Asian

Regionalism
 OBJECTIVES

➢ Objectives:
➢ Differentiate between regionalization and globalization
➢ Identify the factors leading to a greater integration of the Asian
region
➢ Analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of
globalization and regionalization

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What are regions?

➢ (1) Regions are a group of countries located in the same

geographically specified area;
➢ (2) Regions can be a combination of two regions;
➢ (3) Regions can be a combination of more than two regions
organized to regulate and oversee flows and policy choices.

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 What is regionalization?
➢ The process of dividing an area into smaller
segments called regions.
➢ Division of a nation into states or provinces.
➢ In the economic context, regionalization is a
management tool

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 What is regionalism?
➢ Regionalism is created as a sort of
counter-globalization
➢ Regional organizations will always prefer
regional partners over the rest of the
world.

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 What is globalization?

➢ The expansion and intensification of social

relations and consciousness across world-
space and world-time.

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 “
The differences
between
regionalization
and globalization

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   Globalization Regionalization

  Promotes integration Divides an area

NATURE of economies across into smaller
state borders all segments
around the world

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  Globalization Regionalization

  Allows many Monopolies are more

MARKET corporations to trade likely to develop.
on international level; Monopoly means one
it allows free market producer controls
supply of a good or
service, and where
the entry of new
producers is
prevented or highly
restricted.

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  Globalization Regionalization

  Acceleration to Does not support

multiculturalism multiculturalism
CULTURAL & through free and
SOCIETAL inexpensive
RELATIONS movement of people

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  Globalization Regionalization
AID Globalized A regionalized area
international does not get
communities are involved in the
more willing to aid affairs of other areas
countries stricken by
disasters

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  Globalization Regionalization
TECHNOLOGICAL Globalization has Advanced
ADVANCES
driven great technology is
advances in rarely available
technology in one country or
region.

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 Regional
integration 
is the process by which two or more
nation-states agree to co-operate and
work closely together to achieve peace,
stability and wealth.

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 The entire world is moving towards integration, it is
inevitable. In Asia, the Southeast Asian countries have
already formed ASEAN (ASSOCIATION OF
SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS. This regional power
block appears to work fine, the member states fit very well
together because of the following factors:

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 Why do countries form regional associations?

Military Defense
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was
formed to protect Europe from the threat of the Soviet
Union; and as a response, the Soviet Union created the
Warsaw Pact.

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 Why do countries form regional associations?

Economic Crisis
The ASEAN countries along with China, Japan, and
South Korea established an emergency fund that
stabilized Asian economies after the rippling effect of the
Thai economy’s collapse.

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 Why do countries form regional associations?

Resources
Countries need to pool their resources together to make
themselves more powerful. The Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) rose in power
when they took over domestic production and controlled
crude oil prices across the globe.

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 Why do countries form regional associations?

Protection of Independence
The countries under the Non-Alignment Movement
(NAM) refused to side with the capitalists (Western
Europe & North America) or the communists (Eastern
Europe).

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There are many factors
that are leading the
Asian Region into
greater integration

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➢ 1) TRADE - The world economy is intertwined with
each other whether we like it or not. We all want or
need something from another part of the world,
including global trade facilitates. These nations can
readily supply each other’s needs.

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➢ 2) SIMILAR CULTURE - The cultures of Asia is
diverse but they do share many things. This makes it
an easier fit during times of negotiations.

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➢ 3) COMMON GOALS - The Asian region
recognizes the mutual benefit of a slow integration,
and that is to accelerate the economic growth, social
progress and cultural development and to promote
peace.

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➢ 4) SIMILAR SECURITY NEEDS - aside from
small localized rebels, this association needs only to
contend with foreign-supported terrorist groups which
are usually handled well.

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➢ 4) SIMILAR SECURITY NEEDS - aside from
small localized rebels, this association needs only to
contnd with foreign-supported terrorist groups which
are usually handled well.

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 Non-State
Regionalism

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➢ Hemispheric Social Alliance – opposes the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
➢ Rainforest Foundation – protects indigenous people
and rainforests
➢ Regional Interfaith Youth Networks – young
Christians across Asia

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➢ The power of these organization depends on their
moral standing and their ability to pressure politics
into some form of social change. However, most of
them are low on the financial aspect and are therefore
limited in terms of global political impact. Another
challenge faced by these organizations is the discord
amongst themselves, such as the differences in stands
on gender and religion. Moreover, governments may
not be very welcoming of them.

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Challenges to
Regionalism
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➢ Resurgence of militant nationalism and populism-
this involves the conflict between the NATO, the
United States, and Vladimir Putin’s Anti-NATO
movement.

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➢ Continuing financial crisis. The continuing crisis in
the European Region continues to lead the United
Kingdom into exiting the European Union.

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➢ Conflict between sovereignty and regional stability.
The Philippines had a difficulty in letting some
countries support its condemnation of China’s
occupation of the West Philippine Sea because China
had given great investments and economic aid to these
countries.

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➢ Differing visions of regionalism. Developed
countries like the US may only see regionalism as a
tool for political democratization, but developing
countries see regionalism as an obstacle to economic
globalization because public inquiry slows down its
implementations.

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How do different Asian
states confront the
challenges of
globalization and
regionalization?
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 “
ASEAN

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➢ founded on 8 August 1967 by Indonesia,
Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and the
Philippines
➢ promoted economic growth, social progress
and cultural development in the Southeast
Asian region through multilateral cooperation

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➢ “We the nations and peoples of Southeast Asia must get together
and form by ourselves a new perspective and a new framework
for our region. It is important that individually and jointly we
should create a deep awareness that we cannot survive for long
as independent but isolated peoples unless we also think and act
together and unless we prove by deeds that we belong to a family
of Southeast Asian nations bound together by ties of friendship
and goodwill and imbued with our own ideals and aspirations
and determined to shape our own destiny”. He added that, “with
the establishment of ASEAN, we have taken a firm and a bold
step on that road”- Tun Abdul Razak

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 “
ASEAN
Member
Countries

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 Indonesia
➢ Capital: Jakarta
➢ Population: 264 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Democratic Republic
➢ Government Leader: Joko Widodo (President)
➢ Currency: Rupiah (0.0037 Php)

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RAJA AMPAT
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RAJA AMPAT TEMPLE
BOROBUDUR
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GILI ISLANDS

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KOMODO
PARK

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ULAN
DUNU
TEMPLE

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 Thailand
➢ Capital: Bangkok
➢ Population: 69.04 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
➢ Government Leaders: Maha Vajiralongkorn (King);
Prayut Chan-o-cha (Prime Minister);
➢ Currency: Baht (1.67 Php)

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GRAND PALACE

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KHAO YAI

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PAI

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PHI PHI ISLANDS
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RAILAY BEACH
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 Malaysia
➢ Capital: Kuala Lumpur
➢ Population: 31.62 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Federal Constitutional
Monarchy Government Leaders: Muhammad V of
Kelantan (King); Mahathir Bin Mohamad (Prime
Minister)
➢ Currency: Ringgit (12.99 Php)

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DANUM VALLEY
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GEORGE TOWN
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KUALA LUMPUR
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MALACCA CITY

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PERHENTIAN

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 Singapore
➢ Capital: Pulau Ujong
➢ Population: 5.612 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Parliamentary Representative
Democratic Republic) Government Leaders:
Halimah Yacob (President); Lee Hsien Loong (Prime
Minister)
➢ Currency: Singapore dollar (39.12 Php)

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BOTANICAL GARDENS

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GARDENS
BY THE BAY

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HELIX BRIDGE

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HELIX BRIDGE

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 Philippines
➢ Capital: Manila
➢ Population: 104.9 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Democratic Republic
➢ Government Leader: Rodrigo Duterte (President)
➢ Currency: Philippine Peso

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 Vietnam
➢ Capital: Hanoi
➢ Population: 95.54 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Communist
➢ Government Leader: Nguyen Phu Trong (President
& Head of Party); Nguyễn Xuân Phúc (Prime
Minister)
➢ Currency: Vietnamese dong (0.0023 Php)

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 Cambodia
➢ Capital: Phnom Penh
➢ Population: 16.01 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
➢ Government Leader: Hun Sen (President and Prime
Minister)
➢ Currency: Cambodian riel (0.013 Php)

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 Brunei
➢ Capital: Bandar Seri Begawan
➢ Population: 428,697 (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Absolute Monarchy
➢ Government Leader: Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah
Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah
➢ Currency: Brunei Dollar (39.11 Php)

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 Myanmar
➢ Capital: Naypyidaw
➢ Population: 53.37 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Parliamentary Republic
Government Leader: Win Myint (President)
➢ Currency: Burmese kyat (0.034)

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 Laos
➢ Capital: Vientiane
➢ Population: 6.858 million (2017)
➢ Type of Government: Communist State
➢ Government Leader: Bounnhang Vorachith
➢ Currency: Lao kip (0.0062 Php)

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➢ Energy and environmental concerns- Rapid
economic growth for Asia has led to reliance on
economic imports, increasing the importance of sea
lanes and transformational routes.
➢ Asian states need to empower Science and
technology so that its citizens can eventually discover
or create sustainable energy sources.

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➢ Migration- The combination of rapidly growing
populations in much of the developing world,
increasingly porous national boarders, and disparities
in economic growth rates have sparked a dramatic
increase in international migration.
➢ Like Malaysia, other Asian countries need to deploy
troops and naval vessels to limit the arrival of
migrants.

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➢ Organized crime and threats from “non-state”
actors- Through the increasing ease of
communication and transportation flows, and growing
permeability of national borders, organized crime
networks, terrorism drugs and weapon traffickers, and
even human smugglers face fewer constraints on their
activity.
➢ Asian states must enable stricter laws on national
security.

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➢ Weakening regional institutions because of rifts between
authoritarian members of ASEAN- “Flexible engagement”
allows for countries to comment on each other’s internal policy
matters; these counties can monitor economic indicators for
signs of impending crisis.
➢ Asian countries need to preserve their sovereignty, meaning
they should not allow other states to exert influence on their
political decisions.

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➢ Shifts in balance of power- Deepening economic integration
gives rise to regional economic blocks that competes for power
and influence.
➢ Asian countries need to work together as one region instead of
competing for power, and rise against Western economic
dominance.

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➢ Expanding Roles of the Military- With lingering traditional
threats, the prospect of increased internal tensions in Asian
countries, and the emergence of new security challenges will
place high demand on regional militaries. Increasing demand for
military will likely coincide with a perio of declining resources.
➢ So as to avoid the declining of resources, countries can adopt
conscription methods similar to that of South Korea wherein
men are required to do compulsory military conscription for
a few years and go back to their lives eventually.

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➢ Globalization and Democracy- Authoritarian regimes suffer
more from the effect of globalization than states that embrace
transparency, accountability and the rule of law because these are
norms that are the backbone of democratic and free-market
societies.

➢ Asian countries may have to adopt democracy in order to

have an efficient economic system that is well-criticized and
is therefore well-reviewed by the mass. This way, the
processes become more efficient.
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