Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Value/Thrusts Integration
Concern for others; cooperation
Introduction:
IMPORTANCE OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is about the interconnectedness of people and businesses across the
world that eventually leads to global cultural, political, and economic integration. Due to the
increased demand in high tech industry around the world, business and industry have
potential for huge profits working globally.
DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Health issues – Globalization has given rise to more health risks and present new
threats and challenges for epidemics. The dawn of HIV/AIDS. Having its origin in the
wilderness of Africa, the virus spread like wildfire throughout the globe in no time. Food
items are also transported to various countries, and this is a matter of concern, in of
perishable items.
2. Loss of culture – with large number of people moving in and out of the country, the
culture takes a backseat. People may adopt to the culture of the resident country. They
tend to follow the foreign culture more, forgetting their own roots. This can give rise to
cultural conflict.
3. Uneven wealth distribution - it is said that rich are getting richer, while the poor are
getting poorer. In the real sense, globalization has not even been able to reduce
poverty.
4. Environmental Degradation – the industrial revolution has changed the outlook of the
economy. Industries are using natural resources by means of mining, drilling, etc. which
puts a burden on environment.
5. Disparity – though globalization has opened new avenues like wider markets and
employment, there are still disparity that exist in the development of the economies.
Structural unemployment owes to the disparity created. Developed countries are moving
their factories to foreign countries where labour is cheaply available.
6. Conflicts – it has given rise to terrorism and other forms of violence. Such acts did not
only cause the loss of human life but also huge economic losses.
7. Cut-Throat Competition – opening the doors of international trade has given birth to
intense competition. This has affected the global markets dramatically. The local players
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
The epochs that preceded today’s globalization paved way for people, things, information, and
places to harden over time. Consequently, they have limited mobility (Ritzer, 2015). Their
social relationships and objects remained where they were created.
1. Solidity - refers to the barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of things;
Solids can either be natural or man-made (i.e. natural solids are land forms and bodies
of water; man-made barriers include the Great Wall of China and the Berlin Wall; an
imaginary line such as nine-dash line used by China in their claim of South China Sea-
is an example of modern man-made solid.
2. Liquidity - as a state of matter, takes the shape of its container; are not fixed; it refer
to increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and places in the
contemporary world;
o Zygmunt Bauman’s said about liquidity of globalization, that today’s liquid phenomena
change quickly and their aspects, spatial and temporal, are in continuous fluctuation.
This means that space and time are crucial elements of globalization (i.e. in global
finance changes in the stock market are a matter of seconds; Their movement is difficult
to stop – i.e. videos uploaded on You Tube or Facebook are unstoppable once they are
viral (internet sensations become famous globally);
o Finally, the forces (the liquid ones) made political boundaries to the flow of people and
things (Cartier, 2001). This brings us to what Ritzer (2015, p.6) regarded globalization
as the most important liquid, “it tends to melt whatever stands in its path (especially
solid).” The clearest example is the decline, if not death of the nation-state.
Flows
o Liquid flows of phenomena – flows are the movement of people, things, places, and
information brought by growing porosity of global limitations (Ritzer, 2015). i.e. think of a
different foreign cuisines being patronized and consumed by Filipinos. Aside from local
NATURES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. LIBERALIZATION – it stands for the freedom of the entrepreneurs to establish any
industry or trade or business venture, within their own countries or abroad.
2. FREE TRADE – it stands for the free flow of trade relations among nations. Each state
grants MFN (most favoured nation) status to other states and keeps its business away
from excessive and hard regulatory and protective regimes.
3. GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY – Economic activities are to be governed
both by the domestic market and also the world market. It stand for the process of
integrating the domestic economy to the world economies.
4. LIBERALIZATION OF IMPORT-EXPORT SYSTEM – it stands for liberating the export-
import activity and securing a free flow of goods and services across borders.
5. PRIVATIZATION – keeping the state away from ownership of means of production and
distribution letting the free flow of industrial, trade and economic activity across borders.
6. INCREASED COLLABORATION – encouraging the process of collaborations among
the entrepreneurs with a view to secure rapid modernization, development and
technological advancement.
7. ECONOMIC REFORMS – encouraging fiscal and financial reforms with a view to give
strength to free world trade, free enterprise and market forces.
8. DEREGULARIZATION – this refers to the lifting of government’s control or regulating
powers over the trade and operation of public utilities or goods, as in the case of power
and oil in the Philippines.
Globalization accepts and advocates the value of free world trade, freedom of access to world
markets and a free flow of investments across borders. It stands for integration and
democratization of the worlds’ culture, economy, and infrastructure through global investments.
Activity 1. In this activity, you are to see the actual application of globalization on the different
aspects of daily life such as politics, music, sports, film, celebrity, and disaster.
1. Answer the following:
a. Enumerate at least 3 of the most recent songs you have listened. Where did they
originate? Identify the nationality of the writer and/ or artist for each music.
b. What gadget or devices do you usually use to listen to music?
c. Where are these gadgets or devices made? Where is the company based?
d. How did you access the music? Did you purchase them on line or listen them through
YouTube, Spotify, and other music channels?
Activity 2.
1. Evaluate the over-all impact of globalization in terms of socio-economic aspect in our
country. Write your answers on the box below:
2. Based on what we have discussed on the concept of globalization. Make an essay on your
understanding of the term globalization. Write it in a piece of paper.
Value/Thrusts Integration
Integration and cooperation
CYCLES
For some, globalization is a long-term cyclical process and thus, finding its origin will be
a daunting task; there is also a notion to suspect that this point of globalization disappear and
reappear.
PERIODS OF GLOBALIZATION
There are five waves of globalization; these are also called “waves” and each has its
own origin.
1. The first wave of globalization is as old as human civilization. For more than five
thousand years human beings from different places have interacted, mostly through
trade, migration, and conquest.
2. The second wave of globalization is closely associated with the Western European
conquest of Asia, Latin America, and Africa and the spread of capitalism to these areas.
3. The third wave of globalization, which began around 1870 and declined around 1914,
was marked by breakthroughs in technological development, the global production of
primary commodities as well as manufactured products, and mass migration.
4. The fourth wave of globalization, from 1945 to 1980, was spurred by the retreat of
nationalism and protectionism and the strengthening of internationalism and global
cooperation, led by the United States. The removal of trade barriers was selective, but
institutions – such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the General
Agreement of Tariff and Trade (GATT) – were formed to encourage global trade and
development.
5. The fifth wave of globalization, which is the current period, is characterized by
unprecedented interdependence among nations and the explosive growth of powerful
actors.
THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. THE WORLD-SYSTEM THEORY BY IMMANUEL WALLERSTEIN
In the 1950s, the dominant theory was modernization theory; its problem was that
some countries were not developing/ modernizing as predicted.
Evidence did not fit the theory hence... World System Theory was developed out of
attempt to explain the failure of certain states to develop.
Looking at Latin America, their economies could not compete, global capitalism forced
certain countries into under-development
Trade is asymmetrical
Poor countries are dependent on rich states
Immanuel Wallerstein (The Modern World System, 1976) argued that “Globalization
represents the triumph of a capitalist world economy tied together by a global division of
labor.” A world-system is a "multicultural territorial division of labor in which the production
and exchange of basic goods and raw materials is necessary for the everyday life of its
inhabitants."
The powerful and wealthy "core" societies dominate and exploit weak and poor peripheral
societies. There is unequal exchange of goods and services and capital accumulation.
States are used by class forces to pursue their interest, in the case of core countries.
The idea that governments and international institutions can make the system ‘fair’ is an
illusion (because they always reflect interests of capitalists).
Transnational practices (TNPs) which originate with non- state actors and cross-state
borders. TNPs at three levels (Leslie Sklair):
the economic, whose agent is transnational capital;
His theory involves the idea of the TCC as a new class that brings together several social
groups who see their own interests in an expanding global capitalist system:
the executives of transnational corporations;
globalizing bureaucrats, politicians, and professionals’, and
consumerist elites’ in the media and the commercial sector (Sklair, 2000).
World Economy
Each country developed a national economy that was linked to others through trade and
finances in an integrated international market.
Global Economy
Globalization of the production process itself, which breaks down and functionally integrates
what were previously national circuits into new global circuits of production and accumulation.
Transnational class formation takes place around these globalized circuits. Like
Sklair, Robinson analyzes the rise of a Transnational Capitalist Class (TCC) as the class
group that manages these globalized circuits that led to the birth of the Emergent
transnational state (TNS) apparatus (William Robinson).
However, in distinction to Sklair, for whom state structures play no role in the global
system, Robinson theorizes an emergent transnational state (TNS) apparatus.
This Transnational State (TNS) is a loose network comprised of supranational
political and economic institutions together with national state apparatuses that have been
penetrated and transformed by transnational forces.
The Internet constructs a new symbolic environment, global in its reach, which makes
“virtuality a reality”. Castells argues that globalization is a network of production, culture, and
power that is constantly shaped by advances in technology, which range from
communications technologies to genetic engineering.
1. Homogenization Theory
Homogenization is the name given to the process
whereby globalization causes one culture to consume
another. Moreover, Homogenization theories see a
global cultural convergence and would tend to
highlight the rise of world beat, world cuisines, world
tourism, uniform consumption patterns and
cosmopolitanism (Appadurai).
2. Hybridization
Hybridization occurs when people mix cultural forms,
genres or styles to create something new.
3. Heterogeneity or polarization
Heterogeneity approaches see continued cultural
difference and highlight local cultural autonomy,
cultural resistance to homogenization, cultural
clashes and polarization, and distinct subjective Burundi drummers and
dancers in New Zealand
experiences of globalization.
In political institutions, Benjamin Barber provided the alternate of McWorld – the “jihad”, it
refers to the political groups engaged in an intensification of nationalism and that leads
to greater political heterogeneity throughout the world.
GLOBALITY
The term globality signifies a future social condition characterized by thick economic,
political, and cultural interconnections and global flows that make currently existing political
borders and economic barriers irrelevant.
It should not be assumed that ‘globality’ refers to a determinate endpoint that precludes
any further development. Rather, this concept points to a particular social condition
destined to give way to new, qualitatively distinct, constellations.
What is an Ideology?
set of ideas
committed to attain an ideal state
through an organized political action
Components of Ideology
Components Examples
“Polyarchy” - the rule of the elected elite minorities; Voting in elections is the only political
participation of the citizens
vs
Popular Democracy - political and economic power in the hands of the masses
ACTIVITY/IES. Let the student research and answer the following: Choose only one to do.
1. Make a time-line on the history of Globalization by filing the table below.
Value/Thrusts Integration
Concern for others; cooperation
B. MARKET INTEGRATION
INTEGRATION DEFINED
• “Integration is taken to denote a state of affairs or a process involving attempts to combine
separate national economies into larger economic regions” (Robson, 1990, p.1).
• Integration as a means of stimulating trade and improving the division of labor among
countries has been recommended by many economists, from Ricardo on.
• The foundation of the GATT in 1948 gave further impetus to integration by promoting
greater acceptance of the most favored nation principle.
• Richard Kohls and Joseph Uhl have defined market integration as a process which refers
to the expansion of firms by consolidating additional marketing functions and activities
under a single management.
KINDS OF INTEGRATION
1. Negative integration - reducing non-tariff and tariff barriers to trade can be the main tool
for integrating markets; The term implies that a government’s only role is to withdraw
from interference in the movement of goods and factors of production across national
borders
2. Positive integration - integration of agricultural markets requires more than negative
integration. Instead, the Government may have to adjust domestic policies and
institutions and, moreover, there may be a need to create some supranational
arrangements.
TYPES OF INTEGRATION
1. Horizontal integration
This occurs when a firm or agency gains control of other firms or agencies
performing similar marketing functions at the same level in the marketing sequence.
In this type of integration, some marketing agencies combine to form a union with a
view to reducing their effective number and the extent of actual competition in the
market.
It is advantageous for the members who join the group. In most markets, there is a
large number of agencies which do not effectively compete with each other.
This is indicative of some element of horizontal integration.
2. Vertical integration
This occurs when a firm performs more than one activity in the sequence of the
marketing process.
It is a linking together of two or more functions in the marketing process within a
single firm or under a single ownership.
This type of integration makes it possible to exercise control over both quality and
quantity of the product from the beginning of the production process until the product
is ready for the consumer.
It reduces the number of middle men in the marketing channel.
Example Meat industry buys all the functioning plants needed for running this meat
industry.
3. Conglomeration
A combination of agencies or activities not directly related to each other may, when it
operates under a unified management, be termed a conglomeration.
EFFECTS OF CONGLOMERATION
● Risk reduction through diversification
● Acquisition of financial leverage
● Empire – building urge.
DEGREE OF INTEGRATION
2. INFORMATION REVOLUTION
Ours is time of the information revolution;
Computers and other technologies are beginning to replace many jobs because of
automation or outsourcing of jobs offshore.
WHAT’S NEXT FOR CAPITALISM AND SOCIALISM?
Today the key part of both our economic and political landscape is corporations – are
defined as organization that exists as legal entities and have liabilities that are separate
C. GLOBAL CORPORATION
These are companies that extend beyond the borders of country, and are called as
Multi-National Corporations and Trans-National Corporations; also referred to as
Global Corporations.
They intentionally surpass national borders and take advantage and opportunities in
different countries to manufacture, distribute, market, and sell their products. Example
of American Companies are: McDonald, Coca-cola, General Electric and Food Motor
Company.
ACTIVITY/IES. Let the student research and answer the following: Choose only one (1).
1. Why is European Union considered a prominent Economic union? What are its
advantages and disadvantages as a union in Eurozone?
2. Why are Brazil, India, and China the most dynamic economies today?
Value/Thrusts Integration
Alliance building; cooperation; peaceful co-existence
Conclusion
Internationalism is but one window into the broader phenomenon of globalization;
Increasingly international relations are also facilitated by international organizations that
promote global norms and policies. The most prominent example is the United Nations.
Value/Thrusts Integration
Concern for others; cooperation, lobbying power
WHAT IS GOVERNANCE?
Governance is “the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to
manage a country’s affairs at all levels. It comprises the mechanisms, processes and
institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their
legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences” (UNDP, 1997).
Governance is “the method through which power is exercised in the management of a
country’s political, economic and social resources for development.” (World Bank, 1993)
Consensus
oriented Accountable
Participatory Transparent
GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
Follows the Responsive
rule of law
GROWTH OF REGIONALISM
No comprehensive trend can be detected toward deepening regional governance structures.
However, some progress toward closer cooperation at the regional level has been achieved
over the last decade in regions as diverse as South America, Africa, and most notably, East
Asia.
Regional cooperation is likely to make some further strides due to a mix of factors.
First, there is growing dissatisfaction with the performance of global governance
institutions as either ineffective of carrying political agendas.
Second, relative power is shifting at the regional level as well. Preeminent actors such
as China, Japan or Brazil have chosen to invest in regional cooperative frameworks to manage
political differences and confirm their leadership.
Third, the global financial crisis has impacted all global regions and amplified both the
suspicion of external interference in regional affairs and a sense of self-reliance to address
economic and political challenges.
CONCLUSION
Future opportunities, but also limits
Global governance is not slated to approach ‘world government’ because of widespread
sovereignty concerns, divergent interests and deep-seated worries about the effectiveness of
current institutions. However, enhanced and more effective cooperation among a growing
assortment of international, regional and national in addition to non-state actors is possible,
achievable, and needed, particularly to grapple with the growing interconnectedness of future
challenges.
Chapter Introduction
This chapter explores the development and underdevelopment paradox of globalization
as a means to shed light on the term ‘global south’. The topic examined the inequalities
between countries and illustrate how these inequalities necessitate the emergence of
Value/Thrusts Integration
The terms “Third World”, “developing world”, and “global south” are all ways to
represent interstate inequalities.
Third World is a term originally use to distinguish those nations that neither aligned with
the west nor with the east during the cold war;
These countries are also known as the Global South, developing countries, and least
developed countries in academic circle.
The term Third World arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-
aligned with either NATO or the Warsaw Pact.
Canada, Japan, South Korea, Western European nations and their allies represented
the First World, while the post-Soviet Union countries, China, Cuba, and their allies
represented the Second world.
Some of the major differences in North and South countries are as follows:
North South
Less population Large population
High Wealth Low Wealth
High Standard of living Low Standard of living
High Industrial development Low Industrial development
Industry Agriculture
REASONS: There are 3 main reasons why our world is so unequal today:
1. Colonialism
North-South gap traces its roots to the colonization of the Southern world regions by
Europe over the past several centuries.
Control by one power over a dependent area or people
2. Trade
Spending to bring goods into your country is a greater sum than what you are making
by selling products in the global economy.
Losing money.
Southern countries suffered from this.
3. Debt
Asian embrace of globalization was the assumption that economics could be separated
from politics. In other words, Asian governments sought to liberalize their economies even as
they worked to protect existing political systems, institutions, and practices – an effort that
proved remarkably successful during the boom years. Greater openness to trade, foreign
investors and visitors, and information from the outside world all have contributed to the
erosion of sovereignty in Asia. But with few exceptions – Burma and North Korea.
Asian states have played a key role in promoting globalization in the region. Singapore’s
decision to embrace the world economy helped it to become the financial center of Southeast
Asia, and bolstered its strategic position in the region as well. China and Vietnam have
undertaken substantial economic reforms to break out of isolation and strengthen the positions
of those in power.
NOTA BENE
The Global South remains a set of global actors dominated by the great powers. That
domination is funneled in part through the powerful international organizations like the
United Nations and the World Bank that the great powers have created. To understand
world politics and the roots of changes in international affairs, it is important to inspect the
impact of these influential IGOs as actors in the global arena.
Chapter Introduction
Asian regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political planning. As a
result of successful, outward oriented growth strategies, Asian economies have grown not only
richer, but also closer together. Asian economies are becoming closely intertwined. This is not
because the region’s development strategy has changed; it remains predominantly
nondiscriminatory and outward-oriented. East Asian economies, in particular, focused on
exporting to developed country markets rather than selling to each other.
Value/Thrusts Integration
Cooperation; integration; coherence and interdependence
B. ASIAN REGIONALISM
• Regionalism is of growing relevance to the political economy of Asia-Pacific. It is an
important factor that both complements and shapes corporate strategies and
government policies in a globalizing economy.
• Asian regionalism is the product of economic interaction, not political planning. As a
result of successful, outward oriented growth strategies, Asian economies have grown
not only richer, but also closer together.
• In the early stages of Asia’s economic takeoff, regional integration proceeded slowly.
East Asian economies, in particular, focused on exporting to developed country markets
rather than selling to each other.
• Regionalism in Asia has developed rather differently. Regional integration has been
driven more by markets than by governments.
• Cooperation among national authorities is more recent and less intimate. It remains
focused on economic issues (with some social components) and light on formal
institutions.
• For now, it involves no political ambitions, although ASEAN has an advanced security
dialogue with several Asian and non-Asian partners.
ASIA:
REGIONS OF ASIA:
1. Central Asia (Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan)
2. East Asia (China, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan,
Macau)
3. South Asia (Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, the
Maldives)
4. Southeast Asia (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, Timor Lester, Vietnam, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands)
5. Western Asia (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel,
Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia)
The Asia Pacific and South Asia became significant in the global system
emerged over the past decade as a new political force in the world
robust economic growth
strategic location
The shift
Global powers outside of the region are focused intently on the Asia Pacific and South
Asia.
The United States foreign policy dubbed as the "Pacific Pivot" committed more of its
resources and attention to the region.
Result of McDonaldization
• Radical change in Asian diet was Westernized
• One study in Japan shows that younger people consume more beef and beer than older
counterparts and the older people eat more rice, vegetables, and fruits. Similar patterns
are evident through much of the region.
• McDonaldization thesis would also refers to changing tastes in areas such as music,
clothing, television, and film.
• McDonaldization might also be referred to as “MTV-ization or Hollywoodization.”
The point here is that Western and particularly American cultural trends have spread
globally and increasingly marginalize the way in which local cultural practices are
expressed (Banks, 1997).
ARE ASIA PACIFIC AND SOUTH ASIA MERE BENEFICIARIES (OR VICTIMS) OF
GLOBALIZATION?
• The 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s actually shaped and in many ways globalized key parts of
the world economy. Japan as a resource poor nation state embarked on a massive project
to procure raw materials such as coal and iron at unprecedented economies of scale
allowing them to gain a competitive edge in the global manufacturing market. This not only
transformed the market for these materials but also globalized shipping and procurement
patterns which influenced other sectors as well. Furthermore, as Japan's competitive
advantage became visible, other countries modeled their practices on theirs further
deepening the globalized patterns of procurement and trade blazed by the Japanese
(Bunker, 2007).
• In many ways, China can be seen as pursuing a similar pattern of development today. It
is now one of the world's largest importers of basic raw materials such as iron and has
surpassed Japan, the United States, and Europe in steel production. In this context, the
simple scale of China's development is shaping and furthering globalization. In terms of its
CULTURE
Asian cultures have also spread outward to the West and the rest of the world.
Hello Kitty Train to Bushan
Anime Astroboy
Pokemon Power Rangers
K-Pop Sushi
Kung Fu Bollywood
Gangnam style
Much of this has come to be understood as the spread of a kawaii or ‘cute’ culture, or
what some have called ‘Pink Globalization’ (Yano, 2009: 681 – 8). Globalization has not been
Chapter Introduction
Globalization entails the spread of various culture. An examples are Hollywood movies
that are shown not only in the United States but also other parts of the world. Similarly, South
Korean rapper Psy’s song “Gangnam Style” may have been about a wealthy suburb in Seoul
but its listeners involved millions have never been in Gangnam or not even know what
Gangnam is. Hence, globalization involves the spread of ideas around the world such as the
rights of LGBT as well as other beliefs, i.e., religious beliefs and other aspects of culture even
they are not travelling around the world through the use of Mass media as the main conduit for
spreading global culture and ideas.
Value/Thrusts Integration
Importance of media in preserving and spreading ideas and global culture
GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is `best considered a complex
set of interacting and often countervailing
human, material and symbolic flows that lead
to diverse, heterogeneous cultural positionings
and practices which persistently and variously
modify established vectors of social, political
and cultural power' (Lull, 1995: 150).
What is MEDIA?
It is the plural for medium – a means of
conveying something such as a channel of
communication
The plural form—media—came into general
circulation in the 1920s
(came into popular usage to talk about a new
social issues)
Media is the main means of mass communication (broadcasting, publishing, and the
Internet), regarded collectively.
GUY DEBORD
Society of the Spectacle - Social values become equated or blurred with the values of
capitalism: commodification and consumption
Example:
Love becomes equivalent to the purchase of goods and services
Public interest becomes blurred with profit
BENEDICT ANDERSON
The impact of print capitalism in facilitating the ‘imagination’ of nation
MICHAEL BILLIG
Banal nationalism = maintenance of nation rather than its conception
The national community is reproduced in the routine practices of daily life (reading the
newspaper, listening to the radio)
Media carry discourses that demarcate the boundaries of the nation, defining its characteristics
and indicating who is included and excluded within the national space.
JURGEN HABERMAS
The major focus of Habermas’s work is the survival of democracy in a world that is increasingly
transformed by science and technology
GLOBAL IMAGINARY
Media bring about a fundamentally new imaginary—Global Imaginary—the globe itself as
imagined community (Steger, 2008)
Cosmopolitanism is now a feature of modern life; people imagine themselves as part of
the world
Nations are the result of ‘imagined communities’; people will never meet face to face with
others but they can imagine themselves as one--in the minds of each lives the image of
their communion (Anderson, 1991)
The imagination is not a trifling fantasy but a ‘social fact’ & a staging ground for action
SOCIAL MEDIA
Twitter
o The logistics of twitter are unique
o Users have a limit of 140 characters and the medium requires captivating messages in
order to draw attention to readers
o As a medium of communication, Twitter’s intent is to captivate and tap into our short-
term attention spans
LINKEDIN
o Marketing to your audience through LinkedIn connotes professionalism
o LinkedIn as a medium is used for primarily business related purposes
o For example, promoting a cocktail party would certainly not be marketed using LinkedIn
as a medium to reach your audience
o Alternatively, using LinkedIn to post more professional messages can be more
effective than posting the same message on a more casual platform
o The medium is the message of professionalism.
FACEBOOK
o As a contrast to LinkedIn is Facebook which is intended to foster a more casual social
media experience
o We do not necessarily log into Facebook to find business information, however, it’s a
great platform to employ the word of mouth theory on the web
o Facebook gives you the opportunity to share and link a business on an online platform;
much like interactions between a group of friends offline
o Not to mention, Facebook is the most active social media platform in the
world, with 1.19 billion monthly active users
o The medium is the message of connections
INSTAGRAM
o Instagram is great to create more visual content, build awareness, and foster
engagement
WEBSITES
o Websites are your 24/7 hours sales rep
o Your company’s website should promote products/services and provide solutions and
answers to potential customers
o As important as your website content is, the medium of the website itself has a huge
influence on your success
o Unlike Twitter and LinkedIn, there are no restrictions on the length of content
o Websites can also represent any level of professionalism
o A website and your blog present your business is an easily digestible view
o The medium is the message of presenting the details of your company to your
audience
Activity/ies: Pick-up an Asian musical artist or group that became internationally famous (i.e.
Psye, tc.). In your output, answer the following questions:
1. Where did the Musical artist originate?
2. In which countries did the artist famous?
3. How the artist became famous?
Chapter Introduction
Religion, much more than culture, has the most difficult relationship with globalism.
Religion is concerned with the sacred, while globalism places value on material wealth.
Religion follows divine commandments, while globalism abides human-made laws. Religious
people are less concerned with wealth and along that comes with it. (Claudio, 2018).
Value/Thrusts Integration
Effects of globalization to religious beliefs and practices
What is religion? Religion is a “system of beliefs and practices.” More specifically, the word
comes from the Latin “religare” which means “to bind together again that which was once
bound but has since been torn apart or broken.”
Hence, “in order for a person to maintain a sense of psychological well-being and avoid
existential anxiety,” individuals turn to scripture stories and teachings that provide a vision
about how they can be bound to a “meaningful world,” a world that is quickly changing day-by-
day. Challenges: 1) Globalization Engendering Greater Religious Tolerance; 2)
Globalization Creating Backlash of Religious Parochialism; and 3) Religious Identity and
Globalization
On the other hand, the US-led invasion of Afghanistan and then Iraq turned into wars of
“Islamofacism” and a “crusade” to the divine in getting rid of evil. Moreover, other attacks on
innocent people based on cultural religious characteristics occur today: Muslims in the United
States, Western Europe, or India, Kurds in Iraq, and Jews in France. In other words, though
socially constructed, these cultural religious characteristics become a unifying force against
others not adhering to a particular truth. As long as religions see themselves as “world
religions” and reinforce their specific identities, the chance for religions to avoid conflict among
one another is grey.
The bottom line is that the pieces of interreligious dialogue to manage religious diversity
and to avoid violence are there, but the problem may be of globalization’s intentional and/or
unintentional consequence of making religions more conscious of themselves as “world
religions,” as well as the undesirable consequences of disrupting traditional communities,
causing economic marginalization, and bringing individuals mental stress—all reinforcing
religious cultural characteristics and identities. Hence, the relationship between religion and
globalization has brought new possibilities but also furthering challenges.
Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current revival
and the resurgence of religion. Today, most religions are not relegated to the country where
they began – in fact spread and scattered in a global scale. According to Scholte (2005)
“Accelerated globalization of recent times has enabled co-religionists across the planet to have
greater direct contact with one another. Global communications, global organizations, global
finance, and the like have allowed ideas of the Muslims and the universal Christian church to
be given concrete shape as never before.” Media also play an important role in dissemination
of religious ideas – a lot of television channels, radio stations, and print media are advocating
religions.
As Bryan S.Turner (2007) explained, “Globalization transforms the generic ‘religion’ into
a world system of competing and conflicting religions. This process of Institutional
specialization has transformed local, diverse and fragmented cultural practices into
recognizable systems of religion. Globalization has therefore, had the paradoxical effect of
making religions more self-conscious of themselves as being “world religions.”
Such conflicts among the world religions exhibit a solid proof confirming the erosion and
the failure of hybridization. Although globalization makes religion more conscious of
themselves as being “world religions” reinforcing their respective identity, however, they cannot
be hybridize due to distinct internal structures, and contradicting rituals and beliefs (i.e. Islam
and Christianity are incompatible with each other and cannot be homogenized even if they
often come in contact).
EXPANSION OF TERRORISM ON
RELIGIOUS BASIS
Videos and audios in the Internet of sermons read by missionaries which contain
extremist ideas, call for crimes, murders, terrorist attacks. The possibility of communicating
with anyone across the world and sharing ideas provoke the spread of terrorists and expansion
of their band
CONCLUSION
_____2. The following are religious organizations that serve the disadvantaged in areas such
as
poverty relief, health care, the HIV/AIDs crisis, and environment problems. Which is NOT?
A. Catholic Relief Services C. World Vision International
B. Islamic Relief Worldwide D. Al Qaeda
Chapter Introduction
The Globalization of economic activity entails a new type of organizational structure
such as global city. A Global City is also called a “power city” which is the primary node in the
global economic network.
Nowadays, globalization occurs in places where a mass people work and live in cities.
However, for a city to achieve the title of being global, it must have values and ideas that will
have an impact in the rest of the world.
Furthermore, global city is a city that is well thought out to be an important node in in the
world’s economic system. Sassen's key concept of the global city is an emphasis on the flow of
information and capital. Cities are major nodes in the interconnected systems of information
and money, and the wealth that they capture is intimately related to the specialized businesses
that facilitate those flows -- financial institutions, consulting firms, accounting firms, law firms,
and media organizations.
Moreover, Sassen points out that these flows are no longer tightly bound to national
boundaries and systems of regulation; so the dynamics of the global city are dramatically
different than those of the great cities of the nineteenth century.
Value/Thrusts Integration
Global cities are mediums of globalization and center of development but remain sites of
inequality
GLOBAL CITY
It is a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system;
it is a significant production point of specialized financial and producer services that make the
globalized economy run.
Shanghai World Financial Center
World Financial Center (now officially known as Brookfield Place) New York
San Francisco is the home of the most powerful internet companies – Facebook,
Twitter, and Google.
Global City - The idea of “global city” emerged in the social science literature in the 1980s.
The concept was preceded by the idea of ‘world city’.
Through the global cities the nation-states project their significance onto the global stage.
Global cities are the main financial centers i.e. stock exchanges and indices
New York’s Wall Street
London’s ‘Footsie’ (the informal name for
FTSE 100 Index of the largest listed
companies)
Tokyo’s Nikkei
Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index (FTSE)
Global cities are also at the top of the ‘urban cultural hierarchy’ in terms of cultural innovation
and ability to attract visitors.
B. Global cities are also centers of authority - Washington D.C. may not be as wealthy as
New York, but it is the seat of American state power. People around the world know its
major landmarks: the White House, the Capitol Building (Congress), the Supreme Court,
the Lincoln Memorial, and the Washington Monument.
II. Essay. Answer the question(s) briefly but substantively (5points each).
1. Why is there a growing inequality felt in global cities?
2. How do governments address the issue on diversity due to the rapid entrance of
different nationalities and culture?
Chapter Introduction
The globalization of world’s economy is impacting all aspects of human lives. Many of
these impacts are positive (i.e. poverty reduction), but there are also negative particularly the
increasing demand for natural resources due to the growing demand of more affluent
population.
The importance of demography lies in its contribution to helping government and society
better prepare to deal for the issues and demands of population growth, aging and migration.
Value/Thrusts Integration
Respecting women and their reproductive rights; civic responsibility; overpopulation and their
threat to food security
SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHY
a) population censuses
b) national sample
c) surveys registration
d) vital events
FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE
Feminist approach on the issue of reproductive rights, they are foremost against any
form of population control because it does not really empower women. They believe that
government assumptions that poverty and environmental degradation are caused by
overpopulation are wrong. Feminist also point out that there is a very little evidence that point
to overpopulation as the culprit behind poverty and ecological devastation.
Hence, globally, women’s and feminist arguments on reproductive rights and
overpopulation are acknowledged, but the struggle to turn them into policy is still fought at the
national level. It is the dilemma that women and feminist movements are facing today (ibid, p.
105).
II. Essay. Answer the question briefly but substantively (5points each).
1. How do rural and urban people’s view differ on number of family members? Explain your
answer.
2. Is population growth a problem or not? Explain your answer.
3. Do you believe in the neo-Malthusian argument? Why or why not?
Chapter Introduction
Migration is a key feature of our increasingly interconnected world. It has also become
a flashpoint for debate in many countries, which underscores the importance of understanding
the patterns of global migration and the economic impact that is created when people move
across the world’s borders.
Moreover, it has been a part of the human history since its very beginning. People have
migrated from one continent to the other, from country to country or inside the same
country. Even though the twenty-first century has been called "The age of migration" Castles
& Miller, 2009), migration is certainly not a recent phenomenon. But this phrase is widely
accepted, essentially because there are more migrants in the world today than ever before —
about 244 million international migrants in 2015 and in fact it is increasing.
Value/Thrusts Integration
Respect for others; collaboration; patriotism/love of country; honesty; value changes and
formation
TYPES OF MIGRATION
1. Forced or involuntary Migration. This is when the government or authorities of a
place force people to migrate for a reason.
Jews forced to move from Germany, Poland and other European countries by Hitler's
Nazi's before and during World War 2. (Genocide).
Africans forced to travel in cramped conditions on boats across the Atlantic to the
United States in the 18th and early 19th century. (The slave trade).
The original population of Australia were prisoners from the United Kingdom, who
were forced to go there, and usually stayed.
MIGRANT TRANSNATIONALISM
oMigrant Transnationalism refers to a social process characterized by substantively
bifocal consciousness and orientation, as well as regular practices of conducting
migrants’ lives across state borders, of living out significant domains of social life both
“here” and “there.”
1. Transnational Migrants: When "Home" Means More Than One Country
o The assumption that people will live their lives in one place, according to one set
of national and cultural norms, in countries with impermeable national borders,
no longer holds. Rather, in the 21st century, more and more people will belong to
two or more societies at the same time. This is what many researchers refer to
as transnational migration.
Activity/ies: Conduct an interview with an OFW using the following questions, then present
your findings by writing a composition.
1. What are their reasons of going abroad?
2. What are the learnings or experiences gained during their stay abroad?
3. Are the learnings abroad applied at home? or/ Are there things practiced at home
introduced abroad?
Chapter Introduction
To study the roots of issues related to the interaction between development and
sustainability it would be a good starting point to briefly sketch the evolution of the idea of
progress, not only because it was the antecedent to notions of development, but also because
it would in due course as its own antipode elicit calls for sustainability. In the literature
progress, the idea ‘that civilization has moved, is moving, and will move in a desirable
direction’ (Bury 1932: 2), has been investigated in terms of scientific (and technological),
material and moral advancement which was the main concern for the emergence of the
concept of Sustainable Development.
The terms ‘sustainability’ and ‘sustainable’ appeared for the first time in the Oxford
English Dictionary during the second half of the 20th century the equivalent terms in French
(durabilite ´ and durable), German (Nachhaltigkeit, literally meaning ‘lastingness’, and
nachhaltig) and Dutch (duurzaamheid and duurzaam) have been used for centuries (Van Zon
2002: 20, 21, 22).
The origin of the concept of sustainable development by going far back its history, the
idea of sustainability evolved through the centuries as a counter to notions of progress. The
historical context in the latter half of the 20th century is outlined, in which a paradigm shift in
thinking about development caused sustainable development to occupy the center stage in
development discourses.
Value/Thrusts Integration
Concerning for others; cooperation; preserving and protecting the environment
o Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is “development
that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to satisfy their own needs”
Sustainable development calls for concerted efforts towards building an inclusive, sustainable
and resilient future for people and planet.
o For sustainable development to be achieved, it is crucial to harmonize three core elements:
1. economic growth
2. social inclusion and
3. environmental protection
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
At the environmental level, sustainability prevents nature from being used as an
inexhaustible source of resources and ensures its protection and rational use.
Aspects such as environmental conservation, investment in renewable energies, saving
water, supporting sustainable mobility, and innovation in sustainable construction and
architecture, contribute to achieving this environmental sustainability on several fronts.
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
At the social level, sustainability can foster the development of people, communities and
cultures to help achieve reasonable and fairly-distributed quality of life, healthcare and
education across the globe.
The fight for gender equality, especially in developing countries, is another aspect which in
coming years will form the basis of social sustainability.
ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainability focuses on equal economic growth that generates wealth for all, without
harming the environment.
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is the long-term changes in the weather patterns in a region. Another
term interchanged with climate change is global warming. Global warming is the rise in
Earth’s temperature which persists for a decade or longer. There could be several
causes for climate change.
The climate change that we face today is the effect of the rising concentration of carbon
dioxide. The primary source of carbon dioxide is the burning of fossil fuels. Scientists
have observed several long-term changes in weather patterns since the mid-late 19th
century.
Activity/ies:
1. What led to the concept of sustainable development? If sustainable development will be
attained, what will be its effects? Complete the graphic organizer.
Objectives
Activities: Effects:
Sustainable
Development
Chapter Introduction
Food security is becoming increasingly important to our world. The World Health
Organization (WHO) defines food security as consisting of three pillars: food availability, food
access, and food use. Issues which have always existed to threaten the availability of food to
certain populations, such as corruption in politics and natural disaster are experiencing much
newer pressures, such as the rural/urban imbalance; rapid population growth and climate
change.
Value/Thrusts Integration
Sustainable protection of environment; social justice
OTHER DEFINITIONS:
1996 World Food Summit: "Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical
and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and
food preferences for an active and healthy life."
World Health Organization (WHO): "Food security means that:
all people at all times have both physical and economic access to enough food for an
active, healthy life;
the ways in which food is produced and distributed are respectful of the natural
processes of the earth and thus sustainable;
both the consumption and production of food are governed by social values that are just
and equitable as well as moral and ethical;
the ability to acquire food is ensured;
the food itself is nutritionally adequate and personally and culturally acceptable; and
the food is obtained in a manner that upholds human dignity."
4 DIMENSIONS OF FOOD
SECURITY
1. PHYSICAL AVAILABILITY OF
FOOD - Food availability
addresses the “supply side” of
food security and is determined
by the level of food production,
stock levels and net trade.
2. ECONOMIC AND PHYSICAL
ACCESS TO FOOD - An adequate supply of food at the national or international level
does not in itself guarantee household level food security. Concerns about insufficient
food access have resulted in a greater policy focus on incomes, expenditure, markets
and prices in achieving food security objectives.
3. FOOD UTILIZATION - Utilization is commonly understood as the way the body makes
the most of various nutrients in the food. Sufficient energy and nutrient intake by
individuals is the result of good care and feeding practices, food preparation, diversity of
the diet and intra-household distribution of food. Combined with good biological
utilization of food consumed, this determines the nutritional status of individuals.
4. STABILITY OF THE OTHER THREE DIMENSIONS OVER TIME - Even if your food
intake is adequate today, you are still considered to be food insecure if you have
inadequate access to food on a periodic basis, risking a deterioration of your nutritional
status. Adverse weather conditions, political instability, or economic factors
(unemployment, rising food prices) may have an impact on your food security status.
For food security objectives to be realized, all four dimensions must be fulfilled
simultaneously.
ECONOMIC DIMENSION
Food security is largely an issue of the ability for a community, a household, or an individual to
afford the prices of food items available to them in the market.
Political Dimension
How does food security/access differ from the developed world to the developing
world?
Food Security between the Developed and Developing World
In the developed world there is an increasing gap between the rich and poor that some
have called a Third World inside the First World;
Food security in the developing world is closely linked with issues of women's rights,
globalization, famine and climatological catastrophes (monsoons, floods, and droughts),
conditions of agriculture, the diversification of a countries economy, and household
incomes.
Globalization has enabled capital to flow with less restriction over the world's borders. It
has enabled corporations to expand into multi-national corporations and trans-national
corporations.
One billion people in the world are chronically hungry. One billion people are overweight.
Bittman (2009)
In 2015
5.9 million children die before the age of 5
50 % attributable to undernourishment
(UNICEF 2015)
830 million people live below the International
Extreme Poverty Line of US $1.90 a day.
(UN 2015)
1.8 billion live below a moderate poverty threshold of US $2.50 a day.
AVERAGE INCOME
Top 1% of the population US $290 a day
Bottom 50% of the population US $7 a day
In the light of population growth and the constant risk of natural catastrophes, food security
becomes an unavoidable political issue.
The concept of seasonal food security falls between chronic and transitory food
insecurity. It is similar to chronic food insecurity as it is usually predictable and follows a
sequence of known events. However, as seasonal food insecurity is of limited duration it can
also be seen as recurrent, transitory food insecurity. It occurs when there is a cyclical pattern
Loss of farmland - the growth of the biofuel market is taking up valuable farmland
which is then not used for food.
Pests and diseases - pesticides have increased crop yields. Farmers in ACs can
afford pesticides, whereas most farmers in low income developing countries (LIDCs) cannot
afford them.
Water stress - irrigation systems provide water for countries with unreliable or low rainfall.
Irrigation can double crop yields, but it is expensive to put these systems in place. Water can
be taken either from underground aquifers or directly from rivers. Both have environmental
consequences.
Poverty - when people have less money, they cannot afford food and they become
unable to work. Families in developing countries spend much of their income on food.
2. Malnutrition is when people do not eat enough of the right kind of foods to keep
them healthy.
3. Wasting is the most serious type of hunger. It is severe weight loss due to acute
malnutrition resulting from starvation.
Soil erosion - the removal of soil occurs more rapidly in areas that are very dry. Food
insecurity can lead to soil erosion as farmers try to get more out of their land.
Deforestation, overgrazing and over-cultivation expose the soil and make it vulnerable
to wind and water erosion.
Rising prices - when there is less food available, the prices of food increase - since the year
2000 prices have risen. Poorer countries are more vulnerable to increasing food prices.
Debt - food prices can be set by speculators in ACs. This can cause great swings in the
prices offered to farmers for their crops from year to year. Farmers may incur debts by
Social unrest - everyone needs to eat and so when food supplies are low people have to
fight for their survival. Riots in Algeria in 2011 were caused by high food costs. The prices of
cooking oil, sugar and flour doubled within the space of a few months.
Activity/ies: List the different causes of food insecurity and make suggestions for possible
solutions on the issue.
Chapter Introduction
The term ‘citizenship’ illustrated that the focus was being shifted from the state towards
individual contributions by citizens. It was claimed that solutions to issues in the area of
poverty, the environment, lack of access to health care, education, water, and security were
increasingly to be found on a global level. International cooperation was considered
indispensable in solving these issues (DGIS, 2009.)
The transition from ‘public support for development cooperation’ to ‘global citizenship’
therefore entails the abandonment of the North-South dichotomy, introducing a reciprocity in
the form of awareness of mutual dependency and allowing individual citizens take a center
stage.
Global citizenship underlines equality and shared responsibility for each other, as well
as responsibility for the well-being of future generations. This mutual dependency ensues from
the understanding that matters such as sustainability, a stable climate, security and proper and
fair management of scarce resources (water, raw materials, and agricultural land) can only be
governed well on a global scale.
Value/Thrusts Integration
Awareness and understanding of the current Global issues, interconnectedness and
dependency of different countries and populations; and development of critical thinking and
analysis.
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
Global citizenship is nothing new….
As far back as the year 450, Socrates already proclaimed his land of origin to be ‘the world’.
A century later, Diogenes declared himself a ‘citizen of the world’.
Even though the global dimension of citizenship has been around for many centuries, there is
no clear definition of this form of citizenship (Morais & Ogden, 2010).
Global Citizenship an amorphous concept.
WHAT IS GLOBAL
CITIZENSHIP?
Global citizenship is the idea
that one's identity transcends
geography or political borders and that responsibilities or rights are derived from membership
in a broader class: "humanity". This does not mean that such a person denounces or waives
their nationality or other, more local identities, but that such identities are given "second place"
to their membership in a global community.
A GLOBAL CITIZEN is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world - and their
place in it. They take an active role in their community, and work with others to make our
planet more equal, fair and sustainable. For Oxfam, global citizenship is all about
encouraging young people to develop the knowledge, skills and values they need to engage
with the world. And it's about the belief that we can all make a difference.
GLOBAL CITIZEN is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community
and whose actions contribute to building this community’s values and practices.
Even though we are all part of communities made up of our cities, countries and ethnicities,
it is crucial to remember that one undeniable commonality that we share as humans is that our
home is planet Earth. As this is a given, there are universal values and morals that we share
despite our location on Earth. In fact, we have more similarities than we do difference.
We gain benefits from being part of a global community, thus we have the responsibility to
uphold the values of this community. What we gain from living on Earth, we must repay by
respecting our natural environment.
Currently, this is not coming from nation states. Instead, it is the responsibility of the global
citizen.
A Global Citizen is someone who …is aware of the wider world and has a sense of their own
role as a world citizen respects and values diversity has an understanding of how the world
works is outraged by social injustice participates in the community at a range of levels, from
the local to the globalis willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place
takes responsibility for their actions.
With the interconnected and interdependent nature of our world, the global is not ‘out there’; it
is part of our everyday lives, as we are linked to others on every continent: socially and
culturally through the media and telecommunications, and through travel and migration,
economically through trade, environmentally through sharing one planet
politically through international relations and systems of regulation.
To be effective Global Citizens, young people need to be flexible, creative and proactive: 1)
they need to be able to solve problems; 2) make decisions, 3) think critically, communicate
ideas effectively and work well within teams and groups.
These skills and attributes are increasingly recognized as being essential to succeed in other
areas of 21st century life too, including many workplaces. These skills and qualities cannot be
developed without the use of active learning methods through which pupils learn by doing and
by collaborating with others.
Education for global citizenship is not an additional subject - it's a framework for learning,
reaching beyond school to the wider community. It can be promoted in class through the
existing curriculum or through new initiatives and activities.
The benefits are felt across the school and beyond. Global citizenship helps young people to:
a) Build their own understanding of world events.
b) Think about their values and what's important to them.
c) Take learning into the real world.
d) Challenge ignorance and intolerance.
e) Get involved in their local, national and global communities.
f) Develop an argument and voice their opinions.
What's more, global citizenship inspires and informs teachers and parents, too. But above
all, it shows young people that they have a voice. The world may be changing fast, but they
can make a positive difference - and help build a fairer, safer and more secure world for
everyone.
Activity/ies:
1. Make slogan or poem on becoming a global citizen.