Scope and Sequence

1. BRIEF HISTORY OF GYMNASTICS

2. THE CONDITIONING AND WARM UP
PROGRAM
3. STUNTS
4. FLOOR SKILLS
5. RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS
6. TUMBLING
7. PYRAMID BUILDING
Etymology of the word:
• Began from oldest skills like tumbling,
dancing, running, leaping, rope climbing
and balance movements.
• Gymnastics, in the form of acrobatics,
calisthenics, precision drills and
disciplined exercise has been around since
ancient times.
• The early Greeks practiced gymnastics to prepare
for war.
• Gymnastics became a central component of
ancient Greek education and was mandatory for
all students.
• Three distinct programs of gymnastic exercise
were developed:

1. For the maintenance of good physical condition

2. For military training
3. And as a part of the conditioning regime for athletes
• Early Greeks (Spartans) emphasized the
skill from strength. The Spartans were
most rigid in providing gymnastics
training for their youth.

• Later Greeks (Athenians) developed the

scientific system exercises that combined
the elements of skills, grace and strength.
• As the Roman Empire ascended, Greek
gymnastics for was more or less turned into
military training.
• In 393 AD the Emperor Theodosius abolished
the Olympic Games completely. The games
had become corrupt, and gymnastics, along
with other sports declined. For centuries,
gymnastics was all but forgotten
• Johann Bernard Basedow (1723 – 1790) of Germany introduced
gymnastics in his school curriculum. Johann Basedow was the first to
conduct gymnastics as part of education. He was the first modern writer
and teacher of organized gymnastics for whom records survive. He was a
German, and he is credited with founding the Philanthropinum and
Education of the Mind and Body.

Johann Guts Muths (1759 – 1839) is known as “great grandfather

of gymnastics. “He invented the outdoor apparatus like the see – saw,
horizontal ladder, the oblique wooden ladder, climbing rope, balance
beam and rope ladder. He wrote the book “Gymnastics for Girls.
Muths wrote many influential books including carefully chosen
gymnastic exercises for girls in 1818. He wrote Gymnastics for Youth,
the first book on modern gymnastics in 1793.
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778 – 1852) was considered “Father
of Modern Gymnastics”. He started the Turnverein Movement
(tumbling clubs) generally for young men in Germany. He
conceived the idea of combining gymnastics training with
patriotic demonstrations. Jahn invented several pieces of
equipment: the horizontal bar, parallel bars, side horse, and the
vaulting buck.

Pehr Ling (1776 – 1839) of Sweden was the first to appreciate

the corrective value of gymnastics. He simplified exercises for the
individuals. He invented the stall bars and the vaulting box or
Swedish box. In Scandinavia, Pehr Henrik Ling was one of the
great gymnastics leaders and called the “Father of Swedish
gymnastics”. Hundreds of students would participate in mass
floor exercise drills.

Adolf Spiess (Swiss in 1810 – 1858) is responsible for introducing

gymnastics into the school of Switzerland. He introduced fancy
marching and freehand exercises performed with music.
• Director Candido Bartolome from U.P. and Mrs.
Francisca Aquino from Bureau of Public Schools (BPS) -
Were the two well – known educators that introduced
gymnastics in the Philippine Educational System.

• Dr. Adelina R. Ferrer - Developed the competitive aspect

and international affiliation of the Philippine
gymnastics. She also inspired the Gymnastic Association
of the Philippines (GAP) to take part in the Asian
competition.
• Dr. Sotero Tejada- Being the Secretary General of the GAP in 1963
and the first Filipino brevet holder in the International Gymnastics
Federation made an appeal to the Southeast Asian countries to
include gymnastics as one of the sports in the SEA Games. He was
given an honor and recognition as the “Father of the Southeast
Asian Gymnastics” by the Southeast Gymnastics Confederation
(SEAGCON) during the 1997 SEA GAMES in Jakarta, Indonesia.

• Beatriz Lucero-Lhuillier, more popularly known as Bea Lucero, won

a bronze medal at the 1992 Olympics in taekwondo.Bea Lucero
graduated from International School Manila in 1991. Before
switching Taekwondo, Bea was an artistic gymnast. She won 2 gold
& 3 silver during the 1987 Southeast Asian Games held in Jakarta.
Bea failed to make the team to the 1988 Seoul Olympics because her
age instead she joined the Philippine Delegation to Seoul to cover
the gymnastics event.
Gymnastics in general – is known as the systematic form
of exercise designed as:
• Educational Gymnastics - A program that
challenges you to master tactics involving strength,
rhythm, balance, flexibility and agility.]
• Therapeutic or Remedial Gymnastics - a series of
selected exercises that helps you relieve physical
discomfort or restore function to disabled people.
• Competitive Gymnastics - Consists of prescribed
sets of events for men and women each of which is
scored separately in order to determine a winner.
• CONDITIONING PROGRAM- The exercises are selected for the
purpose of preparing the body for more complicated skills. Exercises for
warm- up can also be selected in this phase. This phase can also be
considered as “CALISTHENICS” since routines can be made out of the
exercises in the conditioning program.

• Routines or exercises accompanied with music are called

“RHYTHMIC GYMNASTICS”. They are so called because they are
performed in a rhythmical manner and the movements are flowing.
This phase includes the free hand exercise, and all exercises with the
use of light apparatuses such as wands, rings, hoops, ribbons, ropes,
etc.
• STUNTS are activity in the form of play and they test
one’s strength, flexibility, balance, agility, endurance,
and coordination. This phase is specially suited to the
lower grades.
• TUMBLING-This is most important phase of the
gymnastic program, because this is where the ability of
the performer is tested as he rolls to and fro; twists,
turns and springs about on the mat, floor, and in the air.
• HEAVY APPARATUS- This includes exercise done on
the balance beam, vaulting horse, parallel bars, uneven
bars, rings, and the trampoline.
• PYRAMID BUILDING- This phase of the program
makes pictures (mural) out of body static positions. The
positions should be properly arranged and selected so
that they form the shape of a pyramid.
BODY MOVEMENTS
Types of Locomotor Movements
 Non-locomotor/Axial Movement – are
movements done by a part or several parts of the body

Type of Non-locomotor/Axial Movements

 Bend or Flex – to move the body or part of the
body around a wide axis.
 Lift, Raise – to elevate a part of the body or the
whole of the body to a desired level.
 Twist – to move a body around a long axis.
 Circle – to move a point around the point.
 Swing – to move continuously from one point
to the another.
 Turn, Rotate – to change direction to move
around an axis.
Non-locomotor movements:
Flexion--- Bending or shortening of a body
part occurring at a joint.
Extension—Turning, twisting or circling
Pendular---- Swinging/ swaying arms
forward, backward or sideward.
Percussive—Striking and hitting: pushing and
pulling.
Vibratory----- Shaking and beating.
Sustained---- A slow, smooth flowing
movement with a balance of movement
throughout the entire series.
Suspended--- A sharp movement followed by
a series of slow or prolonged movements until a
peak is reached.
1. Greeks coined the word, “gymnastics” which comes from
the Greek word, “gymnos” and meaning “___________.”
2. _________________is known as “great grandfather of
gymnastics.
3. Friedrich Ludwig Jahn started the __________(tumbling
clubs) generally for young men in Germany
4. Director Candido Bartolome and Mrs. Francisca Aquino
were the two well known educators that introduced
gymnastics in the ____________ Educational System.
5. Adolf Spies is responsible for introducing ______ and
freehand exercises performed with music in the school
curriculum of Switzerland.
6. _________ are activities in a form of play.
7. Routines or exercises accompanied with music
that also includes light apparatuses are called
_______________.
8. A ______ is a person who helps a performer
go about a skill for the first time.
9. A hop is a spring on one foot and land on the
_______ foot.
10.__________ is a position where the head and
the knees are in contact and the trunk is
curved.