GLOBAL

INTERSTATE
SYSTEM
A STRUCTURE OF GLOBALIZATION
 LET’S DEFINE AGAIN WHAT IS
GLOBALIZATION?

The process in which people, ideas and goods

spread throughout the world, spurring more
interaction and integration between the
world's cultures, governments and economies.
WHAT IS GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM?

- A system of competing and allying states.

- Refers to the relationship between different state

union.

- Regional alliances and worldwide organizations

of the states.
EXAMPLES OF WORLD / INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS

The United Nations is an

intergovernmental organization that
aims to maintain international peace
and security, develop friendly
relations among nations, achieve
international cooperation, and be a
center for harmonizing the actions
of nations.
• connecting all the world's people

• allocate global radio spectrum

and satellite orbits, develop the
technical standards that ensure
networks and technologies
seamlessly interconnect, and
strive to improve access to ICTs
to underserved communities
worldwide
• WHO works worldwide to
promote health, keep the world
safe, and serve the vulnerable.

• Our goal is to ensure that a

billion more people have
universal health coverage, to
protect a billion more people
from health emergencies, and
provide a further billion people
with better health and well-
being.
The World Trade
Organization is an
intergovernmental
organization that is
concerned with the
regulation of international
trade between nations.
EXAMPLES OF REGIONAL ALLIANCES

a 
regional intergovernmental organization
 comprising ten countries in 
Southeast Asia, which promotes 
intergovernmental cooperation and
facilitates economic, political, security, 
military, educational, and sociocultural
 integration among its members and other
countries in Asia.
The objectives of the AU
are the following: To
achieve greater unity,
cohesion and solidarity
between the African
countries and African
nations. To defend the
sovereignty, territorial
integrity and independence
of its Member States. To
accelerate the political and
social-economic integration
of the continent.
The Arab
league's mission is to
promote trade and
economic growth as
well as sovereignty and
political stability in the
region.
 CONTEMPORARY
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
ITS ROLE AND
FUNCTION OF U.N
 WHAT IS GLOBAL GOVERNANCE?

• Global governance or world governance is a movement towards political cooperation

among transnational actors, aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect
more than one state or region.

• Global governance is understood as “…the way in which global affairs are managed.
As there is no global government, global governance typically involves a range of
actors including states, as well as regional and international organizations. However,
a single organization may nominally be given the lead role on an issue, for example
the World Trade Organization in world trade affairs.
 ROLE OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

• Trade, climate change and the role of values in global governance. 

• The emerging field of global governance has produced a number of

breakthroughs, as well as failures, aimed at managing global
problems through the voluntary and ad hoc cooperation of a
diverse range of international actors.
IS THERE A NEED FOR GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE?

• Global governance is necessary because humanity increasingly faces

both problems and opportunities that are global in scale.

• Today, transnational problems such as violence and pandemics routinely

reach across borders, affecting us all.

• The most important challenge for humanity is to overcome that

existential risks.
 CHALLENGES IN THE
CONTEMPORARY
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate Change is the defining issue of our time and we are at a defining moment. From shifting weather
patterns that threaten food production, to rising sea levels that increase the risk of catastrophic flooding, the
impacts of climate change are global in scope and unprecedented in scale. Without drastic action today,
adapting to these impacts in the future will be more difficult and costly.

The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was set up by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
 and United Nations Environment to provide an objective source of scientific information. In 2013 the IPCC provided more
clarity about the role of human activities in climate change when it released its Fifth Assessment Report. It is categorical in
its conclusion: climate change is real and human activities are the main cause.

Fifth Assessment Report

The report provides a comprehensive assessment of sea level rise, and its causes, over the past few decades. It also estimates
cumulative CO2 emissions since pre-industrial times and provides a CO 2 budget for future emissions to limit warming to
less than 2°C. About half of this maximum amount was already emitted by 2011. The report found that:
FOOD
• After decades of steady decline, world hunger has slowly been on the
rise since 2015. An estimated 821 million people in the world suffered
from hunger in 2018. If nothing changes, the immense challenge of
achieving the Zero Hunger Target by 2030 will not be achieved. At the
same time, overweight and obesity continue to increase in all regions of
the world, according to 
The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2019.

HUNGER IN NUMBERS

• The latest available estimates indicate that about 821 million people in

the world were undernourished in 2018. One in nine people do not get
enough food to be healthy and lead an active life. Hunger and
malnutrition are biggest risks to health worldwide — greater than AIDS,
malaria and tuberculosis combined. 
HEALTH
The World Health Statistics 2019, WHO’s annual snapshot of the state of the world’s health, highlights that while
remarkable progress towards the SDGs has been made in some areas, in other areas progress has stalled and trends are even
in the wrong direction for some indicators. The latest data available shows that:

• At least half of the world’s 7.3 billion people are not receiving the essential health services they need.

• In 2010, almost 100 million people were pushed into extreme poverty because they had to pay for health services
out of their own pockets.

• The risk of a 30-year-old person dying before the age of 70 years from a cardiovascular disease, a chronic respiratory
disease, diabetes or cancer was 22 per cent for men and 15 per cent for women – most in low and middle-income
countries.

• In 2017, an estimated 5.4 million children died before reaching their fifth birthday. 1 in 14 children dies before
reaching age five. Yet, substantial progress has been made in reducing child deaths, with the global under-5-mortality
rate having dropped by 49 per cent since 2000.
POPULATION
The world in 2100

The world population is projected to reach 8.5

billion in 2030, and to increase further to 9.7
billion in 2050 and 11.2 billion by 2100.

problems associated
with overpopulation include the increased
demand for resources such as fresh water and
food, starvation and malnutrition, consumption
of natural resources (such as fossil fuels) faster
than the rate of regeneration, and a deterioration
in living conditions.
ENDING POVERTY
Poverty facts and figures

• 736 million people lived below the international poverty line of US$
1.90 a day in 2015.

• In 2018, almost 8 per cent of the world’s workers and their families
lived on less than US$1.90 per person per day.

• Most people living below the poverty line belong to two regions:
Southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

• High poverty rates are often found in small, fragile and conflict-
affected countries.

• As of 2018, 55 per cent of the world’s population have no access to at

least one social protection cash benefit.
WATER
• 2.2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services. (
WHO/UNICEF 2019)
• Over half of the global population or 4.2 billion people lack safely managed
sanitation services. (WHO/UNICEF 2019)
• 297,000 children under five die every year from diarrhoeal diseases due to
poor sanitation, poor hygiene, or unsafe drinking water.
(WHO/UNICEF 2019)
• 2 billion people live in countries experiencing high water stress. (UN 2019)
• 90 per cent of natural disasters are weather-related, including floods
and droughts. (UNISDR)
• 80 per cent of wastewater flows back into the ecosystem without being
treated or reused. (UNESCO, 2017)
• Around two-thirds of the world’s transboundary rivers do not have a
cooperative management framework. (SIWI)
• Agriculture accounts for 70 per cent of global water withdrawal. (FAO)
• Roughly 75 per cent of all industrial water withdrawals are used for energy
production. (UNESCO, 2014)
MIGRATION
• Today, more people than ever live in a country other than the one in
which they were born. In 2019, the number of migrants globally
reached an estimated 272 million, 51 million more than in 2010.
International migrants comprise 3.5 per cent of the global population.
Compared to 2.8 per cent in 2000 and 2.3 per cent in 1980, the
proportion of international migrants in the world population has also
risen.

• While many individuals migrate out of choice, many others migrate

out of necessity. The number of globally forcibly displaced people
topped 70 million for the first time in UNHCR's almost 70 year
history at the end of 2018. This number includes almost 26 million
refugees, 3.5 million asylum seekers, and over 41 million internally
displaced persons.
FUNCTION OF
UNITED
NATIONS
 WHAT IS UNITED NATIONS?

The United Nations is an intergovernmental organization that

aims to maintain international peace and security, develop
friendly relations among nations, achieve international
cooperation, and be a center for harmonizing the actions of
nations.
 HISTORY OF UNITED NATIONS

The Atlantic charter:

Even before the end of the war, in August 1941, the U.S. President, Franklin Roosevelt, and the British
Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, met on a battleship, ‘the Cruiser’, in the mid-Altantic and drew up
the Atlantic Charter which was released on 14 August, 1941.

The Charter had the following objectives:

(1) To maintain inter­national peace and security;

(2) To encourage international cooperation in the spheres of social, economic and cultural developments;
(3) To develop friendly relations among nations on principles of equal rights and self- determination;
(4) To recognise the fundamental rights of all people.
• On 1 January, 1942, representatives of 26 Allied countries met in Washington and signed a Declaration of United
Nations. The signatories endorsed the principles of the Atlantic Charter. This was the first time that the term
‘United Nations’ was used.

• The UN Charter finally emerged after three major conferences—the Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944), the
Yalta Conference (1945) and the San Francisco Conference (1945). At the Dumbarton Oaks Conference the
representatives of four major powers (Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union and China) agreed on proposals
for the aims, structure and functioning of the United Nations. They voted for an Assembly, a Security Council, a
Secretariat and an International Court. The Yalta Conference decided on the voting procedure to be followed by the
Security Council.

• Membership of the United Nations was to be opened to all peace- loving states. Representatives of fifty nations
met at San Francisco to sign the Atlantic Charter. Poland signed it later and became one of the original 51
member states.

• The United Nations officially came into existence on 24 October, 1945. The Charter had been ratified by the five
big powers Britain, China, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States and by a majority of the other
signatories.

• The 24th of October is celebrated as United Nations Day. Today, the organization has 196 members.
 NON-MEMBER STATE

STATE OF PALESTINE HOLY SEE (VATICAN

CITY)
 FUNCTIONS OF UNITED NATIONS

MAINTAIN INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY

The United Nations came into being in 1945, following the devastation of the Second World War, with one central mission:
the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN does this by working to prevent conflict; helping parties in
conflict make peace; peacekeeping; and creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and flourish. These activities often
overlap and should reinforce one another, to be effective. The UN Security Council has the primary responsibility for
international peace and security. The General Assembly and the Secretary-General play major, important, and
complementary roles, along with other UN offices and bodies.
PROTECT HUMAN RIGHTS

The term “human rights” was mentioned seven times in the UN's founding Charter, making the promotion and
protection of human rights a key purpose and guiding principle of the Organization.  In 1948, the 
Universal Declaration of Human Rights brought human rights into the realm of international law.  Since then, the
Organization has diligently protected human rights through legal instruments and on-the-ground activities.

DELIVER HUMANITARIAN AID

One of the purposes of the United Nations, as stated in its Charter, is "to achieve international co-operation in solving
international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character."  The UN first did this in the
aftermath of the Second World War on the devastated continent of Europe, which it helped to rebuild.  The Organization
is now relied upon by the international community to coordinate humanitarian relief operations due to natural and man-
made disasters in areas beyond the relief capacity of national authorities alone.
PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

From the start in 1945, one of the main priorities of the United Nations was to “achieve international co-operation in
solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character and in promoting and
encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language,
or religion.”  Improving people’s well-being continues to be one of the main focuses of the UN. The global
understanding of development has changed over the years, and countries now have agreed that sustainable development
– development that promotes prosperity and economic opportunity, greater social well-being, and protection of the
environment – offers the best path forward for improving the lives of people everywhere.
UPHOLD INTERNATIONAL LAW

The UN Charter, in its Preamble, set an objective: "to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the
obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained". Ever since, the development
of, and respect for international law has been a key part of the work of the Organization.  This work is carried out in
many ways - by courts, tribunals, multilateral treaties - and by the Security Council, which can approve peacekeeping
missions, impose sanctions, or authorize the use of force when there is a threat to international peace and security, if it
deems this necessary.  These powers are given to it by the UN Charter, which is considered an international treaty.  As
such, it is an instrument of international law, and UN Member States are bound by it.  The UN Charter codifies the
major principles of international relations, from sovereign equality of States to the prohibition of the use of force in
international relations.
SOURCES:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations#Founding

https://research.un.org/en/unmembers/founders

https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/growth-united-nations-membership-1945-present/index.html

https://www.un.org/un70/en/content/history/index.html

https://prezi.com/vrcobfoauacc/global-interstate-system/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance

https://globalchallenges.org/global-governance/

http://internationalrelations.org/global-governance/

https://www.thehagueinstituteforglobaljustice.org/latest-insights/latest-insights/news-brief/challenges-of-global-governance-in-the-21st-century/

https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/whatis_e.htm

http://www.historydiscussion.net/history/the-united-nations-aims-organs-and-other-details/1683

https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/poverty/index.html

https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/water/index.html

https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/migration/index.html