Learning

Learning Outcomes
Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

1.Differentiate between regionalization

REGIONALIZATIONand globalization..
GLOBALIZATION
2.Explain how regionsREGIONS are formed and kept together.
3.Discuss the advantages
ADVANTAGESand disadvantages of regionalism.REGIONALISM
DISADVANTAGES
4.Identify the factors FACTORSleading to a greater integration
GREATER of the Asian
INTEGRATION
region..ASIAN REGION
 ACRONYMS
ACRONYMS
ASEAN – Association of Southeast Nations
NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exportin
Companies
NAM – Non-Aligned Movement
NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement
APHR – ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights
UNASUR – Union of South American Nations
Governments, associations, societies, and groups form regional organizations and/or networks as a
way of coping with the challenges of globalization. Globalization has made people aware of the world
in general, but it also has made Filipinos more cognizant of specific areas such as Southeast Asia.
 SOUTHEAST ASIAN
SOUTHEAST ASIAN
COUNTRIES
COUNTRIES

BRUNEICAMBOEAST INDONE LAOS MALAY

DIA TIMOR SIA IA

MYANMPHILIPP THAILA VIETNA SINGAP

How, for instance, did the Philippines come to
identify itself with the Southeast Asian region? Why
is it a part of a regional grouping known as the
Association of Southeast
While regionalism is often seen as a political and economic phenomenon, the term
actually encompasses a broader area. It can be examined in relation to
identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability, and health.
Regionalism is also a process and must be
treated as an ‘emergent,
socially constituted
phenomenon’.” It means that
regions are not natural or given; rather,
they are constructed and
defined by policymakers, economic
actors, and social events.
 COUNTRIES, REGIONS AND
Countries, Regions,
GLOBALIZATION
and
Globalization
Edward D.
Mansfield

Helen Milner's research

interests include the political economy of trade policy, the interaction of
is the Hum Rosen Professor of Political Science and
domestic and international politics, globalization, foreign aid, and international
Director of the Christopher H. Browne Center for
trade and environmental policy. Her current research focuses on two-level
International Politics at the University of
games, international trade, relations between developed and developing
Pennsylvania. His research focuses on international
countries, the diffusion of the Internet, the politics of foreign aid, and the
security and international political economy.
impact of trade on environmental policy. Ph.D. Harvard University.
 Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner
Edward D. Mansfield and Helen V. Milner
state that economic and political definitions of
state that economic and political definitions of
regions
regions vary, but there
vary, but there are
are certain basic
certain basic
features that everyone can agree on.
features that everyone can agree on.
 PHILIPPINES

1. Regions are “a
group of countries located
in the same geographically specified area”
“an amalgamation of two
or are

regions [or] a combination of

more than two regions” organized to
regulate and “oversee flows and
policy choices.”
2. The words regionalization and regionalism
should not be interchanged, as the former refers to the
“regional concentration of
economic flows” while the latter is “a
political process
characterized by economic
policy cooperation and
coordination among
countries.”
China

Singapore and Switzerland

Africa, Europe, Middle East, and mainland Southeast

Asia to countries in Asia-Pacific
Countries form regional associations for several
reasons.
1. For military defense
2. To pool their resources, get better returns for their exports, expand their leverage for trading partners.

Iraq Kuwait

Iran Saudi Arabia

Venezuela
3. Protect their independence from the pressures of superpower politics

Egypt Ghana

Yugoslavia India

Indonesia
 World peace Racial and national equality Human rights

International cooperation National sovereignty Non-intervention Peace conflict resolution

4. Economic crisis compels countries to come together
 The crisis made ASEAN more “unified
The crisis made ASEAN more “unified and coordinated.” The
and coordinated.”
Association has come a long way The
since Association has
it was formed as a coalition
come a long wayAftersince it wasWar,formed
of countries which were pro-American and supportive of the US
intervention in Vietnam. the Vietnam as ato
ASEAN continued
coalition of
act as a military countries
alliance which
to isolate were
Vietnam after pro-
it invaded
Cambodia, but there were also the beginnings of economic
American and cooperation. supportive of the US
intervention in Vietnam. After the Vietnam
War, ASEAN continued to act as a military
alliance to isolate Vietnam after it invaded
Non-State Regionalism
Non-State Regionalism
Non-State Regionalism
Non-State Regionalism
Non-State Regionalism
Non-State Regionalism
Non-State Regionalism
 Communities also engage in regional organizing.

New
New Regionalism
Regionalism
tiny associations that include no more than a few actors and focus on a single issue, or
“

huge continental unions that address a multitude of common problems from

territorial defense to food security”

identified with reformists who share the same “values, norms, institutions, and
system that exist outside of traditional, established mainstream institutions
and systems”
 For example, the ASEAN issued its Human Rights Declaration in 2009, but the regional body left it to member
countries to apply the declaration’s principles as they see fit.

PREAMBLE
Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice
and peace in the world,
Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and the advent of a world
in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the
common people,
Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse, as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that human rights should
be protected by the rule of law,
Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly relations between nations,
Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human
person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom,
Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in co-operation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal respect for and observance
of human rights and fundamental freedoms,
Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,
Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and
all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to
promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition
and observance, both among the peoples of Member States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their jurisdiction.
 In InSouth America, left-wing governments support the Hemispheric
South America, left-wing governments support the Hemispheric Social Alliance’s
Social
Alliance’s opposition to the North American Free Trade
opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA),
Agreement (NAFTA), while
members of the Mesa de Artuculacion de Asociaciones Nacionales y Redes de ONGs de
while members of the Mesa de Artuculacion de Asociaciones Nacionales y
America
RedesLatinadey ONGs
El Caribede(Roundtable of National
America Latina y ElAssociations and Networksof
Caribe (Roundtable and NGOs
in National
Latin America and the Carribean)
Associations participateand
and Networks in “forums,
NGOs insummits, and dialogues
Latin America andwith
presidents
the Carribean)and ministers.” Likesie,
participate a group called
in “forums, the Citizen
summits, andDiplomacy Forumwith
dialogues tries to
influence the policies and
presidents and programs
ministers.”of the Organization of American States.
Likewise, a group called the Citizen

Diplomacy Forum tries to influence the policies and programs of the Organization of
American States.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
 In Southeast Asia, the organization of ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights was in part the

result of non-government organizations and civil society

groups pushing to “prevent discrimination, uphold political freedom, and
promote democracy and human rights throughout the region.”
 Other regional organizations dedicate themselves to specialized
causes. Activists across Central and South America established the
Rainforest Foundation to protect indigenous peoples and rainforests
in Brazil, Guyana, Panama, and Peru.
Young Christians across Asia, Africa, the Middle East, the Americas, and “It is guided by a vision of an alternative world system based on
the Carribean formed Regional Interfaith Youth respect for human rights and dignity,
Networks “conflict prevention,
to promote
social justice, and gender
resolution, peace education, and
sutainable development.” equity, particularly for migrant workers.”

Purpose of Regional Interfaith Dialogue

“We, as leaders of faith communities, need to
develop a more inclusive view of the religious other, to
recognise the humanity of the religious other as a starting The Migrant Forum in Asia is another regional
point. We need to recognise the essential equality “committed to
network of NGOs and trade unions
of all human beings regardless of religious beliefs…” protecting and promoting
the rights and welfare of
 Ability to combine with

Moral standing
New regionalism differs significantly from traditional state-to-state regionalism when it
comes to identifying problems.
Poverty Environmental
degradation

“market-based, profit-driven, and

hardly concerned with social welfare,
 “God only made man and woman in His image and likeness…”

Disagreements over issues like gender and

religion

“If God exists, and if He’s truly good; why is there injustice? Why are there so many religions? Is
He even real?”
Contemporary Challenges to
Contemporary
Regionalism
Contemporary
Challenges to
Challenges to
Regionalism
Regionalism
Donald Trump VLADIMIR PUTI
ASEAN members continue to disagree over the extent to which
member countries should sacrifice their sovereignty for the sake of
regional stability.

• Open attitude towards

foreign criticism

• Dramatic increase of
Chinese investments
 A final challenge pertains to differing visions of what
regionalism should be for.

Wester governments may see regional organizations Non-Western and

not simply as developing societies ,

economic however, may have a

foundations but also as different

instruments of
view regarding globalization,

political development, and democracy.

Democracy’s tedious procedures must ,
Democracy’s
therefore,tedious
give wayprocedures must ,
to efficiency.
Democracy’s
therefore,tedious procedures
give way must ,
to efficiency.
therefore, give way to efficiency.
Conclusi
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION

on
 Asia Pacific Economic Council ( APEC) – 37 % of the world’s population in 2007

ASEAN, Shanghai Cooperation

Organization, NATO, the
Caribbean and Pacific Group of
States, and Union of South
American Nations
 The
The future
future of
of regionalism
regionalism will
will be
be
contingent
contingent on
on the
the immense
immense changes
changes in
in
global
global politics
politics that
that will
will emerge
emerge in
in the
the
21st
st century.
END
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