalism envisages a
global civil society with fairer relationships and environmental safeguards. They disagree with market globalists
who view neoliberalism as the only way. Religious globalism strives for a global religious community with
superiority over secular structures. These three globalism, market globalism, justice globalism, and religious
globalism represent a set of political ideas and beliefs coherent and conceptually thick enough to warrant the
status of mature ideologies.
Positive and Negative Aspects of Globalization
Globalization has brought benefits in developed countries as well as negative effects.
Positive Effects of Globalization:
 Gives Access to a Larger Market - Through globalization countries and companies have access to a bigger
consumer base. Instead of only selling products in their country a business can expand to other regions boosting
sales and, in the process, making more money.
 Provides Cheaper Goods for Consumers - Because of globalization a lot of companies are moving to areas
where their cost of production is low, they, in turn, offer cheaper products because they are not expensive to
make hence lower prices for consumers.
 Globalization Wets Countries do what They do Best - For example, a country can buy cheap steel from
another country instead of making its own steel. They can then focus their efforts on making other things they
are good at like computers and export them to the countries they import cheap steal from.
 Leads to Better Economies - These investments by these multinationals or foreign countries also help
strengthen the economies of these countries with the foreign exchange they bring in. With an increased number
of investors looking for investment opportunities around the globe, country economies will benefit wherever
they invest. Through globalization economies of different countries are becoming more connected to one
another since they depend on each other for trade.
 Promotes World Peace and Unity - Globalization brings governments together so that they can tackle common
goals together. For example, due to globalization world leaders have seen the impact of pollution and have
resolved to tackle climate change together. Also, it is unlikely that a country trading a lot of products and
services with another will attack it or want to go to war with it.
 Innovation - The desire to make a profit has always been a spur to expanded trade, innovation, and the
communication of ideas. The great ideas from leaders spread more easily.
 Better Quality and Variety - Competition from different countries drives firms to improve their products.
Consumers have better quality products and more variety as a result.
Negative Effects of Globalization:
 Causes Environmental Damage - Globalization has led to increased production for businesses in order to meet
global demand. Increased production means more natural resources are used and this can be used up before they
are regenerated leading to a negative impact on the environment.
 Causes Fluctuation of Prices - Increased competition means that businesses with the best prices win. Due to
competition prices are always fluctuating, for example, a country like the US has to reduce its prices often to
compete with prices for the same product coming from China.
 Job Insecurity - Globalization provides a double-edged sword when it comes to jobs. It creates jobs for people
in developing countries who provide cheaper manufacturing jobs. For example, many companies are setting up
in India and China because wages and manufacturing jobs are cheaper there which means fewer opportunities in
developed worlds.
The international Labor Organization Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization. The
International Labor Organization unanimously adopted the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair
Globalization on 10 June 2008. This is the third major statement of principles and policies adopted by the
International Labor Conference since the ILO’s Constitution of 1919. It builds on the Philadelphia Declaration
of 1944 and the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work of 1998. The 2008 Declaration
expresses the contemporary vision of the ILO’s mandate in the era of globalization. The aspiration for social
justice, through which every working man and woman can claim freely and on the basis of equality of
opportunity their fair share of the wealth that they have helped to generate, is as great today as it was when the
ILO was created in 1919.
The Declaration promotes decent work through a coordinated approach to achieving four strategic objectives:
employment, social protection, social dialogue, and fundamental principles and rights at work. The impact of
the Declaration, in particular the extent to which it has contributed to promoting the aims and purposes of the
Organization through the integrated pursuit of the strategic objectives, is the subject of a Conference review in
2016. The Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization marks the most important renewal of the
Organization since the Declaration of Philadelphia. It gives us a historic opportunity and responsibility to
reinforce the capacity of the ILO. The Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization is a renewed
statement of faith in the ILO. It builds on the values and principles embodied in the ILO Constitution and
reinforces them to meet the challenges of the 21st century. It reflects an ILO confident in the relevance of its
vision and mandate, as well as fully committed to assume its contemporary responsibilities
The General Assembly, Recalling the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the
economic, social and related fields, including the development goals and objectives contained therein,
and recognizing the vital role played by these conferences and summits in shaping a broad
development vision and in identifying commonly agreed objectives, which have contributed to
improving human life in different parts of the world, Reaffirming the commitment made in the 2005
World Summit Outcome1 to full and productive employment and decent work for all, including for
women and young people, as a central objective of relevant national and international policies as well as
national development strategies, including poverty reduction strategies, as part of the efforts to achieve the
Millennium Development Goals, Recalling its resolution 59/57 of 2 December 2004 on A Fair
Globalization: Creating Opportunities for All — report of the World Commission on the Social
Dimension of Globalization, Recalling also its resolution 62/208 of 19 December 2007 on the triennial
comprehensive policy review of operational activities for development of the United Nations system,
Reaffirming the resolve expressed in the United Nations Millennium Declaration2 to ensure that
globalization becomes a positive force for the people of the entire world and the commitment to ensuring greater
policy coherence and better cooperation between the United Nations, its agencies, the Bretton Woods
institutions and other multilateral bodies, with a view to achieving a fully coordinated approach to the problems
of development, Recognizing that full and productive employment and decent work for all is one of
the key elements for poverty reduction strategies that facilitate the achievement of the
internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and that it
requires a multidimensional focus that incorporates Governments, the private sector, civil society
organizations, representatives of employers and workers, international organizations and, in
particular, the agencies of the United Nations system and the international financial institutions, Reaffirming
that development is a central goal in and of itself and that sustainable development in its economic,
social and environmental aspects constitutes a key element of the overarching framework of United
Nations activities,
1. Takes note with interest of the adoption at the ninety-seventh session of the International Labor Conference
of the Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, which calls for and offers an integrated strategy to
promote decent work;
2. Recognizes that in the present context of globalization, achieving an improved and fair outcome for all has
become even more necessary in order to meet the universal aspiration for social justice, reach full employment,
ensure the sustainability of open societies and the global economy, achieve social cohesion and combat poverty
and rising inequalities;
3. Also recognizes that the social impact of the current economic crisis may disproportionately affect the
weakest and most vulnerable segments of society with increased poverty, underemployment, growth in
inequality and difficult social conditions;
4. Reiterates its support for a fair globalization, and resolves to make the goals of full and productive
employment and decent work for all, including for women and young people, a central objective of
relevant national and international policies, including poverty reduction strategies, as well as other
measures which may be developed in response to the current economic crisis, as appropriate, with the
aim of achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development
Goals;
5. Supports the call of the Declaration to promote and contribute to the implementation of an integrated
approach to the decent work agenda, based on the four inseparables, interrelated and mutually supportive
strategic objectives of employment creation, rights at work, social dialogue and social protection;
6. Reiterates that the Toolkit for Mainstreaming Employment and Decent Work, as adopted by the United
Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination and endorsed by the Economic and Social Council,
provides a practical method for advancing coherence in policymaking and implementation on these issues
within the United Nations system;
7. Requests the United Nations funds, programmes, specialized agencies and financial institutions to continue to
mainstream the goals of full and productive employment and decent work for all in their policies, programmes
and activities through the application of the Toolkit for Mainstreaming Employment and Decent Work;
8. Encourages Member States to consider applying the Toolkit at the national level in an effort to promote
policy coherence around the promotion of full employment and decent work;
 9. Requests the Secretary-General to duly take into account the Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair
Globalization when considering related reports in the economic and social fields.

The Structures of Globalization

There are different structures in everything, and in structures of globalization we have three main structures,
Social, Political and Economic globalization.
 Political globalization refers to the amount of political co-operation that exists between different countries.
This ties in with the belief that “umbrella” global organizations are better placed than individual states to
prevent conflict. The League of Nations established after WW1 was certainly one of the pioneers in this. Since
then, global organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), United Nations (UN), and more
regional organizations such as the EU have helped to increase the degree of political globalization.
 Social globalization refers to the sharing of ideas and information between and through different countries. In
today’s world, the Internet and social media is at the heart of this. Good examples of social globalization could
include internationally popular films, books and TV series. The Harry Potter/ Twilight films and books have
been successful all over the world, making the characters featured globally recognizable. However, this cultural
flow tends to flow from the center (i.e., from developed countries such as the USA to less developed countries).
Social globalization is often criticized for eroding cultural differences.
 Economic globalization refers to the interconnectedness of economies through trade and the exchange of
resources.
 Effectively, therefore, no national economy really operates in isolation, which means national economies
influence each other. This is clearly evidenced by global recession from 2007 onwards. Economic globalization
also means that there is a two-way structure for technologies and resources. For example, countries like the
USA will sell their technologies to countries, which lack these, and natural resources from developing countries
are sold to the developed countries that need them.
The Global Economy and Market Integration. Economic integration is an arrangement among nations
that typically includes the reduction or elimination of trade barriers and the coordination of monetary and fiscal
policies. Economic integration aims to reduce costs for both consumers and producers and to increase trade
between the countries involved in the agreement.
Economic integration is sometimes referred to as regional integration as it often occurs among
neighboring nations. When regional economies agree on integration, trade barriers fall and economic and
political coordination increases. Specialists in this area define seven stages of economic integration: a
preferential trading area, a free trade area, a customs union, a common market, an economic union, an economic
and monetary union, and complete economic integration. The final stage represents a total harmonization of
fiscal policy and a complete monetary union.
The advantages of economic integration fall into three categories: trade benefits, employment, and
political cooperation. More specifically, economic integration typically leads to a reduction in the cost of
trade, improved availability of goods and services and a wider selection of them, and gains in efficiency that
lead to greater purchasing power.
Note: Economic integration can reduce the costs of trade, improve the availability of goods and
services, and increase consumer purchasing power in member nations.
Employment opportunities tend to improve because trade liberalization leads to market expansion,
technology sharing, and cross-border investment. Political cooperation among countries also can improve
because of stronger economic ties, which provide an incentive to resolve conflicts peacefully and lead to greater
stability.
Despite the benefits, economic integration has costs. These fall into two categories:
 Diversion of trade. That is, trade can be diverted from nonmembers to members, even if it is
economically detrimental for the member state.
 Erosion of national sovereignty. Members of economic unions typically are required to adhere to rules
on trade, monetary policy, and fiscal policies established by an unelected external policymaking body.
Because economists and policymakers believe economic integration leads to significant benefits, many
institutions attempt to measure the degree of economic integration across countries and regions. The
methodology for measuring economic integration typically involves multiple economic indicators including
trade in goods and services, cross-border capital flows, labor migration, and others. Assessing economic
integration also includes measures of institutional conformity, such as membership in trade unions and the
strength of institutions that protect consumer and investor rights.
Three fundamental factors have affected the process of economic globalization and are likely to continue driving
it in the future.
 First, improvements in the technology of transportation and communication have reduced the costs of
transporting goods, services, and factors of production and of communicating economically useful knowledge
and technology.
 Second, the tastes of individuals and societies have generally, but not universally, favored taking advantage of
the opportunities provided by declining costs of transportation and communication through increasing economic
integration.
 Third, public policies have significantly influenced the character and pace of economic integration, although
not always in the direction of increasing economic integration.
These three fundamental factors have influenced the pattern and pace of economic integration in all of
its important dimensions. In particular, this paper discusses three important dimensions of economic integration:
(1) through human migration; (2) through trade in goods and services; and (3) through movements of capital and
integration of financial markets. After examining how fundamental forces have influenced economic integration
in these dimensions, the paper concludes with reflections on three issues of general importance to the future
course of global economic integration: the importance of communication as an influence on integration; the
possibility that we may see a sharp reversal in the general trend of increasing integration, as occurred in the
interwar period; and the apparent end of imperialism as a mechanism of integration. Before turning to this
agenda, however, it is important to emphasize a key theme that will recur in subsequent discussion: the main
factors that drive the process of economic integration exert not only independent influences but also interact in
important and complex ways.
The desire of people to take advantage of what they see as the benefits of closer economic integration—
that is, the taste for the benefits of integration—is a key reason why it is profitable to make the innovations and
investments that bring improvements in the technology of transportation and communication. And, public policy
has often played a significant role in fostering innovation and investment in transportation and communication
both to pursue the benefits of closer economic integration (within as well as across political boundaries) and for
other reasons, such as national defense.
Global Corporations and Globalization. A global corporation A global corporation is a business that
operates in two or more countries. A major motive of becoming a global corporation is to expand revenue
opportunities and to diversify business rinks. Operating in multiple countries allows us to achieve success in
different type of economies. GE, Nestlé, and Procter & Gamble are examples of companies with an
increasingly global mind-set: businesses are run on a global basis, top management is
increasingly international, and new ideas routinely come from all parts of the globe. A global corporation, also
known as a global company, is coined from the base term 'global', which means all around the world. The global
company definition, therefore, should be a little more lenient to accommodate this fact, which would enable
more companies to call themselves global companies. Global Corporations in Finance In the world of finance
and investing, a global corporation is one that has significant investments and facilities in multiple countries and
lacks a dominant headquarters. Global corporations are governed by the laws of the country where they are
incorporated.
 Multinational corporations are agents of globalization. At the same time, many multinational
corporations are also affected by globalization in ways they may or may not like. This reality stems from the
fact that multinational corporations have many subsidiaries, some of which benefit from globalization and
others that do not. The effects of globalization on multinational businesses can be good or bad, depending on the
nature of the corporation in question.
 Globalization gives businesses access to markets that would have been difficult to reach in the past. Because
of the internet, customers from anywhere in the world can order products from companies anywhere else in the
world, and have those products delivered by airplane in just a few weeks. This is naturally a tremendous
advantage to businesses, who stand to increase their potential customer base by millions by reaching out to
foreign buyers.
 Put multinational corporations and globalization together, and you get a business that can access labor at cheap
prices. Outsourcing and off-shoring allow businesses to hire employees in foreign countries, where labor and
real estate costs may be lower than in the business' home country. While these practices can have negative
effects on workers looking for full-time jobs, there is no doubt that they decrease costs, and therefore increase
profits, for businesses.
 Companies affected by globalization are able to form partnerships with organizations all around the world.
Many American, European, and Asian companies have corporate partnerships that stretch across continents. For
example, Google partnered in 2014 with South Korea's LG Electronics and in 2017 with Taiwan's HTC to be
able to offer its own line of cellular phones, including the Google Pixel. These kinds of partnerships minimize
costs and maximize quality by playing to the strengths of teams all around the world.
 Globalization gives multinational corporations the ability to seek out foreign countries for their investments
when their current country adopts a tax policy, they find to be unfavorable. Countries with low corporate tax
rates are sometimes called "tax havens," as they allow corporations and individuals to lower their tax rates by
moving assets offshore. These counties include Bermuda, Belize and Switzerland. The international financial
structure, comprised of encrypted information systems and private documents, makes all this possible
 Multinational corporations may have a difficult time coordinating activities in a globalized economy. A
company that operates in America, Japan and Europe, for example, will need to hire employees who speak
many different languages, and it may be difficult for that company to make sure all employees are on the same
page when only a few of them speak the same language. Translators may be called upon to assist in information
coordination where language barriers exist. Other coordination problems may come from differences in cultural
norms, for example, marketing in the Muslim world, and business norms such as managing logistics in countries
with low-quality infrastructure.
Role of International Financial Institutions in the Creation of a Global Economy. In many parts of
the world, international financial institutions (IFIs) play a major role in the social and economic development
programs of nations with developing or transitional economies. This role includes advising on development
projects, funding them and assisting in their implementation.
Characterized by AAA-credit ratings and a broad membership of borrowing and donor countries, each of
these institutions operates independently. All however, share the following goals and objectives:
 to reduce global poverty and improve people's living conditions and standards;
 to support sustainable economic, social and institutional development; and
 to promote regional cooperation and integration.

IFIs achieve these objectives through loans, credits and grants to national governments. Such funding is
usually tied to specific projects that focus on economic and socially sustainable development. IFIs also provide
technical and advisory assistance to their borrowers and conduct extensive research on development issues. In
addition to these public procurement opportunities, in which multilateral financing is delivered to a national
government for the implementation of a project or program, IFIs are increasingly lending directly to non-
sovereign guaranteed (NSG) actors. These include sub-national government entities, as well as the private
sector.
Canada is a partner and shareholder in the World Bank, which is the major global IFI, and in several
regional development banks. This membership permits Canadian firms and individuals to compete for
 procurement opportunities in bank-funded projects and programs. Canada's Offices of Liaison with International
Financial Institutions (OLIFIs) can help you learn about IFIs, including information on where and how funds are
spent, and how to find and pursue these opportunities. During recent years, IFIs have made considerable
progress in harmonizing the way they procure goods and services. In many cases, they are now using similar
policies and
procedures, although the interpretation of these approaches may still vary at the level of the individual
institution. In the sections that follow, we'll look at the common features of IFI procurement and how it works
All IFIs use country strategy documents, as these are fundamental to establishing an IFI's lending priorities
for a particular country. Based on the country's own vision for its long-term development and written by the IFI,
the document lays out the IFI's support program for the nation. A country strategy begins by analyzing the
causes of poverty within the population and identifying key areas where the IFI's assistance can reduce it most
effectively. This establishes a foundation for the IFI's future activities in the country, which can range across the
entire spectrum of economic and social needs. The development of the country strategy involves extensive
discussions with many stakeholders, including government authorities, representatives of civil society, non-
government organizations, development agencies and the private sector. These discussions are crucial to the
success of the strategy because they promote collaboration and coordination among the various national
partners.
All IFI-funded projects are implemented by the borrowing countries, not by the IFI providing the funds.
However, all borrowers must follow the IFI's rules and procedures throughout the entire project cycle. This is
intended to guarantee efficiency and transparency in the use of IFI funds. The project cycle, which has similar
stages for all IFIs, is the framework for the design, preparation, implementation, completion and evaluation of a
project. Business opportunities occur throughout the cycle, so becoming familiar with it will increase your
chances of identifying an opportunity and securing a contract. You should be aware, though, that project cycles
can often last for several years, so being involved in a project from start to finish can require a substantial long-
term investment on your part. However, the smaller components within a given project cycle can provide many
shorter-term opportunities.
In general, the project cycle consists of the following stages:
 Preparation: Once a proposed project has entered the project pipeline, the borrower and IFI technical staff
study and define it further. The actual design and preparation of the project are the borrowing country's
responsibility. During this stage, the borrower and/or the IFI frequently hire consultants to help with feasibility
studies, detailed project design and the assessment of the project's environmental and social effects.
 Appraisal: IFI staff conduct in-depth assessments of the technical, financial and economic elements of the
project. The appraisal phase is the IFI's responsibility and culminates in a project plan.
 Negotiation: The IFI and the borrower negotiate the funding agreement and the project implementation plans.
Negotiations result in a loan or funding document that is presented to the appropriate IFI board(s) for approval.
The funding becomes effective after board approval and after the country has signed the documents. Funds can
now be disbursed, thus commencing the implementation stage of the project.
 Implementation and Supervision: Implementation of the project, including procurement, is the responsibility
of the borrower and is carried out with minimal IFI assistance. However, the IFI does oversee all major
procurement decisions made by the borrower. Most of the funds are spent during this phase, which provides the
bulk of the procurement opportunities for contractors.
 Evaluation: This final phase is an assessment of the project and of the results achieved. It is performed after
the project has been completed and all funds have been disbursed.
The international financial bodies have to play the role of changing market positions. The traditional objectives
of some of these institutions such as the World Bank and the IMF entail elevation of poverty in developing
countries, enhancing measures that promote economic growth and protection of the environment.

The Global Interstate System and Contemporary Global Governance House Bill No. 2625 (The
Profit-Sharing Act of 2016). The global interstate system is the whole system of human interactions. The
modern world-system is structured politically as an interstate system – a system of competing and allying states.
Political Scientists commonly call this the international system, and it is the main focus of the field of
International Relations. Global governance brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at the
level of the planet. The goal of global governance, roughly defined, is to provide global public goods,
particularly peace and security, justice and mediation systems for conflict, functioning markets and unified
standards for trade and industry.
The leading institution in charge of global governance today is the United Nations. It was founded in
1945, in the wake of the Second World War, as a way to prevent future conflicts on that scale. The United
Nations does not directly bring together the people of the world, but sovereign nation states, and currently
counts 193 members who make recommendations through the UN General Assembly. The UN’s main mandate
is to preserve global security, which it does particularly through the Security Council.
The House Bill No. 2625 or the Profit-Sharing Act of 2016 urges all companies in the Philippines to
share 10 percent of their annual net income among all their employees through House Bill 2625 proposed by
Buhay Rep. Lito Atienza. The former Manila mayor and a one-time head of the National Housing Authority
urged his colleagues, along with the entire business sector, to support such a proposal that would “mandate and
institutionalize profit-sharing” – both to regular and contractual employees.
“This bill seeks to help our countrymen benefit from economic improvement by making sure this trickle down
to our daily wage earners,” he said.
According to Atienza, hardworking Filipino workers employed locally deserve this, especially since
“the Philippine economy is growing at a fast pace, owing largely to the billions of dollars remitted by overseas
Filipino workers, as well as the business processing outsourcing industry,” Under the proposed bill, all business
establishments that make a profit for a fiscal year shall annually distribute 10 percent of their net income to all
their employees, both regular and contractual. The total amount given by the company thru profit sharing shall
be tax creditable. He issued the statement during the hearing of the House committee on labor and employment
where HB 2625 was taken up.
“This entails no sacrifice on the part of the investors because whatever is shared with their employees becomes
tax-deductible for the succeeding year. When we filed this bill during the 16th Congress, it was approved
unanimously by the committee,” he recalled.
“In fact, all the members then expressed their support by becoming principal sponsors. All the employees’
groups who participated in the hearings were excited about it because they realized it would give them a bigger
share in the growing economy of the country,” he said. Atienza noted that many firms have adopted a profit-
sharing policy, and only want such institutionalized and implemented on a national scale, where even the lowest
of workers get to enjoy from such additional remuneration. Rep. Mark Go of Baguio City supported Atienza’s
bill. According to him, this will motivate people to do better on their jobs.
“Once you initiate this profit-sharing scheme, you will also encourage people to improve their performance
because they know that if they improve their performance, it will also improve the amount that will be shared
among them by the end of the year,” Go said. Atienza said Labor Undersecretary Bernard Olalia backed the
measure and cited Art. 13 Section 3 of the 1987 Constitution where the state aims to “regulate the relations
between workers and employers.” This constitutional provision recognizes “the right of labor to its just share in
the fruits of production and the right of enterprises to reasonable returns of investments, and to expansion and
growth.”
“We urge the participation of all sectors concerned. Let’s discuss this proposed law so we can clarify issues at
the committee level. We expect Congress and the President to eventually support it,” Atienza said.
 A World of Regions
Observing the dramatic shift in world politics since the end of the Cold War, Peter J. Katzenstein argues
that regions have become critical to contemporary world politics. This view is in stark contrast to those who
focus on the purportedly stubborn persistence of the nation-state or the inevitable march of globalization.
In detailed studies of technology and foreign investment, domestic and international security, and
cultural diplomacy and popular culture, Katzenstein examines the changing regional dynamics of Europe and
Asia, which are linked to the United States through Germany and Japan.
Regions, Katzenstein contends, are interacting closely with an American imperium that combines territorial and
non-territorial powers. Katzenstein argues that globalization and internationalization create open or porous
regions. Region’s may provide solution to the contradictions between states and markets, security, nationalism
and cosmopolitanism. Embedded in the American imperium, regions are now central to world politics.
Regionalism - It is examined in relation to identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability and
health. It is a process and must be treated as an “emergent, socially constituted phenomenon.” Regions are not
natural or given rather, they are constructed and defined by the policymakers, economic actors and even social
movements. regional concentration of economic flows”. It is the process of dividing the area into smaller
segments called regions.
Example: Division of Nation into states or province. The economic and political definitions of regions
vary.  Other countries make up for their small size by taking advantage of their strategic location. Countries
form regional alliance - for as the saying – there is a strength in numbers’, some are large enough and have a lot
of resources to dictate how they participate in process of global integration. Example: China 

Global Divides: The North and South First and Third Worlds. North-South Divide the North-South
divide is broadly considered a socio-economic and political divide. Generally, definitions of the Global North
include the United States, Canada, Western, Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand. The Global South is
made up of African, Latin America, and developing Asia including the Middle East. The North is home to all
the members of the G8 and four of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.
In economic terms, the North - with one quarter of the world population -controls four - fifths of the
income earned anywhere in the world. 90 % of the manufacturing industries are owned by and located in the
North. Inversely, the South - with three quarters of the world populations - has access to one-fifth of the world
income. As nations become economically developed, they may become part of the "North", regardless of
geographical location similarly, any nations that do not qualify for "developed" status are in effect deemed to be
part of the "South
The North mostly covers the West and the First World, along with much of the Second World, while the
South largely corresponds with the Third World. While the North may be defined as the richer, more developed
region and the South as the poorer, less developed region, many more factors differentiate between the two
global areas. 95 % of the North has enough food and shelter. The Global South "lacks appropriate technology, it
has no political stability, the economies are disarticulated, and their foreign exchange earnings depend on
primary product exports." Nevertheless, the divide between the North and the South increasingly corresponds
less and less to reality and is increasingly challenged.
Global South, the "Global South is a term that has been emerging in the transnational and postcolonial
studies to refer to what may also be called the "Third World". Global South is more than the extension of a
"metaphor for underdeveloped countries. "In general, it refers to those countries' "interconnected histories of
colonialism, neo-imperialism, and differential economic and social change through which large inequalities in
living standards, life expectancy, and access to resources are maintained.

Latin America and the Philippines under Globalization. With some exceptions, the economic
performance of Latin American countries in the last thirty years has been disappointing. In a period of
increasing global integration, the apparent fall of Latin American countries through the ladder of development
contrasts sharply with the improvement in the wellbeing of many people around the world, especially in Asia.
What is special about Latin America? Peter Schott presents an empirical comparison of Latin America's and
Asia's exports structure to the United States. He finds that Latin American manufacturing exports receive a
higher price than Asian exports in product markets where the two regions compete directly. He argues that
greater productive efficiency of Asian countries is a possible explanation, raising doubts on ability of Latin
American countries to continue competing with Asian products in U.S. markets without technology
improvements.

Bernardo Blum argues that geography resources, location and climate- is the main determinant of the
wealth level and income distribution of countries. He shows evidence that income per capita is positively related
to the structure of exports. Far-away labor-abundant countries have difficulties attracting manufacturing
production, and countries exporting capital-intensive manufactures show lower inequality because a large
fraction of their wealth is invested in human capital. These features imply that geographical characteristics can
explain a big part of the cross-country variability of income per capita and income distribution, suggesting that
the role for governments is smaller than usually thought.

Finally, Sebastián Claro argues that part of the poor economic performance of Latin American countries
can be associated with their fear to embrace global integration. In a world dominated by international
technology differences, integration in product and capital markets push countries toward specialization. The
introduction of policy distortions to avoid specialization can generate important output and employment costs,
as well as disruption of capital inflows. Rather than confronting globalization, encouraging technological
innovations is key to improve the standards of living

The Philippine economy, like that of most other EMEs, has become increasingly integrated with the global
economy. This is evident in the general increase in trade in goods and labor migration. There is also greater
integration in finance, albeit at a relatively moderate pace. While the foregoing trends show continuing trade,
migration, and financial integration of the Philippines, an unintended consequence is the greater exposure of the
country’s domestic economy to migrant returns and volatility spillovers from other countries’ equity markets.
However, the country’s participation in the globalized world of trade, finance and migration has resulted in
tangible benefits, including low and stable inflation, a low unemployment rate, more than adequate gross
international reserves, and a sound and fundamentally strong banking system. Evidence suggests that
globalization has a positive effect on the country’s economic growth and employment. In particular, trade
openness and foreign portfolio flows have contributed to higher per capita GDP growth in the Philippines,
following the implementation of FX liberalization reforms. A significant increase in OF remittances has raised
consumption, investment, labor productivity and economic growth. These OF remittances have also supported
the Philippine economy during normal times and crisis situations in the past, and this is expected to continue in
the future. In addition to the country’s credible and efficient implementation of inflation targeting (Guinigundo
 (2017)), globalization is also considered as one of the factors for the observed decline in the sensitivity of
inflation in the Philippines to changes in real economic activity or the flattening of the Phillips curve.
It is worth noting that, while there is evidence that higher rates of growth can reduce poverty (Dollar et al
(2013)), if GDP growth is accompanied by an increase in inequality, this could still worsen poverty. According
to Bourguignon (2004), both growth and inequality changes play a major role in generating changes in poverty.
He explains that, over the medium run, distributional changes may be responsible for sizeable changes in
poverty and in some instances, these changes may even offset the favorable effects of growth. This was
supported by a study conducted in the Philippines by Reyes and Tabuga (2011), in which they found that, while
the rate of growth matters a lot in poverty reduction, the redistribution of income also matters.17 This implies
that the nature of economic growth matters. While globalization has no direct impact on poverty, globalization
can affect poverty indirectly through its impact on economic growth and income inequality.
Globalization and Regionalization in Asia. Globalization and regionalization are contradictory unity as
their goal in some cases may be the same, and in some can be quite divergent. Both of these processes form new
institutions in the global economic space which determine the actions of macroeconomic subjects, thus there is
transplantation of institutions in most developed countries, which in turn causes a strong socioeconomic
dependence of recipient countries, hinders their development and enhances the technical -economic
underdevelopment, reduces welfare, and increases economic and political risks. These problems could be solved
by the development of modern market institutions at the regional level, especially in innovative and investment
area. The features of these institutions are the current structure of regional norms and relations, as well as
innovation and industrial clusters.
The Asian financial crisis has provided new fuel for this debate. Prominent, mainstream Asian thinkers from
India, to Malaysia, to Japan are now pointing to globalization as a possible threat to internal cohesion and
economic health. Commentators in the West have generally assumed that the crisis would precipitate
disillusionment with so-called Asian approaches to governance and economic management, spurring further
"convergence" with Western practices. Although there is evidence that some Asian countries have moved in this
direction, others are drawing alternative conclusions: namely, that adherence to Western methods leaves Asian
societies more vulnerable to the ravages of global capitalism, and more exposed to forces that corrode long-
standing cultural and social norms. The outcome of this debate will have profound implications for the region’s
security environment, and for the United States – which is seen in much of Asia as the ultimate driving force
behind globalization.
Nearly two years since Asia’s economic crisis began, the region has begun to express doubts about the impact
of globalization on regional societies. Although the term defies simple definition, participants agreed that
globalization has several core characteristics:
 Unprecedented economic interdependence, driven by cross-border capital movements, rapid
technology transfer, and "real time" communication and information flows.
 Rise of new actors that challenge state authority, particularly non-governmental organizations and
civic groups, global firms and production networks, and even financial markets.
 Growing pressure on states to conform to new international standards of governance, particularly in
the areas of transparency and accountability.
 The emergence of an increasingly Western-dominated international culture, a trend which in many
countries has sparked concern about the erosion of national identity and traditional values.
 The rise of severe transnational problems that require multilateral cooperation to resolve.
A number of participants linked the rise of new "transnational" concerns to the impact of globalization. Many of
these challenges represent long-term threats that have traditionally fallen outside the realm of foreign policy.
The cross-boundary nature of these threats also poses a dilemma for Asian governments. Developing the
institutional capacity – at both the domestic and international level – to address these concerns will be a major
challenge for the region in the next century. These new threats include:
 Energy and environmental concerns. Rapid economic growth in Asia has led to growing reliance on
energy imports, increasing the importance of sea lanes and transportation routes. The region’s increased use of
energy has also exacerbated environmental degradation, which several participants linked to social unrest.
 Food and water security. The growing problem of environmental degradation, coupled with growing
populations in the region have increased pressure on food and water supplies. Although improvements in
agricultural technology appear likely to mitigate food security issues, water availability was cited by several
participants as a likely source of conflict in the future.
 Migration. The combination of rapidly growing populations in much of the developing world,
increasingly porous national borders, and disparities in economic growth rates, have sparked a dramatic increase
in international migration. Migration has already emerged as a source of tension in Southeast Asia; Malaysia
deployed troops and naval vessels to limit the arrival of Indonesian migrants during the financial crisis.
 Organized crime and threats from other "non-state" actors. Through the increasing ease of
communication and transportation flows, and the growing permeability of national borders, organized crime
networks, terrorists, drugs and weapons traffickers, and even human smugglers face fewer constraints on their
activity. Some participants suggested that these threats may prove to be some of the most pernicious of the
21st century.

The capacity of globalization to fuel rapid economic growth – and to ravage economies almost overnight –
implies that regional and global balances of power can change more quickly than in the past. The combination
of rapid Chinese economic growth and extended stagnation in Japan, for example, could significantly alter the
balance of political, economic, and military power in Asia in a relatively short period of time.
Participants noted that globalization could also give rise to new sources of rivalry. Deepening economic
integration, for example, could contribute to the emergence of regional economic blocks that compete for power
and influence. Some participants suggested that the European Union’s rise as a possible challenge to American
economic dominance can be seen as a political consequence of globalization.  Globalization, in other words,
appears to have had a relatively minor impact on political relationships in Northeast and South Asia – at least
until now. Whether the forces of globalization will serve to remold the international system and create
fundamentally new forms of interaction, remains to be seen.

Confronting the Challenges of Globalization. While globalization offers many benefits, it’s not without
challenges. Velocity Global’s 2020 State of Global Expansion™ Report: Technology Industry reveals some of
the top challenges that U.S. and UK tech leaders face when taking their companies global, and leaders of other
companies likely face the same obstacles. Some of the hurdles companies face when going global include:
Confronting the Challenges of Globalization:
1. International Recruiting. It’s not surprising that 30% of U.S. and UK tech leaders cited international
recruiting as their most common challenge. Recruiting across borders creates unknowns for HR teams. First,
companies create a plan for how they will interview and thoroughly vet candidates to make sure they are
qualified when thousands of miles separate them from headquarters. Next, companies need to know the
market’s demands for salaries and benefits to make competitive offers. To ensure successful hires, HR teams
must factor in challenges like time zones, cultural differences, and language barriers to find a good fit for the
company.
2. Managing Employee Immigration. Immigration challenges cause a lot of headaches internally, which is why
28% of U.S. and UK tech leaders agreed it was one of their top challenges. Immigration laws change often, and
in some countries, it is extremely difficult to secure visas for employees that are foreign nationals. The U.S., for
example, is getting stricter with granting H-1B visas, and Brexit makes the future of immigration to the UK
uncertain.
3. Incurring Tariffs and Export Fees. Another challenge both U.S and UK tech leaders said they face in the
report is incurring tariffs and export fees—29% agreed this is a challenge for their global businesses. For
companies looking to sell products abroad, getting those items overseas can be expensive, depending on the
market.
4. Payroll and Compliance Challenges. Another common global expansion obstacle is managing overseas
payroll and maintaining compliance with changing employment and tax laws. This management task gets even
more difficult if you’re trying to manage operations in multiple markets.
 5. Loss of Cultural Identity. While globalization has made foreign countries easier to access, it has also begun to
meld unique societies together. The success of certain cultures throughout the world caused other countries to
emulate them. But when cultures begin to lose their distinctive features, we lose our global diversity.
6. Foreign Worker Exploitation. Lower costs do benefit many consumers, but it also creates tough competition
that leads some companies to search for cheap labor sources. Some western companies ship their production
overseas to countries like China and Malaysia, where lax regulations make it easier to exploit workers.
7. Global Expansion Difficulties For businesses that want to go global and discover the benefits of globalization,
setting up a compliant overseas presence is difficult. If companies take the traditional route of setting up an
entity, they need substantial upfront capital, sometimes up to $20,000, and costs of $200,000 annually to
maintain the business. Additionally, global businesses must keep up with different and ever-changing labor laws
in new countries. When expanding into new countries, companies must be aware of how to navigate new legal
systems. Otherwise, missteps lead to impediments and severe financial and legal consequences.
8. Immigration Challenges and Local Job Loss. The political climates in the United States and Europe show that
there are different viewpoints on the results of globalization. Many countries around the globe are tightening
their immigration rules, and it is harder for immigrants to find jobs in new countries. This rise in nationalism is
mainly due to anger from the perception that foreigners fill domestic jobs or at companies moving their
operations abroad to save money on labor costs. For example, the Economic Policy Institute reports that the
U.S. trade deficit with China (or the amount by which our imports exceed our exports) cost Americans 3.4
million jobs since 2001.
Because the world is already so connected, most people don’t notice globalization at work every single day. But
the world is getting smaller, and companies need to understand what this means for the future of doing business.
Companies that don’t embrace globalization risk losing a competitive advantage, which allows other businesses
to take over new opportunities in the global marketplace.
The Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022
 The Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022 reinforces the Philippine Competition Act (PCA) through
strategies that aim to foster an environment that penalizes anti-competitive practices, facilitates entry of players,
supports regulatory reforms, and improves trade policies to stimulate investments and innovation and boost
competitiveness. 
The goal of the PDP 2017-2022 is to enable Filipinos to attain a matatag, maginhawa at panatag na buhay. It
acknowledges the accomplishments of the previous administrations, adopts the good practices and carefully
considers the lessons gleaned from these experiences.
The strategies to achieve the abovementioned targets fall under the three major pillars of 
 Malasakit (building a high-trust society);
 Pagbabago (transforming towards equity and resiliency); and
 Patuloy na Pag-unlad (increasing growth potential).
The present Philippine Development Plan endeavours to empower the poor and marginalized, push for
improved transparency and accountability in governance, and fuel the economy. Specifically, growth shall be
more inclusive by lowering poverty incidence in the rural areas, more jobs shall be created, making individuals
and communities more resilient, driving innovation, and building greater trust in government and in society.
“AmBisyon Natin 2040” represents the collective long-term vision and aspirations of the Filipino people for
themselves and for the country in the next 25 years. It is a Vision, not a plan. A Vision presents a picture of the
future, a set of personal life goals as well as ideals for the country; a plan, on the other hand, consists of a set of
strategies to achieve the goals. Plans are contingent on various factors and circumstances, just as routes to a
given destination can vary depending on weather or road conditions. A vision, like a goal or a destination,
remains fixed, at least for the given time horizon. Ambisyon Natin 2040 provides the anchor for the country’s
development plans until 2040.
The present Plan seeks, inter alia, to expand economic opportunities in the agriculture, forestries and fisheries
sector (AFF). In particular, chapter 8 deals with this aspect. It consists of 3 main Parts: Assessment and
challenges; Targets and strategies; Legislative agenda. In the medium-term, AFF will seek to: a) expand
economic opportunities for those who are currently engaged in producing AFF products; and b) increase access
to economic opportunities for small farmers and fisherfolk who are typically subsistence producers and have
limited market participation. These will be beneficial to existing producers and marginalized farmers and
fisherfolk, including women, elderly and indigenous peoples. Strategies to expand economic opportunities in
AFF fall under “Pagbabago” or reducing inequality. The goal is to improve productivity and increase access. To
achieve these targets, the following strategies will be implemented: Develop an integrated color-coded
agricultural map to identify the comparative advantage of specific areas; Accelerate construction of disaster- and
climate-resilient, small-scale irrigation systems and retrofit existing ones; Facilitate the use of appropriate farm
and fishery machinery and equipment; Strengthen the AFF extension system; Pursue an ecosystems approach to
fisheries management; Strengthen community-based enterprises in upland areas; Access to value chains
increased; Organize small farmers and fisherfolk into formal groups and farms into clusters to create economies
of scale; Access to technology increased; Access to innovative financing increased; Provide small farmers and
fisherfolk easy access to affordable formal credit; Enhance capacity of small farmers and fisherfolk to adopt
better and new technologies; Access of small farmers and fisherfolk to land and water resources increased and
protected; Complement strategic efforts with environmental and governance strategies. To expand economic
opportunities for existing AFF producers: a) productivity must be improved sustainably; and b) the number and
capacity of AFF-based enterprises must increase. Productivity enhancements will be attained within the
ecological limit by striking a balance between utilization and regeneration of land and water resources to ensure
sustained benefits.
New AFF-based enterprises will be developed, while existing ones will be encouraged to increase production
and to go beyond producing merely raw materials through increased value-adding of products with higher
market value. The resulting rise in potential incomes will attract more people, including the youth, to venture
into the sector. With the lifting of quantitative restrictions on rice, the government will pay close.

A World of Ideas
It is important to stay updated and fully informed ahead of the curve in today’s world.
Global Media and Global Integration. The mass media are today seen as playing a key role in enhancing
globalization, and facilitating cultural exchange and multiple flows of information and images between
countries through international news broadcasts, television programming, new technologies, film, and music. If
before the 1990s mainstream media systems in most countries of the world were relatively national in scope,
since then most communications media have become increasingly global, extending their reach beyond the
nation-state to conquer audiences worldwide. International flows of information have been assisted by the
development of global capitalism, new technologies, and the increasing commercialization of global television,
which has occurred as a consequence of the deregulation policies adopted by various countries in Europe and
the United States in order to permit the proliferation of cable and satellite channels.
If we talk about the role of media in globalization process, we should firstly say that what the media is. The
media is media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. Today the
media play a key role in enhancing globalization. And the media also play important role in facilitating culture
exchange flows of information between countries. The media spreads through international news broadcasts,
new technologies, television programming, film and music. There are a lot of broadcasts of media. For example:
We can say about internet, TV, radio, newspapers, books, billboards and etc. The media connects the world to a
network of information easily accessible for all of us. In this discussion arises a question: Which role has media
in globalization process? Well, the role of media in globalization process is very important because the mass
media are today seen as playing a key role in enhancing globalization, and facilitating cultural exchange and
multiple flows of information and images between countries through international news broadcasts,
television programming, new technologies, film, and music.
Dynamics of Local and Global Cultural Production. What is the dynamic between local and global
cultural production? Cultures have always been a result of the encounter of local developments with outside
influence. Adventurers, traders and warriors for example brought their cultures to the world but were also
influenced by what they encountered. Only post World War II we saw the spread of a kind of global culture.
Increasingly competing with and replacing parts of local culture. This, because initially this influence was
embraced and welcomed. Fashion, music, literature and the alien way of living was appealing to many and seen
as exciting and enriching. Chewing gum, blue jeans, comics, rock ’n’ roll etc. Culture started to be mainly
produced by actively adopting elements from abroad. At the same time, a global layer emerged - the
amalgamation of local habits and customs from various places. Radio and TV were major accelerators of this
development. Later came the internet. Then, two factors brought a change of view and direction. First, the real
and perceived (negative) impact of outside influence on local life, such as loss of identity and jobs. Second,
politicians that started to emphasize the negative sides of internationalization and globalization on local systems.
Combined with the human tendencies to largely filter out the negatives of the past and the preference for simple
messages created a new populist trend and cultural tension between local and global protagonists. The
increasing rejection of foreign cultural elements by larger parts of the population drove a rebound of traditional
local cultures. But little new local cultural production was occurring. It was the try of a remake.

Cultural Diversity and Homogenization through Globalization, Cultural diversity can be strengthened
through globalization by providing the means and wherewithal to support cultural groups attempting to make a
difference in society while still maintaining their distinctive set of beliefs, practices and values. Globalization
has complicated the process of education many times over, but in doing so has created many incredible
opportunities for countries to break out of the traditional models of educating and work towards creating
knowledge communities. The global citizen is seen as a person who can act locally but think globally, a goal
that keeps an eye on maintaining cultural diversity while exposing a country’s citizens to the benefits of
globalization. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary defines culture as the “total pattern of human
behavior and its products embodied in speech, action, and artifacts and dependent upon man’s capacity for
learning and transmitting knowledge to succeeding generations”. Globalization raises the fear that this definition
will have only one pattern to define; that the resulting absence of cultural diversity will, without intervention,
leave succeeding generations with nothing but a homogenized, Westernized culture to inherit. Regardless of
whether one takes a positive or negative view of globalization's relationship to culture, it appears that the
institutionalization of diversity may be diversity’s biggest ally. In India, Korea, and Thailand, for example, steps
are being taken to stay current with emerging trends in globalization. To ensure their labour forces are educated
to be productive members of the international community, these counties have aggressively embraced
globalization in their education systems. However, each country has unequivocally stated that national cultural
education must be a part of its learning framework.
Cultural homogenization is an aspect of cultural globalization, listed as one of its main characteristics, and refers
to the reduction in cultural diversity through the popularization and diffusion of a wide array of cultural symbols
—not only physical objects but customs, ideas and values. O'Connor defines it as "the process by which local
cultures are transformed or absorbed by a dominant outside culture". Cultural homogenization has been called
"perhaps the most widely discussed hallmark of global culture". In theory, homogenization could work in the
breakdown of cultural barriers and the global assimilation of a single culture. Cultural homogenization can
impact national identity and culture, which would be "eroded by the impact of global cultural industries and
multinational media". The term is usually used in the context of Western culture dominating and destroying
other cultures. The process of cultural homogenization in the context of the domination of the Western
(American), capitalist culture is also known as McDonaldization, coca-colonization, Americanization
or Westernization and criticized as a form of cultural imperialism and neo-colonialism. This process has been
resented by many indigenous cultures. However, while some scholars, critical of this process, stress the
dominance of American culture and corporate capitalism in modern cultural homogenization, others note that
the process of cultural homogenization is not one-way, and in fact involves a number of cultures exchanging
various elements. Critics of cultural homogenization theory point out that as different cultures mix,
homogenization is less about the spread of a single culture as about the mixture of different cultures, as people
become aware of other cultures and adopt their elements. Examples of non-American culture affecting the West
include world music and the popularization of non-American television (Latin American telenovelas,
Japanese anime, Indian Bollywood), religion (Islam, Buddhism), food, and clothing in the West, though in most
cases insignificant in comparison to the Western influence in other countries
The Globalization of Religion, Globalization and religion. Globalization refers to the historical process by
which all the world's people increasingly come to live in a single social unit. It implicates religion and religions
in several ways. From religious or theological perspectives, globalization calls forth religious response and
interpretation. Yet religion and religions have also played important roles in bringing about and characterizing
globalization. Among the consequences of this implication for religion have been that globalization encourages
religious pluralism. Religions identify themselves in relation to one another, and they become less rooted in
particular places because of diasporas and transnational ties. Globalization further provides fertile ground for a
variety of noninstitutionalized religious manifestations and for the development of religion as a political and
cultural resource.
Globalization transforms the generic 'religion' into a world-system of competing and conflicting religions. This
process of institutional specialization has transformed local, diverse and fragmented cultural practices into
recognizable systems of religion.
Nonetheless, the relationship between globalization and religion is one with new possibilities and furthering
challenges. On the one hand, while religion takes advantage of communication and transportation technology, it
is at the same time the source of globalization’s greatest resistance by acting as a haven for those standing in
opposition to its power.  On the other hand, because globalization allows for daily contact, religion enters a
circle of conflict in which religions become “more self-conscious of themselves as being world religions.”
Globalization brings a culture of pluralism, meaning religions “with overlapping but distinctive ethics and
interests” interact with one another. Essentially, the world’s leading religious traditions—Hinduism, Buddhism,
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—teach values such as human dignity, equality, freedom, peace, and solidarity.
More specifically, religions maintain the Golden Rule: “what you do not wish done to yourself, do not do to
others.”  Therefore, through such religious values, globalization engenders greater religious tolerance in such
areas as politics, economics, and society.
In terms of economics, as the economy of the major countries of the world has grown, the main religions of each
of those countries have also grown financially, providing more financial resources for religions to spread their
beliefs. For example, although it may seem as an old tactic, missionary work—especially in light of
globalization—is strong in many Third World countries where religious representatives convert the natives.  As
a result, the major religions today have scattered across the globe—Christianity turning “southern” and “black,”
Islam turning “Asian,” and Buddhism turning “white” and “western.” Still holding on to their original territorial
spaces where their shrines exist, religions are fulfilling their general purpose of spreading their beliefs to people
all over the world. Finally, religion has tremendously benefited from technological advancements. For example,
websites provide information and explanations about different religions to any person regardless of his or her
geographical location, as well as provide the opportunity to contact others worldwide and hold debates which
allow religious ideas to spread. In short, globalization allows for religions previously isolated from one another
to now have regular and unavoidable contact. As a result, globalization brings to the light the fact that since
religions have similar values, not one of them is “correct” and, therefore, can be changed.

Global Population and mobility

Cities in a globalizing world although globalization certainly affects rural and peri urban areas, global forces are
centered in cities. It is in cities that global operations are centralized and where we can see most clearly the
phenomena associated with their activities, whether it be changes in the structure of employment, the formation
of powerful partnerships, the development of monumental real estate, the emergence of new forms of local
governance, the effects of organized crime, the expansion of corruption, the fragmentation of informal networks
or the spatial isolation and social exclusion of certain population groups. 
 The Global City is also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center, is a city which is a primary
node in the global economic network. Three key tendencies seem to follow from these structural facts about
global cities. One is a concentration of wealth in the hands of owners, partners, and professionals associated
with the high- end firms in this system. Second is a growing disconnection between the city and its region. Third
is the growth of a large marginalized population that has a very hard time earning a living in the marketplace
defined by these high-end activities.
Characteristics of a global city:

 A variety of international financial services, notably in finance, insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy,
and marketing
 Headquarters of several multinational corporations
 The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and major financial institutions
 Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area
 Major manufacturing centers with port and container facilities
 Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global level
 Centers of new ideas and innovation in business, economics, culture, and politics
 Centers of media and communications for global networks
 Dominance of the national region with great international significance

 High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and information sector
 High-quality educational institutions, including renowned universities, international student attendance, and
research facilities
 Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical, and entertainment facilities in the
country
 High diversity in language, culture, religion, and ideologies.
Reasons of increase in global cities the increase in global cities is linked to the globalization of economies and
the centralization of mass production within urban centers.
Criticisms of global cities, despite playing significant roles in the global economy, global city thesis has been
known for being a threat to state-centric perspectives. These cities have been accused of focusing their reach to
other global cities and neglecting cities within the national outreach. These cities are more connected to the
outside world than to their domestic economy.

Global Demography, is the study of a population based on factors such as age, race and sex. Governments,
corporations and nongovernment organizations use demographics to learn more about a population's
characteristics for many purposes, including policy development and economic market research. Most large
companies conduct demographic research to determine how to market their product or service and best capture
the target audience. It is valuable to know the current customer and where the potential customer may come
from in the future. Demographic trends are also important, since the size of different demographic groups
changes over time as a result of economic, cultural and political circumstances. The demographic transition
theory is a generalized description of the changing pattern of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies
move from one demographic regime to another. The term was first coined by the American demographer Frank
W. Notestein in the mid-twentieth century, but it has since been elaborated and expanded upon by many others.
The demographic transition

 Stage 1: Pre-transition Characterized by high birth rates, and high fluctuating death rates.
 Stage 2: Early transition During the early stages of the transition, the death rate begins to fall. As birth rates
remain high, the population starts to grow rapidly.
 Stage 3: Late transition Birth rates start to decline. The rate of population growth decelerates.
 Stage 4: Post-transition post-transitional societies are characterized by low birth and low death rates.
Population growth is negligible, or even enters a decline.
There are things the DTM cannot reveal: the impact of other demographic variables such as migration, are not
considered, nor does the model predict how long a country will be in each stage. But even so, the relationship
between birth rate and death rate is an important concept when discussing population and any patterns, such as
those provided by the DTM, that aid in understanding are helpful.

Global Migration and Labor Export, most global migration is from developing countries to developed
ones. Global migration can be understood as a cause-and-effect relationship, though the causes are just as
numerous as their effects. People move across international borders for a variety of reasons Why do people
move? is a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries, especially to find work.  

 Lack of employment opportunities or differentials in employment opportunities and wages; the lure of a well-
paid job in a wealthy country is a powerful driver of international migration.
 Lack of educational institutions across developing countries has also tremendously contributed to the reasons
for migration
 The unattractiveness of agricultural activities, disasters, lack of basic amenities (roads, electricity, portable
water, and inadequate health care facilities) and industrial ventures in countries have also encouraged
international migration.
  Socially factors are things that affect someone's lifestyle. These could include wealth, religion, buying habits,
education level, family size and structure and population density.
 The idea of culture is vital to understanding the implications for translation and, despite the differences of
opinion as to whether language is a part of culture or not, the two are connected. Culture ranges from syntax,
ideologies, religion, language and dialect, to art and literacy.
 In geographical terms, the push-pull factors are those that drive people away from a place and draw people to a
new location. A combination of push-pull factors helps determine migration or immigration of particular
populations from one land to another. Push Factors: Reasons to Leave Factors that help migrants decide to leave
their home. Pull Factors: Reasons to Migrate Factors that attract people and area where immigrants are going.
Migration affects both the place of origin and the place of destination on the various aspects such as
environmental aspects, economic aspects, health and social aspects.

 Environmental aspects: Migration of people has the direct effect on both, the place of origin and the place of
destination. Problems like settlement, over-exploitation of resources, and the pollution of different kinds will be
visible.
 Economic aspects: The consequence on the place of origin will be a loss of economically active groups of the
population.
  Health and social aspect: The places of destination are normally those places where facilities are made
available to a limited extent so as to fulfill the needs of the native dwellers. However, the places overcrowd with
the constant flow of migrants, and facilities and other needs become insufficient.
An Overseas Filipino Worker (Filipino: Pilipino sa Ibayong-dagat) is a person of Filipino origin who lives
outside the Philippines. This term applies to Filipinos who are abroad indefinitely as citizens or as permanent
residents of a different country and to those Filipino citizens abroad for a limited, definite period, such as on a
work contract or as students. OFWs The life of "OFW" is not easy, they work to foreign country and sacrifice.
They go and find a job there, so that they will be able to earn money to support the daily needs and give a better
future to their family left here in the Philippines.

New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants. The New York Declaration is important for refugees
because all 193 member states of the United Nations: reaffirmed the enduring importance of the international
refugee protection regime; committed fully to respect the rights of refugees; pledged to provide more
 predictable and sustainable support to refugees and the communities that host them; and, agreed to expand
opportunities to achieve durable solutions for refugees.
Among the key new elements are commitments by States to: Strengthen and facilitate emergency responses and a smooth
transition to sustainable approaches that invest in the resilience of both refugees and local communities;

 Provide additional and predictable humanitarian funding and development support;

 Explore additional avenues for refugees to be admitted to third countries, including through increased
resettlement;
 Support the development and application of a comprehensive refugee response (CRR) framework for large
refugee movements, including protracted as well as new situations.
The New York Declaration addresses large movements of refugees and migrants. It covers all refugees. A refugee is
understood in international law to be a person who is outside his or he r country of origin due to a well-founded fear of
persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion. The
person is in need of international protection when his or her country of origin is unable or unwilling to provide protection
for the harm feared. This definition is at the heart of the 1951 Refugee Convention and its Protocol and is also reflected in
regional instruments. It has broad and enduring scope. It encompasses those who flee individual persecution, as well as
those fleeing armed conflict or violence associated with one or more of the above-noted grounds. It includes those fleeing
State and non-State actors and has been the basis for providing protection, amongst others, for those escaping war, conflict,
human rights abuses, gang violence, domestic abuse and other forms of harm on the basis of their age and gender identity
or orientation.

Toward Global Citizenship and Sustainability

“The Earth has now left its natural geological epoch; the present interglacial state called the Holocene. Human
activities have become so pervasive and profound that they rival the great forces of Mother Nature…The earth
is rapidly moving into a less biologically diverse, less forested, much warmer, and probably wetter and stormier
state” - Steffen, Cruzten and McNeill Anthropocene- the epoch or era of humanity’s domination of the Earth
Global citizenship and sustainability involve understanding diverse world views and perspectives in order to
effectively address the various political, environmental, social, and economic issues that are central to living
sustainably in today’s interconnected and interdependent world. It also involves acquiring the knowledge,
motivation, dispositions, and skills required for engaged citizenship, along with an appreciation of the diversity
of people and perspectives in the world. It calls for the ability to envision and work towards a better and more
sustainable future for all.
A global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world – and their place in it. They take
an active role in their community and work with others to make our planet more peaceful, sustainable and fairer
and sustainability means meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs. In addition to natural resources, we also need social and economic resources.

Sustainable Development and Degrowth. Sustainable development is the idea that human societies must
live and meet their needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Specifically, sustainable development is a way of organizing society so that it can exist in the long term. This
means taking into account both the imperatives present and those of the future, such as the preservation of the
environment and natural resources or social and economic equity. The interactions between 5 different
dimensions world population growth, industrialization, pollution generation, food production, and nonrenewable
resource depletion were analyzed, considering a scenario where these variables grew exponentially and
technology’s ability to increase resources was linear. The interactions between 5 different dimensions world
population growth, industrialization, pollution generation, food production, and nonrenewable resource
depletion were analyzed, considering a scenario where these variables grew exponentially and technology’s
ability to increase resources was linear. The concept of sustainable development is critically judged by degrowth
researchers and activists due to its lack of success in truly delivering on its promises to reconcile economic
development, social equity and the limitations of planetary eco-systems.
Degrowth is a term used for both a political, economic, and social movement as well as a set of theories that
critiques the paradigm of economic growth. It is based on ideas from a diverse range of lines of thought such
as political ecology, ecological economics, feminist political ecology, and environmental justice, pointing out
the social and ecological harm caused by the pursuit of infinite growth and Western "development"
imperatives. Degrowth emphasizes the need to reduce global consumption and production (social metabolism)
and advocates a socially just and ecologically sustainable society with social and environmental  well-
being replacing GDP as the indicator of prosperity. Hence, although GDP is likely to shrink in a "Degrowth
society", i.e. a society in which the objectives of the Degrowth movement are achieved, this is not the primary
objective of Degrowth.
Global Food Security, in both developed and developing worlds, food security is an important socio-
economic indicator of quality of life. It shows the level of ability of people, households, and countries to access
and use a very important human right: food. Although also a rural problem, food security and food access are
most deeply manifested as an urban problem, in both the developing and developed worlds. The processes of
globalization have complicated the goals of world food security. The term "food security" was coined in regards
to the developing world. Thus, it was designed to adequately define the conditions facing developing countries
and their food supplies and demands. However, in the developed world there is an increasing gap between the
rich and poor that some have called a Third World inside the First World. Even though there is food insecurity
in both the developed and developing worlds, there are clear differences in the ways that they are used. Food
security and access in the developed world pertains more to income inequalities and grocery store accessibility
than on macro-economic and agricultural phenomena. Factors like purchasing power, consumer education,
availability of healthy foods, and the proximity of reliable and efficient public transportation have a large role to
play in household food security.
Food security in the developing world is closely linked with issues of women's rights, globalization, famine and
climatological catastrophes (monsoons, floods, droughts), conditions of agriculture, the diversification of a
country’s economy, and household incomes. The developing world features the fastest growing populations on
the planet, and also the most rapid urbanization, as more people leave their traditional rural lands for cities.
When compounded with pollution, sanitation, and disease, food security has a major role to play in the health
and sustainability of people living in developing world urban areas.

Globalization has enabled capital to flow with less restriction over the world's borders. It has enabled
corporations to expand into multi-national corporations and trans-national corporations. It global capitalism's
latest stage of development, a de facto world government has emerged in the form of financial institutions
(the World Bank and International Monetary Fund), trade institutions (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
and the World Trade Organization), and trans-national corporations. In many developing countries, the once
subsistence-based economy has been changed into one that is export-based, often due to cheap, subsidized
food from the developed world flooding their markets. With this change, farmers are producing more food for
export than for their country's own consumption. The standardization of agricultural production is also driving
rural dwellers off their ancestral lands into cities. Thus, more staple foods must be imported and the economy
is at the whim of potentially unstable markets - the fewer the economic activities of a country, the less able it
is to weather fluctuation of market prices.

Global Citizenship. Global citizenship means an awareness of the interconnectedness among people,
societies and environments around the globe. It emphasizes responsibilities and contribution to a global society
and economy. When students develop a sense of global citizenship, they learn to respect seminal universal
values such as peace, sustainability and upholding the human rights and dignity of all people.
Global citizenship programs develop students' knowledge, skills, attitudes and values. Effective schools draw on
real-life intercultural experiences which deepen students' understanding of the world and their place in it.
 It is also the idea that one's identity transcends geography or political borders and that responsibilities or rights
are derived from membership in a broader class: "humanity". This does not mean that such a person denounces
or waives their nationality or other, more local identities, but that such identities are given "second place" to
their membership in a global community. Extended, the idea leads to questions about the state of global society
in the age of globalization.

Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainability Development. This Agenda is a plan
of action for people, planet and prosperity. It also seeks to strengthen universal peace in larger freedom. We
recognize that eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions, including extreme poverty, is the greatest
global challenge and an indispensable requirement for sustainable development. All countries and all
stakeholders, acting in collaborative partnership, will implement this plan. We are resolved to free the human
race from the tyranny of poverty and want and to heal and secure our planet. We are determined to take the bold
and transformative steps which are urgently needed to shift the world onto a sustainable and resilient path. As
we embark on this collective journey, we pledge that no one will be left behind. The 17 Sustainable
Development Goals and 169 targets which we are announcing today demonstrate the scale and ambition of this
new universal Agenda. They seek to build on the Millennium Development Goals and complete what these did
not achieve. They seek to realize the human rights of all and to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of
all women and girls. They are integrated and indivisible and balance the three dimensions of sustainable
development: the economic, social and environmental.

The Goals and targets will stimulate action over the next fifteen years in areas of critical importance for
humanity and the planet:

 People - We are determined to end poverty and hunger, in all their forms and dimensions, and to ensure that all
human beings can fulfil their potential in dignity and equality and in a healthy environment.
 Planet - We are determined to end poverty and hunger, in all their forms and dimensions, and to ensure that all
human beings can fulfil their potential in dignity and equality and in a healthy environment.
 Prosperity- We are determined to ensure that all human beings can enjoy prosperous and fulfilling lives and
that economic, social and technological progress occurs in harmony with nature.
 Peace - We are determined to foster peaceful, just and inclusive societies which are free from fear and
violence. There can be no sustainable development without peace and no peace without sustainable
development.
 Partnership - We are determined to mobilize the means required to implement this Agenda through a
revitalized Global Partnership for Sustainable Development, based on a spirit of strengthened global solidarity,
focused in particular on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable and with the participation of all
countries, all stakeholders and all people.
 The interlinkages and integrated nature of the Sustainable Development Goals are of crucial importance in
ensuring that the purpose of the new Agenda is realized. If we realize our ambitions across the full extent of the
agenda, the lives of all will be profoundly improved and our world will be transformed for the better.

Features of Globalization
The key features of globalization is to interconnect all societies to become more harmonious, to have
international economic integration with global production, to use transnational media systems creating a global
culture, global consumerism to create a global village, to promote global tourism, to create media imperialism
and to have transnational corporations that drive a global economy. It also opens Liberalization that stands for
the freedom of the entrepreneurs to establish any industry or trade or business venture, within their own
countries or abroad, and free trade for free flow of trade relations among all the nations. Each state grants MFN
(most favored nation) status to other states and keeps its business and trade away from excessive and hard
regulatory and protective regimes.
Globalization accepts and advocates the value of free world, free trade, freedom of access to world markets and
a free flow of investments across borders. It stands for integration and democratization of the world’s culture,
economy and infrastructure through global investments.
Poverty and Lack of Ample Development under Globalization . The lives of people in distant
countries are increasingly being linked, through commerce, communications technology, or culture. Researchers
are trying to parse out how the gains from globalization are touching the lives of the poorest citizens in
developing countries. It’s an all-encompassing concept, and the aspect of globalization that I focus on in my
work is international trade. If you look back over the past 30 years, developing countries had very high levels of
trade protection — so they had high barriers on imports in terms of taxes, and they restricted imports
quantitatively, by quotas or licenses. During the 1980s and 1990s, many countries decided to abandon these
protectionist policies and implemented large-scale trade reforms. For example, India implemented trade reforms
in 1991, and its average tax on imports dropped from over 80% to an average of 30% in the late 1990s.
Colombia went from 50% to around 13%. We observed big increases in trade flows as a result. Economic
growth is the main channel through which globalization can affect poverty. What researchers have found is that,
in general, when countries open up to trade, they tend to grow faster and living standards tend to increase. The
usual argument goes that the benefits of this higher growth trickle down to the poor. It has been a bit trickier,
especially with aggregate data, to pinpoint how exactly the poor have been benefited. One challenge is that
when trade or globalization happens, many other factors are changing, such as technology and macroeconomic
conditions. Another challenge is that high-quality data on the well-being of the poor is often not available. It is
thus really hard to tease out the effects of globalization on poverty in a broad sense. But, that said, it is virtually
impossible to find cases of poor countries that were able to grow over long periods of time without opening up
to trade. And we have no evidence that trade leads to increases in poverty and declines in growth.
The effect that trade has on less educated laborers in these developing countries depends in part on where they
are employed and how mobile they are across sectors. Workers, both educated and less educated, in export-
oriented sectors tend to benefit. However, workers who were employed in sectors that were initially shielded by
higher tariffs experienced a drop in relative wages as tariffs were eliminated. Many countries, such as Mexico
and Colombia, had shielded industries that employed a high share of less educated workers. When the tariffs
were eliminated, these unskilled workers were disproportionately affected by declines in industry wages. These
are short-term costs of globalization, and over time you would hope that these workers would be able to move
toward the exporting sectors and share in the benefits of globalization. But that is not occurring as fast as we
would like because worker mobility in many of these countries is quite constrained. The usual concern that we
have about globalization leading to child labor focuses on the fact that globalization might generate employment
opportunities in poor countries. In particular, consumers in developed countries tend to import a lot of products,
such as t-shirts, sweatshirts, and toys, that are made with low-skilled labor. By increasing the demand for these
products, we are increasing employment opportunities for children in poor countries and this discourages them
from going to school.
If you look at polls that ask people for their opinions of globalization, there is less opposition in poorer countries
than there has recently been in the United States. But the threat can grow if more people feel as if they are left
out of this process or hurt by this process. 
Horror Stories of Capitalism: “Suicide”, “Garbage Chicken”, and “Mud Cake”.
Capitalism, also called free market economy or free enterprise economy, economic system, dominant in the
Western world since the breakup of feudalism, in which most means of production are privately owned and
production is guided and income distributed largely through the operation of markets. World War I marked a
turning point in the development of capitalism. After the war, international markets shrank, the gold standard
was abandoned in favor of managed national currencies, banking hegemony passed from Europe to the United
States, and trade barriers multiplied. The Great Depression of the 1930s brought the policy of laissez-
faire (noninterference by the state in economic matters) to an end in most countries and for a time created
sympathy for socialism among many intellectuals, writers, artists, and, especially in western Europe, workers
and middle-class professionals.
Documented horror stories about desperate poor people in the Third World doing really unexpected things like
eating garbage or mud, or worse, committing suicide – to complement the boring statistics presented above – are
plenty. Just this March 15, the Philippine Daily Inquirer reported that Kristel Tejada, a first-year student at the
University of the Philippines (UP)-Manila “...took her own life two days after she was forced to put her studies
on hold because she could not pay the tuition” (Carvajal, 2013). On the next day, the Philippine president
gleefully graced the opening of the $1.2-billion Solaire Casino Resort and Casino, “kicking off the Philippines’
high stakes bid to join the world’s elite gaming destinations of Macau and Las Vegas” (Philippine Daily
Inquirer, 2013). This was just months after the same newspaper reported about “six consecutive years of
growth” of Mitsubishi-Philippines, “record sales” in 2012 of Ford-Philippines, and 2012 as the “best year ever
in the Philippines” for Toyota Motor Philippines (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2012 and 2013). Most ironically,
weeks before Tejada’s poverty driven “suicide,” the Philippine Star reported that “the number of Filipino
billionaires grew to 11” in 2013 from 5 in 2012, controlling a whopping 39.85-billion-dollar wealth in a country
where 20.9 to 26.9% of families are officially poor (Virola, 2011). Of course, despite their desperation, a
number of Filipinos still choose to survive so as to live. Hence, even when they don’t have money for food, they
miraculously survive by eating left-over food (called “pagpag” in Filipino) literally taken from trash bins. This
has been documented by Ferdinand Dimadura’s award-winning short film “Chicken A La Carte” (2005). A copy
of the said short film was uploaded at YouTube in 2009 and as of this writing, it has garnered close to 260,000
views already, on top of some subtitled editions that have been posted by various users from around the world.
2012, Kyung Lah of CNN published a report claiming that “garbage chicken” is “a grim staple for Manila's
poor.” Filipinos are not alone in having strange meals just to survive. In Haitian slums, “cakes made from mud
are staple diet” (Adams, 2010). This happens despite the fact that “almost half of the world's food” is “thrown
away,” an amount “equivalent to 2 billion tonnes” annually, partly due to “...Western consumer demand for
cosmetically perfect food...” (Smithers, 2013). The abovementioned data is enough to assert that there’s
massive poverty in the Third World even after (or more precisely because) policymakers and much of the
developing world’s intelligentsia consistently rammed neoliberal capitalism down the throats of Third World
citizens, in the past decades. Their “development model” has failed in the First and Third Worlds. A “paradigm
shift” is thus necessary. Unfortunately, it seems people, more especially those who belong to high- and middle-
income groups seem not to care much about these shocking poverty statistics. It seems poverty statistics in this
world have become a monstrous dinosaur which no one notices: it is there but no one cares about it anymore.
Income inequality between nations and within nations makes the global situation all the more troubling for
anyone who is still humane enough to imagine a world without injustices. In other words, what should cause
more alarm is the documented widening of the gap between the richest and the poorest segments of the
population worldwide. Most Filipino activists insist it’s a “murder” perpetrated by the Philippine government’s
failure to provide accessible education to the poor, a failure mirrored by other Third and even First World
countries today.

Income Inequality and Tax System. Income inequality is how unevenly income is distributed throughout a
population. The less equal the distribution, the higher income inequality is. Income inequality is often
accompanied by wealth inequality, which is the uneven distribution of wealth. Populations can be divided up in
different ways to show different levels and forms of income inequality such as income inequality by sex or race.
Different measures, such as the Gini coefficient, can be used to analyze the level of income inequality in a
population.
Income inequality and income disparity segregations can be analyzed through a variety of segmentations.
Segmentations of income disparity analysis are used for analyzing different types of income distributions.
Income distributions by demographic segmentation form the basis for studying income inequality and income
disparity.
The different types of income segmentations studied when analyzing income inequality may include
distributions for:
Male vs. female
Ethnicity
Geographic location
Occupation
Historical income
The Urban Institute is one source for insight on income inequality. In an analysis of 50 years of economic data
by the Urban Institute, the institution showed that the poorest got poorer while the richest got much richer.
Between 1963 and 2016:
 The poorest 10% of Americans went from having zero assets to being $1,000 in debt
 Families in the middle-income segment more than doubled their prior average wealth.
 Families in the top 10% had more than five times the prior wealth.
 Families in the top 1% had more than seven times their prior wealth

The Gini Index was developed by Italian statistician Corrado Gini in the early 1900s to help quantify and more
easily compare income inequality levels across countries of the world. The index can range from 0 to 100 with a
higher level showing greater income inequality among a country’s population and vice versa.  Data from the
World Bank shows South Africa reporting one of the highest income inequality dispersions with a Gini Index
level of 63.0. According to the World Bank, the United States reports a Gini Index level of 41.5. Ukraine shows
the World Bank’s lowest Gini Index reading at 25.0.
Dispersions of income inequality are an ongoing area of analysis for both local and global governing
institutions. The IMF and World Bank have a goal to help improve the income of the lowest 10% of earners in
all countries seeking to provide comprehensive global support. Globally, new innovations in financial
technologies and productions are also helping to improve the banking services of the world’s lowest-income
earners as a worldwide initiative for financial inclusion is underway.
Tax Systems (PH)
Personal income tax. Income of residents in Philippines is taxed progressively up to 32%. Resident citizens are
taxed on all their net income derived from sources within and without the Philippines. For nonresident,
whether an individual or not of the Philippines, is taxable only on income derived from sources within the
Philippines. Taxable Income (PhP) Tax Rate Php 0 – 10,000 5% Php 10,000 – 30,000 10% Php 30,000 – 70,000
15% Php 70,000 – 140,000 20% Php140,000 – 250,000 25% Php 250,000 – 500,000 30% Php 500,000 and
above 32%
 The above rates apply to individuals who derive income from business (including capital gains from the sale
transfer or exchange of shares in a foreign corporation) or from the practice of a profession.
 Individuals holding managerial and highly technical positions employed by RHQs1 , ROHQs2 , multinational
companies and offshore business units are taxed at 15% on their gross income. Income in Philippines is divided
into the following three categories which are taxed separately, as summarized below.
1. Compensation employment income: This income is taxed at progressive rates on gross income after
deduction of personal and additional exemptions but without deductions for expenses.
2. Passive income: This income, including dividends and interest, is subject to tax at 7.5%.
3. Business income and professional income: This income is taxed at progressive rates on net business income
after deduction of certain specified expenses.
The corporate income tax rate both for domestic and resident foreign corporations is 30% based on net
taxable income. Excluded from the income tax are dividends received from domestic corporations; interest on
Philippine currency bank deposit and yield from trust funds. It is important to note that foreign corporations,
whether resident or nonresident, are taxable only on income derived from sources within the Philippines.
Withholding Tax Types of taxable income Tax rate (For non-resident) Dividend 15%3 Interest 20% Royalty 30%
Technical Fee 30%
 All other taxable income earned by domestic and resident foreign corporations is subject to a 20% final
withholding tax. However, Regional operating headquarters are taxed at 10% on taxable income. Special
economic zone enterprises duly registered with the Philippines Economic Zone Authority are taxed at the rate
of 5% on gross income.
 The net capital gains from the sale of shares of stock of a domestic corporation are taxed on a per
transaction basis at the rate of 5% on the first PhP 100,000 and 10% in excess of said amount. On the other
hand, the sale of shares of stock of a domestic corporation through the Philippine Stock Exchange or through
the initial public offering is subject to a percentage tax on the transaction at the rate of 0.5% of the selling
price.
 The sale of land, building and other real properties classified as capital asset is subject to 6% final capital
gains tax based on the gross selling price.
 Any branch profit to be remitted to the Head Office is additionally taxed at the rate of 15%. Value Added Tax/
Sales Tax A 12% value added tax (VAT) of the gross selling price is imposed to all importation, sale, barter,
exchange or lease of goods or properties and sale of services. The term 'Gross selling price' means the total
amount of money or its equivalent that the purchaser pays or is obligated to pay to the seller in consideration
of the sale, barter or exchange of the goods or properties, excluding the value added tax.

Tax Incentives for SMEs

1. Direct Tax
Tax incentive for importers and exporters
- Tax credits are available for taxes and duties paid on purchases of raw materials of
products for export, domestic capital equipment, domestic breeding stock and
genetic materials.
- A tax credit of 25% of the duties paid on raw materials and capital equipment
and/or spare parts.
Tax incentives also available to enterprises registered with the Philippine Economic
Zone Authority (PEZA). These incentives are shown below:
- 4 to 8 years income tax holiday. A 5% tax on the modified gross income is
imposed after the end of the income tax holiday.
- Tax and duty exemption on imported capital equipment and raw materials.
- National and local tax exemption.
- Tax rebate for the purchase of domestic capital good.
2. Indirect Tax
Under the Investment Priority Plan (IPP), SME owners shall be eligible for the
following incentives.
- An exemption from wharfage dues and export tax, duty import and fees.
- Additional deduction for labor expense (ADLE).
- Additional deduction for necessary and major infrastructure works.
Excise tax on exported goods produced or manufactured locally can be credited or
refunded upon submission of the proof of actual exportation and upon receipt of the
corresponding.

Public Control of the Financial System. Financial controls are the procedures, policies, and means by
which an organization. monitors and controls the direction, allocation, and usage of its financial resources.
Financial controls are at the very core of resource management and operational efficiency in any organization.
The implementation of effective financial control policies should be done after a thorough analysis of the
existing policies and future outlook of a company. In addition, it is important to ensure the following four
processes are completed before implementing financial control in a business:
1. Detecting overlaps and anomalies. Financial budgets, financial reports, profit & loss statements, balance
sheets, etc. present the overall performance and/or operational picture of a business. Hence, while formulating
financial control policies, it is very important to detect any overlaps and/or anomalies arising out of the data
available. It helps in detecting any existing loopholes in the current management framework and eliminating
them.
2. Timely updating. Financial control is the essence of resource management and, hence, the overall operational
efficiency and profitability of a business. Timely updates of all available data are very important. In addition,
updating all management practices and policies concerning the existing financial control methods is also equally
important.
3. Analyzing all possible operational scenarios. Before implementing a fixed financial control strategy in an
organization, it is important to thoroughly evaluate all possible operational scenarios. Viewing the policies from
the perspectives of different operational scenarios – such as profitability, expenditures, safety, and scale of
production or volume – can provide the necessary information. Also, it helps establish an effective financial
control policy that covers all operational aspects of the organization.
4. Forecasting and making projection. While implementing a financial control policy, forecasting and making
projections are very important steps. They provide an insight into the future goals and objectives of the business.
In addition, they can help establish a financial control policy in accordance with the business objectives and act
as a catalyst in achieving such goals.
Importance of Financial Controls
1. Cash flow maintenance. Efficient financial control measures contribute significantly to the cash flow
maintenance of an organization. When an effective control mechanism is in place, the overall cash inflows and
outflows are monitored and planned, which results in efficient operations.
2. Resource management. The financial resources of an organization are at the very core of any organization’s
operational efficiency. Financial resources make available all other resources needed for operating a business.
Hence, financial resource management crucial in order to manage all other resources. Effective financial control
measures hence are crucial to ensure resource management in an organization.
3. Operational efficiency. An effective financial control mechanism ensures overall operational efficiency in an
organization.
4. Profitability. Ensuring an organization’s overall operational efficiency leads to the smooth functioning of
every organizational department. It, in turn, increases productivity. which comes with a direct, positive
relationship with profitability. Hence, establishing effective financial control measures ensures improved
profitability of any business.
5. Fraud prevention. Financial control serves as a preventative measure against fraudulent activities in an
organization. It can help prevent any undesirable activities such as employee fraud,  online theft, and many
others by monitoring the inflow and outflow of financial resources.
Examples of Financial Controls
1. Overall financial management and implementation
 Placing certain qualification restrictions and employing only certified, qualified financial managers
and staff working with the formulation and implementation of financial management policies
 Establishing an efficient, direct chain of communication among the accounting staff, financial
managers, and senior-level managers, including the CFO
 Periodic training sessions and information sessions among accounting staff, etc. to ensure being
updated with the changing laws and evolving business environment concerning business finance
 Periodic, thorough financial analysis and evaluation of financial ratios and statements wherever
fluctuations are significant
 Delegation of financial duties in a segregated and hierarchical fashion in order to establish a chain of
operation and efficiency via specialization
2. Cash inflows
 Stringent credit reporting policy for all customers before entering into a creditor-debtor relationship
with them
 Periodic reconciliation of bank statements to the general ledger in addition to annual reporting for
more efficient financial control
 Establishing a periodic review policy with all existing customers that the business establishes
a creditor-debtor relationship with. It ensures the ongoing creditworthiness of customers and
eliminates the probability of bad debts
 Support files and backups for all financial data in a separate secured database with access only
permitted to senior management staff
3. Cash outflows
 Automatic/subscription payments to be monitored and requiring proper authorization in order to
control extravagant business expenditure
 Maintaining a vendor database with detailed purchase records with restricted access in order to
monitor cash outflow efficiently
 Periodic reconciliation of bank statements to the general ledger
 Clear and precise expense reimbursement policy to be maintained, including detailed expense reports
and receipt verifications in order to curb extravagant business expenses and employee fraud

Democratization of the International System. For most of us, the term 'democracy' brings to mind the
counting of votes, the aggregation of preferences for the purpose of deciding an issue, or election to public
office, by sheer weight of numbers. It means the right of all persons of a prescribed age of maturity who are not
affected by some disability prescribed by law, to participate in that decision or election. Of course, democracy
does imply that the votes of a majority will prevail, but it also means a great deal more: it means, for example,
the fair representation of interests in a legislative assembly; it means that in a representative democracy the
people retain power over decisions that affect them through holding regular elections to representative office; it
means constitutional protection of minority positions; and it means a separation of governmental functions to
provide 'checks and balances', ultimate authority being vested in an independent judiciary with power to
determine whether governmental action accords with the constitution or fundamental law But it was a vision of
democracy as the triumph of numbers - of the views, and thus the projects of the great majority of the world's
peoples - that inspired the developing countries and the Non-aligned to call for the 'democratization of
international relations', and continues to do so today. Thus, at the first meeting of the United Nations Conference
on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in 1964, the Group insisted that the UNCTAD Board take decisions by
a two-thirds majority, since they attached "cardinal importance to democratic procedures which afford no
position of privilege in the economic and financial, no less than in the political spheres". 'Democratization of
international relations' has been a stated goal of the Non-aligned Movement at least from the time of its Lusaka
meeting in 1970,2 and was re-iterated forcefully in its Jakarta message in September 1992. The idea that
democracy should prevail "within the family of nations" received endorsement from the Secretary-General of
the United Nations in his Agenda for Peace in 1993, while "expanding democracy in relations among States and
at all levels of the international system" is suggested as an aspect of a fifth "dimension of development" in the
Secretary-General's Agenda for Development issued in 1994. It is important to bear in mind that democracy
evolved as a form of governance among natural persons, human beings within a discrete legal and political unit.
We may search in vain for any suggestion that 'democracy' prevailed or should be adopted as the constitutive
principle in the world of states before the decade of the 1960s, in retrospect, the decade of decolonization. The
term is not used in such a context - or, for that matter, in any context - in the Charter of the United Nations nor
the Statute of the International Court of Justice, nor until recently was it used in the constituent instrument of an
international organization, or, for that matter, in any multilateral convention. No treaty seeks to secure for states
the equivalent of the right of the citizen described in Article 25 of the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights. It would thus seem impossible to derive the prevalence of an 'interstate' democracy from the
early practice of states.
It is evident then, that many aspects of the participatory element of democracy have already been transposed
from the human to the state level. Fundamental differences between a society or community of human beings,
and the collectivity of states make it extremely unlikely that an important feature of that system - OSOV IM -
should ever be comprehensively applied among states. However, there are other areas in which the process of
democratizing international relations could make substantial progress. The broad objective of such efforts
should be to allow the wishes of the human community - the true demos - behind the apparatus of the state more
effectively to influence decision-making at the international level. To that end, the current practice among many
states whereby the effective leadership of a delegation to a treaty-making conference is left to appointed
diplomatic or technically qualified persons, rather than the elected representatives of the people, should be
examined. Consideration should be given to early and comprehensive (rather than merely formal) involvement
in the treatymaking process of members of the national legislature familiar with the subject-matter of the treaty,
reflecting where possible a multi-party approach. We may even look to a time when treaty-making might have
become so institutionalized that a state would hold special elections to determine who should represent the
demos at a conference. Of particular importance would be the routine inclusion in treaty-making procedures, of
formal commitment by states condemning timely national consideration and action upon treaty texts that have
been adopted, coupled with institutional monitoring and reporting requirements regarding action or lack of
action on the matters. Such measures could promote the better articulation, now needed, between democracy at
the interstate level and democracy at the level of the national legislature. With the aim of reaching the people –
the true demos - and mobilizing opinion, democratic features related to the availability of information should be
maintained. This would apply to all fora where decisions are to be taken, such as treaty-making conferences or
the work of established organs, but would be of special relevance to the work of organs of limited membership.
Such democratic features would include 'transparency', 'openness', and 'accountability', given effect to inter alia
through the availability of records of debates in as much detail, and in as timely a manner as possible, subject to
the demands of economy. Video-conferencing facilities and interpretation services have developed to an extent
that makes it feasible to hold at least some phases of multilingual conferences without the expense and other
resource-related inconveniences of overseas travel. The aim of presenting the sense of public opinion as distinct
from governmental policy on issues could also be served by incorporating into the treatymaking process at both
the national and international level, procedures for consulting non-state entities, in particular, legal persons such
as commercial corporations, as well as other bodies generally referred to as 'non-governmental organizations'

Let the Third World Catch Up: Technology Transfer, Agricultural Modernization and
Industrialization. Technology transfer is the movement of data, designs, inventions, materials, software,
technical knowledge or trade secrets from one organization to another or from one purpose to another. The
technology transfer process is guided by the policies, procedures and values of each organization involved in the
process. Also known as transfer of technology (ToT), technology transfer can take place between universities,
businesses and governments, either formally or informally, to share skills, knowledge, technologies,
manufacturing methods, and more. This form of knowledge transfer helps ensure that scientific and
technological developments are available to a wider range of users who can then help develop or exploit it. This
transfer can occur horizontally across different areas or vertically by moving technologies, for example, from
research centers to research and development teams. Tech transfer is promoted at conferences organized by
groups like the Association of University Technology Managers, so that investors can assess the prospect of
commercialization for a ground breaking new product or service. This commercialization can involve the
creation of joint ventures, licensing agreements and partnerships to share the risks and rewards. This can also be
coupled with the raising of venture capital, which is generally more common in the United States than in
Europe, for example. Research institutions, governments and businesses may also use the services of technology
transfer offices to help with the process. These offices may include economists, engineers, lawyers, marketing
experts and scientists. An important part of tech transfer is the protection of intellectual property (IP) associated
with innovations developed at research institutions. This can mean licensing patented intellectual property to
outside businesses or the creation of start-up companies to license the IP. However, before innovations can be
brought to market, they need to be developed through technology readiness levels (TRL). TRLs 1-3 focus on
research while levels 6-7 and higher sees a product move towards production. Bridging the gap between these
different levels can be complex and time-consuming, as it requires the development of research into prototypes
and then to fully tested and reliable finished products.
Agricultural Modernization is the process of transforming the agricultural sector into one that is dynamic,
technologically advanced, and competitive, yet centered on human resource development, guided by the sound
principles of social justice (AGRICOM, 06 June 1996). In this light, the Agricultural and Fisheries
Modernization Act (AFMA) was enacted in 1997 to strengthen the Philippine agriculture research and
development and extension system. With the primary goal of transforming Agriculture and Fisheries from
resource-based into technology-based industries, an Integrated National Research and Development Program
(INRDP) for each commodity or resource was formulated. Headed by the Department of Agriculture- Bureau of
Agricultural Research (DA-BAR) , INRDP embodies the integrated research, development and extension (RDE)
program for the specific commodities or sectors. The formulated RDE network composed of the state colleges
and universities (SCUs) and various institutions and agencies under DA handles the different
commodities/program areas in line with the RDE thrust of AFMA. In response to the 1997 AFMA, the National
Integrated Research, Development and Extension Program for Coffee (NIRDEPC) was drafted in 1999 with the
Cavite State University designated as the lead institution for the program. The five-year- program aims to
increase the national production of quality coffee beans for local consumption and international market and
increase income of coffee growers with DA-BAR and the Philippine Council for Agricultural and Research and
Resources Development (PCCARD) acting as coordinating agencies. Now on its third year of implementation,
the program seeks to pass an act creating the Coffee Research, Development and Extension Center (CoRDEC)
based at the Cavite State University (C vSU). In complementation to the functions of the NIRDEP for coffee,
the Center shall educate and train all stakeholders of the coffee industry, conduct researches, and extend
technologies, the powers and functions of which shall be in line with the RDE programs of DA-BAR, the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST), the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), the National
Economic and Development Authority (NIDA) and CVSU. The creed for the establishment of the Center at
CvSU has been made unbent by the increasing demand for coffee, both internationally and locally, and by the
problems encountered by the industry as defined by the existing NIRDEPC. Cavite State University, which is
the premier academic institution in Cavite, would be a conducive venue for the Center since 40 percent of the
coffee beans supply in the Philippines comes from the province. As of 2001, the production of green beans in
the country is estimated at 36,000 metric tons, 40 per cent of which come from Cavite. Thus, the establishment
of CoRDLC based at CvSU shall very well help the responsible institutions catalyze the advancement of coffee
research, development and extension to make the industry nationally productive and globally competitive.
The sustained growth of non-agricultural employment and the transfer of part of the rural labor force to the
towns have made it possible to stabilize the number of agricultural workers and halt the growth of population
pressure on the land, thus creating the conditions for improved labor productivity and peasant incomes,
industrialization has been accompanied by a rapid rise in the demand for food and in agricultural prices, creating
profitable outlets for agriculture and thus increasing purchases of industrially produced goods. The
industrialization of agriculture dates back to the mid-19th century, especially after World War II.
Industrialization of agriculture then was seen as a necessary measure to address massive global hunger that
has gripped the war-torn world. Over the years, the industrialization of agriculture has been seen as the
immediate remedy to address the growing global population, which is expected to reach 9 billion by 2050.

Industrialized agriculture is heavily dependent on the use of machines and chemicals like pesticides, antibiotics,
and others to maximize the yield per acre. Over the decades’, industrialized agriculture has proven successful in
generating higher yields of crops required to feed the growing population of the globe, however, it doesn’t come
free of cost. That’s because industrialized agriculture has been recognized as highly unsustainable and
dangerous to the environment, as opposed to traditional sustainable agriculture which is based on the protection
of the environment and more dependence on natural crop yield. 

Tax Reforms to Finance Other Socioeconomic Reforms. A more simple and efficient tax system. The
proposals seek, first, a drastic reduction of the personal income tax by lowering the top marginal rate and
increasing exemptions. In place of the loss in revenues from this action, increases in tax rates are contemplated
on (1) excise taxes on oil products and (2) sales taxes on the purchase of new automobiles. Also, without
changing the tax rate, the reforms include broadening the coverage of the 12 percent value-added tax (VAT).
These changes are in line with best practice adopted in other remarkable Southeast East Asian growth countries.
They heavily depend on indirect taxes to finance their development and they have simpler personal income
taxes. Increased application of indirect taxes has regressive features. Hence, the government is committed to
transfer some of the proceeds as lump sum subsidies for the poor and vulnerable groups. Further, social and
economic public spending is designed to raise the nation’s capacity for future growth and fuel investment. There
is optimism these changes will “create a simpler, fairer, and more efficient tax system that can promote
investment, job creation, and poverty reduction.” Economic justification and vision. The tax reform program is
designed to help put the country on a strong path of seven percent per year. By the end of the Duterte
administration, the government envisions that the country could move toward the per capita income levels of
around $4,000 per head. By 2040, one generation later – on the basis of a sustained growth of seven percent per
year and given other structural changes within the economy – the country could move toward $12,000 per
capita. If this vision carries a message of hope about the future with the commitment of political will, it is also a
statement about how difficult and disciplined is the path of catching up from behind. These neighbors are
succeeding in their economic journeys, and they are continually moving up their own paths.
We have to undertake economic reforms – not only tax reforms – in order to move the economy forward. The
tax reform program is part of the fiscal reforms essential in strengthening or sustaining the required
macroeconomic fundamentals. Net redistribution impact. Ultimately, the objective of good tax reforms is to
raise the tax effort in order to finance government expenditure in a non-inflationary way. If possible, it should
not worsen income distribution. Income distribution in general is best measured objectively by a measure
known as the Gini coefficient. The World Bank considers any ratio exceeding 0.40 represent cause for concern
about income inequality. Yet, by its very nature, growth accentuates unequal opportunities being opened and
exploited. Typically, countries that grow at impressively good speed have high Gini ratios. This is because
growth provokes sharp income rises for growing sectors. Singapore, Malaysia, even China, have high Gini
ratios, all at 0.46 or close to this. The Philippine Gini ratio is also around this level currently. Though the
Duterte tax reform program hopes to mitigate income inequality, the reduction of income inequality will not
register quickly in statistical terms. With income transfer subsidies, the Gini ratio could fall. The government
projects this could move towards 0.415 under the most optimistic scenarios. The likelihood is the Gini ratio
could well remain close to 0.44 or near where it is at now.

Making Globalization Work: A Bottom-Up Approach. The bottom-up approach can be slow and may
struggle to achieve traction. Several organizations I have worked with, particularly those who have grown by
acquisition, start off with the “if we build it they will come” philosophy. They believe that if the central function
comes up with good enough solutions, then the local operating businesses will spontaneously elect to use them.
My observation is that this rarely works without a push from the power structure. Local inertia, reluctance to
cede power and authority and different priorities mean that central systems very often look less attractive.
An entirely bottom-up approach has the benefit of not disrupting local operations too much and solutions that
emerge voluntarily sound attractive, but it’s hard to organize this in practice.
Here are some of the tips and principles that we have found can work in creating these kinds of bottom-up
global approaches:
1. Start with relationships – we won’t collaborate with, and trust, individuals who we don’t know. Opportunities
for sharing often emerge from spontaneous conversations between individuals. Unfortunately, this rarely
happens if we are in multiple locations and never meet. Build the opportunity for networking and relationship-
building events either as stand-alone opportunities or as an explicit part of other meetings or conferences.
Organize for it, don’t just expected to happen in the breaks.
2. Seed the cloud – rather than mandating cooperation from the top down, create opportunities for it to emerge
out of interactions. Organize community events, best practice sharing activities etc. that will allow opportunities
to emerge if they exist. Help groups and teams form around these opportunities.
3. Spread what works – instead of coming up with perfect solutions at the center, focus on the periphery, see
what is working in local operations and market it to other parts of the business. Have central functions that see
themselves as support and learning networks rather than the source of all knowledge: you create less resistance
that way.
4. Be pragmatic -it could take years to get complete agreement from every country on a policy or practice. Why
not make a start with some lead countries? You will probably be surprised how many will join in once you have
something tangible to share.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a milestone document in the history of human rights.
Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, the
Declaration was proclaimed by the United Nations General Assembly in Paris on 10 December 1948 ( General
Assembly resolution 217 A) as a common standard of achievements for all peoples and all nations. It sets out,
for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected and it has been translated into over 500
languages. The UDHR is widely recognized as having inspired, and paved the way for, the adoption of more
than seventy human rights treaties, applied today on a permanent basis at global and regional levels (all
containing references to it in their preambles). 
Preamble
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human
family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world,
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the
conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and
belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against
tyranny and oppression, that human rights should be protected by the rule of law,
Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,
Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human
rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have
determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,
Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the
promotion of universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full
realization of this pledge,
Now, therefore,
The General Assembly,
Proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and
all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in
mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive
measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance, both
among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction. 
 Article 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason
and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
 Article 2. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without
distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or
social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of
 the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs,
whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
 Article 3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
 Article 4. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in
all their forms.
 Article 5. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment.
 Article 6. Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
 Article 7. All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of
the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration
and against any incitement to such discrimination.
 Article 8. Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts
violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law.
 Article 9. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.
 Article 10. Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and
impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against
him.
 Article 11
1. Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty
according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense.
2. No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not
constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor
shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was
committed.

 Article 12. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or
correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of
the law against such interference or attacks.
 Article 13
1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.
2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country.
 Article 14
1. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
2. This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes
or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
 Article 15
1. Everyone has the right to a nationality.
2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change his nationality.
 Article 16
1. Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right
to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at
its dissolution.
2. Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
3. The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society
and the State.
 Article 17
1. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
2. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.
 Article 18, Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes
freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in
public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
 Article 19. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to
hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any
media and regardless of frontiers.
 Article 20
1. Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
2. No one may be compelled to belong to an association.
 Article 21
1. Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen
representatives.
2. Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country.
3. The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in
periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by
secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.

 Article 22. Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to
realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the
organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for
his dignity and the free development of his personality.
 Article 23
1. Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work
and to protection against unemployment.
2. Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.

3. Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for himself and his
family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of
social protection.
4. Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests.

 Article 24. Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours
and periodic holidays with pay.
 Article 25
1. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of
his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the
right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack
of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
2. Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or
out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.
 Article 26
1. Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and
fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education
shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of
merit.
2. Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening
of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and
friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United
Nations for the maintenance of peace.
3. Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.
 Article 27
 1. Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and
to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
2. Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any
scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
 Article 28. Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set
forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

 Article 29
1. Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality
is possible.
2. In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are
determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and
freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general
welfare in a democratic society.
3. These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the
United Nations.
 Article 30. Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person
any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and
freedoms set forth herein.

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