GLOBAL

INTERSTAT
E SYSTEM
PRESENTED BY:
ARJEFF QUIJANO
 Topics to be discussed:
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE
GOVERNMENT
INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
INTERNATIONALISM AND GLOBALISM
DEFINING INTERSTATE
• A system of unequally powerful and competing states in
which no single state is capable of imposing control on all
others

PREFIX "-INTER"
• It is a common prefix that means between or among
groups.
DEFINING STATE
• The state is a distinctive political community
with its own set of rules and practices and that
is more or less separate from other
communities.

• It has four elements: people, territory, government,

and sovereignty.
 DEFINING NATION
• Nation refers to a people rather than any kind of
formal territorial boundaries or institutions. It is a
collective identity grounded on a notion of shared
history and culture.

• In other words, the state is a political concept,

while a nation is a cultural concept.
 GLOBAL INTERSTATE
SYSTEM
The world system is composed of
nation-states. Every state plays as
unitary actor, and their actions are
explained in terms of structural
characteristics of the global
nterstate system which
administers power distribution
 Effects of Globalization in
Government
• Globalization and
governance have been two
of the most dominating
challenges in the
international
environment for more
than a decade.
 Effects of Globalization in Government
One of the key aspects of state sovereignty is the government.
It is a group of people who have the ultimate authority to act
on behalf of a state.

As Keohane and Nye (2000) succinctly put it,

“globalization will affect governance processes and be
affected by them.”
 Effects of Globalization in Government
 We can divide these challenges into four:
 Traditional challenges,
 Challenges from national or identity
movements,
 Global economics; and
 Global social movements.
 Traditional Challenges

• External intervention can generally be described as

invasion by other countries.

• Example: When Saddam Hussein was the ruler of Iraq in

1990 he decided he was going to take over the oil fields
of Kuwait. He invaded Kuwait and took it over. As a
result, he was dislodged by international coalition led by
the US.
 Challenges from National/Identity Movements
• It is important to know that a nation has cultural identity
that people attached to, while a state is a definite entity
due to its specific boundaries. However different people
with different identities can live in a different states.

• For example: The Kurds resides in several different

countries including Iraq, Iran, and Turkey.
Global Economics

• Global economy demands the states to conform to the rules of free-

market capitalism.

• Neoliberal economics or neoliberal capitalism started in the 1980's:

• > It focuses on free trade and dismantling trade barriers.
• > It made sure that governments did not impose restrictive
regulations on corporate presence, as well as on the free flow of
capital and jobs.
Neoliberal economic
• Neoliberal economics is seen as a threat, in general,
because a state cannotprotect its own economic interest
as a sovereign state.

• Example:
• Greece is one example that explains how neoliberal
economics can threaten the sovereignty of a state.
Global Social Movements
• Are movements of people that are spontaneous or that
emerge through enormous grassroots organization. These
social movements are transnational movements which
means they occur across countries and across borders.

• Example: Human rights movements create a public

sentiment, value, and agenda. The idea is that there are
certain rights that states cannot neglect or generally, what
we call human rights.
 Global Social Movements
• The environmental movement is another example of global social
movements related to public policy.

• Example:

• > Consensus on womans's rights. The biggest between the West

and fundamentalist Islam is over the role of women in society, as
well as woman's autonomy.

• > Rights of personal autonomy, this includes issues on

homosexuality, same-sex marriage, and gender equality.
 INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
• In an increasingly interconnected and interdependent
world, some issues are too big for countries to handle on
their own.

• International organisations play a central part in the

international system as in most cases of we find
international organisations in one form or another at the
heart of all most all of the political and economic
challenges of the 21st century.
 Peace Treaties and Military Alliances: The UN
and NATO
• The United Nations (UN) is one of the leading political
organizations in the world where nation-states meet and
deliberate.

• The term "United Nations" was coined by former U.S.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 (United Nations,
2011). Its operations began on October 24, 1945. It started
with 50 representatives from different countries.
• Generally, it functions in four areas: military
issues, economic issues, environmental issues,
and human protection.

• The UN, with its headquarters in New York City,

was designed to be a place where countries could
come to discuss their Issues without resorting to
violence and war, which had plagued our planet
for several years in the past.
• Maintaining international peace and security became the central mission of the
UN after the war. Up to this day, the UN is the major force in governing interstate
relations (Ritzer, 2015).

• The UN also has what is known as the Security Council.This group of Countries
decides what to do when two or more countries are waging war or are on the
verge of fighting. There are five permanent members of the UN Security
Council-the United States, Britain, Russia, China, and France. In addition to
the five members, 10 additional countries join the permanent members for two-
year terms, making a total of 15 countries.

• The "big five" permanent members have a veto power, which means that one
member can stop the entire council from taking action against a country.
• The main deliberative body, the General
Assembly, provides a forum for member states to
express their views and reach a consensus.

• The UN is not all about fights. It has a program

called UNICEF or the United Nations
Children's Emergency Fund. Its primary goal
is to help children around the world.
• In terms of economic issues, the main focus of the UN is the
reduction of global inequality. The Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGS) cover a range of concerns for the improvement of all
aspects of life.

• Environmental issues, such as pollution and hazardous wastes, are

addressed through United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP). As a response, the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) took efforts that can mitigate climate
change like assessment of climate science, facilitation of climate
agreements, and giving assistance to countries to reduce emissions
(UN, 2011).
• The UN also has the International Court of Justice
(ICJ), usually referred to as the World Court. It is
located in the Netherlands in a town called The Hague.

• Aside from this, there are also a variety of international

courts and tribunals created by the UN such as the
International Criminal Court (1ICC) and the
International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea
(ITLOS).
• Finally, the UN promotes and protects human rights through
different organizations and mechanisms. Since 1948, human rights
have been brought into the realm of international law.

• These are reflected in the Universal Declaration of Human

Rights, Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
(OHCHR), the Human Rights Council, human rights treaty
bodies, the UN Development Group's Human Rights
Mainstreaming Mechanism (UNDGHRM), and the Special
Advisers on the Prevention of Genocide and the Responsibility
to Protect (UN, 2011)
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)
• It is a defensive treaty or a military alliance between the United
States, Canada, and 25 European countries. This treaty and
international organization is based on the idea of collective security.

• NATO was created after the Second World War, mostly during the
beginning of the Cold War. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in
the early 1990s, former Soviet states, like Poland and Croatia, had
joined NATO, making the present-day Russia feel more threatened.
 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
• Another example of an international organization that was
developed out of war is the Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim
countries). It is considered as a non-governmental organization
(NGO). NGOS are not tied to any country. This allows them to
operate freely throughout the world.

• While the headquarters of the International Red Cross is in

Geneva, Switzerland, they have branches all around the world.
• In addition to the Red Cross, there are many
NGOS dedicated to helping people around the
world. Doctors Without Borders provides free
emergency healthcare in disaster areas; Oxfam
fights famine and disease; Amnesty
International speaks out for human rights and
political prisoners; and Save the Children helps
kids get health care and education.
Global Economic Associations: The
WTO and NAFTA
• World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed
in 1995 to replace the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was started in
1948. The WTO is important in the international
system as it regulates trade between states.
 North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)
• Another famous economic organization is
NAFTA. This is an economic treaty between the
United States, Canada, and Mexico in which the
three countries trade freely without taxing each
other. NAFTA is not without critics either.
 International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• International Monetary Fund (IMF), United
Nations (UN) specialized agency, founded at the
Bretton Woods Conference in 1944 to secure
international monetary cooperation, to stabilize
currency exchange rates, and to expand
international liquidity (access to hard
currencies).
 Health: World Health Organization
(WHO)
• Specialized agency of the United Nations (UN)
established in 1948 to further international
cooperation for improved public health
conditions.
 GLOBALISM AND GLOBALIZATION
• The main difference between globalism and
globalization is that globalism is an ideology based on
the belief that people, information, and goods should
be able to cross national borders unrestricted, while
globalization is the spread of technology, products,
information, and jobs across nations.
• Globalism is a broad term we can generally define as an
ideological commitment in favour of globalization.
GLOBALISM AND GLOBALIZATION
• We can also differentiate globalism and
globalization in terms of its "thickness" (Nye,
2002).

• Example: global trade; in the past, the Silk Road

served as the trade routes among countries in
Europe and in Asia.
INTERNATIONALISM
AND GLOBALISM
 INTERNATIONALISM
• The word “internationalism” comes from Latin
and means “between” or “among” nations. In
this framework people do not relate directly to
each other as individuals but usually interact
with each other as citizens of different nations
and in formal settings by means of national
representatives.
 INTERNATIONALISM VS. GLOBALISM

• The difference between these two outlooks is one

of viewing the world as made up of a collection
of nation-states as contrasted with viewing it as a
single planet where national boundaries are
relatively insignificant.
INTERNATIONALISM VS. GLOBALISM
• While Internationalism lays stress only on the
solidarity and cooperation among the nations,
while acknowledging their sovereign character,
globalism on the other hand not only emphasises
the dilution of the sovereign expression of the
nations but demonstrates the conflicts arising
out of this dilution as well.
 INTERNATIONALISM VS. GLOBALISM
• For example, in International Organizations like WTO, the mode
of exchange we witness is a blend of both Internationalism and
Globalism.
• Similarly, United Nations that seeks International Cooperation
and sorts out various conflicts, witnesses both the phenomena,
but it is again the Globalism that gets a little more edge.

• The historic Climate Conference in Paris testifies this aspect

wherein several nations agreed to put their foot down for the
sake of Global Good.
 INTERNATIONALISM VS. GLOBALISM
• Similarly organisations like SAARC, BRICS, and IBSA etc tend to have
dominance of internationalism.

• Terrorism and Fundamentalism in Global context is another important

example wherein the aspect of Globalism dominates in terms of the rapid
radicalization of people round the globe, while the measures to counter them
entails internationalism wherein ‘this threat’ is acknowledged and dealt via
cooperation between nations.

• Thus it is evident that in the world order that we witness today, conflicts,
cooperation and interdependence among various nations go hand in hand and
so do Internationalism and Globalism.
 GLOBALISM
• Globalism is a political ideology that puts interests of the
world above those of individual nations. This brings
commitments to freer trade in goods, services and factors
of production- capital and labor. Globalism can be further
explained in terms of economic, military, environmental
and socio-cultural globalism, towards an interconnected
and interdependent world.
 Four distinct dimensions of Globalism:
economic;
military;
environmental;
and, social
ARIGATOU GOZAIMASU,
MINNA!