GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

What is Globalization?
Globalization is a process of economic exchange in the globe that removes barriers of
the flow of goods, services, capital, and labor.
The Attributes of Today’s Global System
1. countries or states are independent and govern themselves.
2. these countries interact with each other through diplomacy.
3. international organizations facilitate these interactions (i.e. UN); and
4. beyond facilitating meetings between states, international organizations also take
on lives of their own.
a. State, in layman’s terms, refers to a country and its government. - a community of
persons more or less numerous occupying a definite territory completely free of external
control and possessing an organized government to which the great body of inhabitants
render habitual obedience.
- The Primary actors we study in international relations are states.
b. Nation, according to Benedict Anderson, is an “imagined community” and does not
go beyond a given “official boundary”. It is inherently limited and sovereign. It has
boundaries, meaning not anyone can be a Filipino.
- this refers to large group of people who share common characteristics such as
language, traditions, and ethnicity.
c. Nation-state – relatively modern phenomenon in the human history whereby it
composed of two non-interchangeable terms: nation and state.
Weber (1979) describes the state as a compulsory political organization with a
centralized government that maintains the legitimate use of force within a certain
territory. On the other hand, the concept of nation emphasizes the organic ties that
hold groups of people together and inspire a sense of loyalty and belonging – i.e.,
ethnicity, language, religion, and others (Schatle, 2014). Combining these two, nation-
state can then be defined as a political community that emanates from civic society to
legitimately execute peace. Thus, the civic society is the basis of the people’s oneness.
Today, the globalization of politics created an atmosphere where the ideas of the
nation-state, state sovereignty, government control, and state policies are challenged
from all sides.
suggested “replacements” for nation-states:
1. regional alliances and worldwide organizations
2. regional and int'l economic bonds
3. private capital groups
4. non-state organizations
d. Sovereignty
 Key concept in the Global Interstate system and international law.
- Sovereignty is perhaps the key concept in international
law and international relations because it defines the entire way in which countries
relate to one another and to international bodies like the United Nations. 
 States recognized each other’s in the international system.
 By sovereignty, we mean that in principle all states are legally equal (de jure).
Problems of Sovereignty
 Sovereignty is a legal definition and does not mean that all states are equal in
their power, influence, wealth, etc.
 Sovereignty also does not mean that states can prevent all crime, injustice, etc.
System - Assemblage of units, objects, or parts united by some form of regular
interaction.
GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM: THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD-SYSTEMS
World-systems are whole systems of interacting polities and settlements. Systemness
means that these polities and settlements are interacting with one another in important
ways – interactions are two-way, necessary, structure, regularized, and reproductive.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF WORLD-SYSTEMS
 The world-system perspective emerged during the world revolution of 1968 and
the anti-war movement that produced a generation of scholars who saw the
peoples of Global South (then called the “Third World”) as more than an
underdeveloped backwater.
 It became widely understood that a global power structure existed and that the
people of the non-core had been active participants in their own liberation.
 The history of colonialism and decolonization were seen to have importantly
shaped the structures and institutions of the whole global system.
 A more profound awareness of Eurocentrism was accompanied by the realization
that most national histories had been written as if each country were on the
moon.
 The nation state as an inviolate, pristine unit of analysis was now seen to be an
inadequate model for the sociology of development.
The modern world-system is structured politically as an interstate system –
a system of competing and allying states. Political Scientists commonly call this
the international system, and it is the focus of the field of International Relations.
Some of these states are much more powerful than others, but the main organizational
feature of the world political system is that it is multicentric. There is, as yet no world
state. Rather there is a system of states. This is a fundamentally important feature of
the modern system and of earlier regional world-systems as well.
THE WORLD SYSTEM THEORY
 World-system theory is a macro-scale approach to analyzing the world history of
the mankind and social changes in different countries.
 The definition of the theory refers to the division of labor, be it inter-regionally or
transnationally.
 Currently, the theory divides the world into the core, semi-periphery and
periphery countries.
CORE NATIONS
 Core: Describes dominant capitalist countries which exploit the peripheral
countries for labor and raw materials.
 Core nations appear to be powerful, wealthy, and highly independent of outside
control.
 They can deal with bureaucracies effectively; they have powerful militaries and
can boast with strong economies.
 Due to resources that are available to them (mainly intellectual), they are able to
be at the forefront of technological progress and have a significant influence on
less developed non-core nations.
SEMI-PERIPHERY NATIONS
 Semi: Countries that share characteristics of both core and periphery countries.
 These regions have a less developed economy and are not dominant in the
international trade.
 In terms of their influence on the world economies, they end up midway between
the core and periphery countries
  However, they strive to get into a dominant position of the core nation, and it was
proved historically that it is possible to gain major influence in the world and
become a core country.
PERIPHERY NATIONS
 Periphery: Peripheral countries are dependent on core countries for capital and
have underdeveloped industry.
 These are the nations that are the least economically developed.
 One of the main reasons for their peripheral status is the (because of the high
percentage of uneducated people who can mainly provide cheap unskilled labor
to the core nations.)
 There is a very high level of social inequality, together with a relatively weak
government which is unable to control country’s economic activity and the
extensive influence of the core nations.

Verbal:
(Ate Ann’s constructed explanation) - The Global interstate system demonstrates
that it is associated with the World System Theory in terms of the three divisions we
previously discussed, the core, semi-periphery, and periphery. Even though these
three divisions will expose what is lacking within the countries that fall under each
division, it will also help those countries to recognize each other's strengths and so
they can provide help to other countries.

Interstate system–a system of competing and allying states.

 A global system, like a regional system, can be characterized by its degree of
hierarchy, or by its polarity. If it were dominated by one great power, a hegemon,
it would be unipolar. By contrast, a system dominated by two great powers would
be bipolar and a system of three or more great powers would be multipolar.
 Global systems include the environmental, political, legal, economic, financial,
and cultural systems that help to make and remake the world.
 Examples of Global Systems include epidemics, finance, cities, the Internet,
trade systems and more. GSS addresses the question of policies having
desirable outcomes, not necessarily optimal outcomes.
What is Global Interstate System?
“Global Interstate System” is a system of competing and allied states around the world.
The word “global” refers to the interaction networks in which people live, whether these
are spatially small or large around the world. “Interstate” explains the connections and
operations between states, and “system” means that these policies and settlements are
interacting with one another in important ways; interactions are two-way, necessary,
structured, regularized, and reproductive.
Systemic interconnectedness exists when lives of the people in the jurisdiction and of
others are significantly affected and influenced through the interactions, this is pivotal
Verbal:
for social continuity and/or social change.
(GLOBAL)- The word global is the term that tells of the social networks on which we people
live.
(INTERSTATE)- Then interstate is the interconnection or simple put the relationship and the
action between countries.
Interstate relations are those authoritative actions, understandings, or commitments of the
governmental authorities--the leaders--of one state to or with the governmental authorities of
another state or its groups or citizens, either bilaterally or through international organizations.
(SYSTEM)- While in the system, this is where the topic's uncertainty emerges, because
we're now talking about proposals that are deeply intertwined to negotiation.
Bakit daw may nag eemerge na uncertainties well di ba sa concept ng negotiation di naman
natin palaging pwede iexpect na everything will go smoothly as what we planned
beforehand, right? And since we are using the term “globally” there are varieties of
nationalities, different beliefs, and cultures and for that there is a possibility na countries
either became allies or they end up you know uhm competing with each other. And also,
mas broad na yung politics dito.
Global Interstate System Background
 The international state system was born in Europe with the Treaty of Westphalia in
1648, after the Thirty Years War.
Treaty of Westphalia –set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the Thirty Years’ War
between the major continental powers of Europe. It was designed to avert wars in the
future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise complete control over their
domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each other’s affairs and provide stability for
the nations of Europe.
Peace of Westphalia, European settlements of 1648, which ended the Eighty Years’
War between Spain and the Dutch and the German phase of the Thirty Years’ War. The
peace was negotiated, from 1644, in the Westphalian towns of Münster and Osnabrück.
The Spanish-Dutch treaty was signed on January 30, 1648. The treaty of October 24,
1648 comprehended the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes,
France, and Sweden. Meanwhile England, Poland, Russia, and the Ottoman Empire
were the only European powers that were not represented at the two assemblies. Some
scholars of international relations credit the treaties with providing the foundation of the
modern state system and articulating the concept of territorial sovereignty.
Westphalian system: A global system based on the principle of international law that
each state has sovereignty over its territory and domestic affairs, to the exclusion of all
external powers, on the principle of non-interference in another country's domestic
affairs, and that each state (no matter how large or small)
 The system is designed to avert war in the future.
Interstate System Overview
Governments not only interact with the people they rule but also with other
governments—to trade, to share ideas, to work together to solve global problems, and
to resolve disputes. Political scientists have been analyzing international relations—
relations between states—for centuries, but never more so than during the twentieth
century, as scholars tried to explain the reasons for and explore the aftermath of World
Wars I and II and the Cold War that followed.
Although numerous international agreements and institutions exist to facilitate
smooth relations among the nearly 200 countries in the world, international politics can
still be extremely violent. Even though people have fought one another for millennia,
political scientists still do not know exactly what causes people and states to go to war,
start revolutions, or commit acts of terrorism. Identifying both immediate and long-term
causes and consequences of political violence, as well as thinking about the impact of
this violence on the international system, has become an important part of political
science.
History of the International System
Summary History of the International System
States engage with one another in an environment known as the International System.
All states are considered to be sovereign, and some states are more powerful than
others. The system has several informal rules about how things should be done, but
these rules are not binding. International relations have existed as long as states
themselves. But the modern international system under which we live today is only a
few centuries old.
Significant events have marked the milestones in the development of the
international system.
1. The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years’ War between Catholic
states and Protestant states in western and central Europe, established our modern
international system. It declared that the sovereign leader of each nation-state could do
as she or he wished within its borders and established the state as the main actor in
global politics. From that point forward, the international system has consisted primarily
of relations among nation-states.
2. Shifting Balances of Power (1600–1800)
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the nation-state emerged as the
dominant political unit of the international system. A series of powerful states dominated
Europe, with the great powers rising and falling. Weaker states often banded together to
prevent the dominant power from becoming too strong, a practice known as preserving
the Balance Of Power. Frequent wars and economic competition marked this era. Some
nations—notably France and England—were powerful through most of the modern age,
but some—such as Spain and the Ottoman Empire—shrank in power over time.
3. Emergence of Nationalism (1800–1945)
The nineteenth century brought two major changes to the international system:
Nationalism emerged as a strong force, allowing nation-states to grow even more
powerful.
Italy and Germany became unified countries, which altered the balance of
military and economic power in Europe.
The problems raised by the unification of Germany contributed to World War I
(1914–1918). In the aftermath of the war, the international system changed dramatically
again. The major powers of Europe had suffered greatly, whereas the United States
began to come out of its isolation and transform into a global power. At the same time,
the end of the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires created a series of new nations,
and the rise of communism in Russia presented problems for other nations. These
factors contributed to the Treaty of Versailles, the rise of Nazism and communism, and
World War II (1939–1945).
4. New World Orders (1945–Present)
The end of World War II marked a decisive shift in the global system. After the
war, only two great world powers remained: the United States and the Soviet Union.
Although some other important states existed, almost all states were understood within
the context of their relations with the two superpowers. This global system was called
Bipolar because the system centered on two great powers.
Since the end of the Cold War and the fall of the Soviet Union, the nature of the
world has changed again. Only one superpower remains, leading some scholars to
label the new international system Unipolar. Others point to the increasing economic
power of some European and Asian states and label the new system Multipolar. To
some extent, both terms are accurate. The United States has the world’s most powerful
military, which supports the unipolar view, but the U.S. economy is not as powerful,
relative to the rest of the world, lending credence to the multipolar view.

A Plethora Of Politics
Political scientists usually use the terms international politics and global politics
synonymously, but technically the terms have different meanings. International
Politics, strictly speaking, refers to relationships between states. Global Politics, in
contrast, refers to relationships among states and other interest groups, such as
global institutions, corporations, and political activists. Comparative Politics seeks
to understand how states work by comparing them to one another. While
international relations studies how states relate to one another, comparative politics
compare the internal workings of a state, its political institutions, its political culture,
and the political behavior of its citizens.

Purpose of Global Interstate System

 The balance of power in the interstate system prevents any single state from
controlling the world economy, and from imposing a political monopoly over
accumulation. This means that "factors of production" cannot be constrained to the
degree that they could be if there were an overarching world state.

Verbal:
The interstate system prohibits any state from dominating the global economy or
political monopoly. A government monopoly, also known as a public monopoly, is a
type of arbitrary monopoly in which a government entity or company is the only
supplier of a certain product or service, with competition forbidden by law. It’ll be
hard for other states if may isa na magdodominate that’s why ipinagbabawal ito ng
interstate system and it is also one of the reason why interstate system was created.

Anarchic means with no
controlling rules or
principles to give order.
It is Hobbesian Theory which argues that the state of
nature is a miserable state of war in which none of our
important human ends are reliably realizable.
Hobbes postulates what life would be like without
government, a condition which he calls the state of
nature. In that state, each person would have a right,
or license, to everything in the world.
 The most important feature of the interstate system is that it is anarchic. Unlike
politics within states, relations between states take place in a Hobbesian 'state of
nature’. Since an anarchic system is one in which all states constantly face actual or
potential threats, their main goal is security.

What are the principles of global interstate system?

Country states are sovereign in governance and law, but they make economic and
legislative compromises for mutual benefit with other sovereign jurisdictions.
Principles of Interstate System
 NATIONALISM – a doctrine and/or a political movement that seeks to make the
nation the basis of a political structure, especially a state. It is a sense of national
consciousness that generally exalts one’s own nation above others and focuses
on the promotion of interests.
 INTERNATIONALISM - desire for greater cooperation and unity among states
and people. In a more comprehensive definition, it is a political principle that
places the interests of the entire world above those of individual nations and
argues for cooperation among nations for common good. This can be divided into
two broad categories: liberal internationalism and socialist internationalism.
- It is the increasing importance of international trade, international relations,
treaties, alliances, etc. Inter-national, of course, means between or among
nations.
- LIBERAL
- SOCIALIST
 GLOBALISM - Globalism refers to various systems with scope beyond the
merely international. It is used by political scientists, such as Joseph Nye, to
describe "attempts to understand all the interconnections of the modern world—
and to highlight patterns that underlie them."
Globalism Vs. Globalization
Globalism, at its core, seeks to describe and explain nothing more than a world which is
characterized by networks of connections that span multi-continental distances. ... In
short, consider globalism as the underlying basic network, while globalization refers to
the dynamic shrinking of distance on a large scale.
Internationalism Vs. Globalism
Internationalism is political, economic, and cultural cooperation between nations while
globalism is an ideology based on the belief that people, goods and information ought to
be able to cross national borders unfettered.
Internationalism Vs. Nationalism
Internationalism is political, economic, and cultural cooperation between nations while
nationalism is patriotism; the idea of supporting one's country and culture.
 Contemporary Global Governance
What is Contemporary Global Governance?
 Examine gaps in the international system for managing complex issues and to
engage stakeholders on practical steps for collective problem solving.
 Brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action.
 Global governance involves formal and informal procedures for problem solving
in governmental, non-governmental organizations and coalition of several
organizations. It is presented with events, instruments, processes between and
among the institutions involved.

Different Definition of GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

1. "Global governance refers to concrete cooperative problem-solving arrangements,
many of which increasingly involve not only the United Nations of states but also
other namely international secretariats and other non-state actors.” by Thomas G.
Weiss
2. Process of designating laws or rules or regulations intended for a global scale.
3. Used to designate all regulations intended for organization and centralization of
human societies.
4. Management of global processes in the absence of a global government.
5. Refers to the way in which global affairs are managed.
6. An international process of consensus -forming which generates guidelines and
agreements that affect national government and international cooperation.
7. Global governance is not a world government.
8. The political interaction that is required to solve problems that affect more than one
state or region when there is no power to enforce compliance. By the book of
Modern organization governance.

A. Global Governance in the 21st Century Factors that lead to emergence of global
governance:
1. declining power of states
 If the states themselves were “highly contingent and in flux” (Cerny, 2007,
p.854), it would open the possibility of the emergence of some form of global
governance to fill the void.
2. vast flows of all sorts of things across borders
 vast the flows of all sorts of things that run into and often right through the
borders of nation states. This could involve the flow of digital information of
all sorts through the internet. It is difficult, if not impossible, for a nation-state
to stop such flow and in any case, it is likely that such action would be
politically unpopular and bring much negative reaction to the nation-state
involved in such an effort. For instance, China’s periodic efforts to interfere
with the internet have brought great condemnation both internally and
externally.
3. mass migration
 Then, there is mass migration of people and their entry, often illegally, into
various nation-states. If states are unable to control this flow, then there is a
need for some sort of global governance to help deal with problem. The flow
of criminal elements, as well as their products (drugs, laundered money,
those bought and sold in sex trafficking, etc.), is a strong factor in the call for
global governance (Levi and Sznaider, 2006). In these cases and others,
there is a need for some degree of order, some sort of effective authority,
and at least some potential for the improvement of human life. These are but
a few of the things that can be delivered by some form of global governance.
4. horrendous events within nation-states
 the state themselves either foment and carry out, or are unable to control
(Nordstrom, 2004). For example, in Darfur, Sudan, perhaps hundreds of
 thousands have been killed, millions of people displaced, and the lives of
many disrupted in a conflict that date back to early 2003. The government of
Sudan and its military have been implicated in the conflict between ethnic
and tribal groups and the Sudanese government has been resistant to
outside interference in its internal affairs. One could even go back to WWII
and argue that the Holocaust could have been prevented, or at least
mitigated, had there been a viable form of global governance to put pressure
on Nazi Germany and ultimately, to intervene in a more material way,
perhaps militarily (Bauman, 1998).
5. global problems
 Then, there are global problems that single nation-state cannot hope to
tackle on their own. One is the global financial crises and panic that sweep
the world periodically, which nations are often unable to deal with their own
(Strange, 1996) indeed, some nations (e.g., nations of Southeast Asia) have
often been, and are being victimized by such crises. Unable to help
themselves, such nations need assistance from some type of global
governance.
Nation-states have long struggled to deal w/ The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
problems like these through various interstate (NATO), also called the North Atlantic
system (e.g., alliances such as NATO), but the Alliance, is an intergovernmental
military alliance between 30 European
more recent trend is toward the development of
and North American countries. The
more truly global structures and methods of organization implements the North
dealing with various sorts of issues and problems. Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4
April 1949.

B. Effects of Globalization to Governments

Government - is one of the key aspects of state sovereignty- a group of people who
have the ultimate authority to act on behalf of a state
In addition, the policy is developed and implemented in the interest of the people of a
state by a specific government. A civil society within a state can also act as a
counterweight or as a supplement to government.
Civil society includes the private economy, educational institutions, churches, hospitals,
fraternal organizations, and other non-profit organizations.
There have been several challenges to the government and ultimately to state
autonomy. The question of how globalization affects governments in terms of overall
actions, and more specifically, whether globalization restricts state sovereignty, has
recently been raised.
For instance, with the upswing of globalization, some argue that governments are far
less able to control their own politics without considering the outside world. In the
present day, it becomes impossible to be economically isolated. As a result, some
believe that today, “government matters less and less in a global economy. Nation-
states are simply other actors on the global stage rather than its directors” (Osland,
2003: 142), and that “aggressive global production systems and capital markets now
occupy the ‘commanding heights’ of global development, forcing governments on the
defensive and pressuring them to deregulate, downsize, and privatize many of the
social management functions they assumed during the past century” (Yergin &
Stanislaw, 2000).
Joyce S. Osland (PhD) of San Jose State University College of Global Leadership and
Innovation enumerates some of the pros and cons of globalization related to
governments. The positives include the following (2003):
1. Increased economic development benefits some governments.
2. Increased jobs and expanded infrastructure benefit some countries .
3. Transfer of modern management techniques into business sector
4. Greater interdependence among trading and investment partners may deter war.
 5. Proliferation of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to counter- balance
decreased governmental power
On the other hand, the negative effects of globalization on governments include these
(2003):
1. Power of multinational enterprises (MNEs) increased at the expense of
government power, sovereignty, and ability to regulate business.
2. MNEs externalize some of their costs to countries.
3. Competition for factories and foreign direct investment (FDI) result in too many
concessions to MNEs by some governments.
4. Some MNEs influence local government policy and threaten to leave if their
demands are not met.
5. MNEs pay fewer taxes to governments and incorporate where the tax rate is
lowest, depriving their own country of revenue.
6. Governments are pressured to reduce tax rates and decrease social benefits that
may affect stability.

Significance of Contemporary Global Governance

The goal of global governance, roughly defined, is to provide global public goods,
particularly peace and security, justice and mediation systems for conflict, functioning
markets and unified standards for trade and industry.
INSTITUTIONS IN GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Institution Governs International Relations:
1. United Nations - Intergovernmental organization

Verbal:
I HOPE YOU GUYS ARE AWARE ABOUT UN’S EXISTENCE PO.
WHAT IS UNITED NATION?
UNITED NATION….

UNITED NATIONS (UN)

The United Nations (UN) is an organization between countries established on 24
October 1945 to promote international cooperation. It was founded to replace the
League of Nations following World War II and to prevent another conflict and to improve
living conditions for people all over the world.

Verbal:
The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the Second
World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace and
security, developing friendly relations among nations, and promoting social progress,
better living standards and human rights.

 President Roosevelt first suggested using the name United Nations, to refer to the
Allies of World War II, to Prime Minister Churchill during the latter's three-week visit
to the White House in December 1941.
 The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, upon ratification of the
Charter by the five permanent members of the Security Council—the US, the UK,
France, the Soviet Union, and the Republic of China—and by a majority of the
other 46 signatories.
  The Republic of the Philippines and the United Nations have been affiliated since
the conception of the organization. The then Commonwealth of the Philippines was
one of the signatories of the 1942 UN Declaration, from which the U.N. Charter of
1945 was based on.
 The Philippines was also among the 51 original member states, and one of only
four Asian nations, that signed this charter, which marked the beginning of the UN
operations.
 The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945 after the
Second World War by 51 countries committed to maintaining international peace
and security, developing friendly relations among nations, and promoting social
progress, better living standards and human rights.

PURPOSE OF UNITED NATIONS:

1. To maintain international peace and security.
2. To develop friendly relations among nations.
3. To cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural and
humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and
fundamental freedoms.
4. To protect Earth and Environment.

Verbal:
ALL THESE PURPOSES MENTIONED ABOVE WERE ADDRESSED NOT JUST IN
A SINGLE STATE, COUNTRY, OR NATION BUT GLOBALLY.

UNITED NATION SYSTEM

The United Nations is part of the UN system, which, in addition to the UN itself,
comprises many funds, programmes and specialized agencies, each of which have their
own area of work, leadership and budget.

o The programmes and funds are financed through voluntary rather than assessed
contributions.
o The Specialized Agencies are independent international organizations funded by
both voluntary and assessed contributions.
o The UN coordinates its work with these separate UN system entities, which
cooperate with the Organization to help it achieve its goals.

UNITED NATION STRUCTURE:

The United Nations has six main bodies. Five of them are: General Assembly,
Security Council, Economic and Social council, Trusteeship Council and
Secretariat- are based at United Nations Headquarters in New York City and the sixth
one is the international court of justice located at The Hague in the Netherlands
Verbal:
These main bodies serve as the central mechanism for activities of the United Nation
System. Under these main bodies are specialized agencies that do their own parts
and with their own area of work there are time that a specialized agency were under
two different main bodies. Later we will discuss some specialized agencies that you
guys might be familiar with.

Main Bodies of the UN

1. General Assembly
 o heart of the United Nations
o place where member countries have an equal voice in decision-making in
subjects pertaining to international peace and security, including development,
disarmament, human rights, international law, and the peaceful arbitration of
disputes between nations.

Verbal:
FROM THE WORD ASSEMBLY IT MEANS GATHERING OR MEETING, RIGHT?
FOR THIS REASON, The General Assembly's function is to address, debate, and
make recommendations on issues relating to international peace and security, such
as progress, disarmament, human rights, international law, and the peaceful
resolution of international disputes. The General Assembly meets annually in regular
session, intensively from September to December, and resumes in January until all
issues on the agenda are addressed – which often is just before the next session
starts. USUALLY SA HEADQUARTERS NG UN SILA NAGCOCONDUCT NG
ASSEMBLY BUT THERE ARE TIMES NA NAIIBA NG LUGAR DEPENDE SA
NAPAGUSAPAN BEFORE OR KAPAG NIREQUEST NG MAJORITY SA MGA
MEMBERS NG UN.

2. Security Council
o primary instrument for establishing and maintaining international peace.
o main purpose: prevent war by settling disputes between nations.
o Under the Charter, the council is permitted to dispatch a UN force to stop
aggression.
o has 15 members, there are 5 permanent members and ten temporary members
elected by the General Assembly for two-years term, from five different regions of
the world.

Verbal:
Under the United Nations Charter, the Security Council has prime responsibility for
maintaining internal peace and security. The Security Council is responsible for
deciding whether and when a UN peacekeeping mission should be deployed.

3. Economic and Social Council

o also called as ECOSOC
o seeks to build a world of prosperity, stability and justice.
o makes studies, reports and recommendations on international economics social,
cultural, educational, health and related matters and also with respect to human
rights and fundamental freedom for all.

Verbal:
Sila yung nagpopromote ng higher standards of living, full employment and
economic and social progress and they also encourage universal respect for and
observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms. They not just care for
economic growth but also socially kasi nga po di ba global governance understood
na may different nationalities, cultures, and beliefs yun we can also say na somehow
peacekeeper din sila kasi they addressed how each nation socialize or interact with
one another.
4. Trusteeship Council
o designed to supervise the government of trust territories and to lead them to self-
government or independence.
o function: examine and discuss reports from the Administering Authority.

Verbal:
Its mission was to oversee and assist in the transition to independence and self-
government. Each member of the Trusteeship Council has one vote. Decisions are
made by a simple majority vote. The permanent members of the Security Council
have no vote or other special voting privileges. its operation on 1 November 1994,
and although under the United Nations Charter it continues to exist on paper, its
future role and even existence remains uncertain.

5. International Court of Justice

o The principal judicial organ of the United
o Nations which sits at The Hague in Netherlands.
o Sometimes known as the World Court

Verbal:
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the United Nations' main judicial body. The
Court has two functions: to resolve legal disputes submitted by States in compliance
with international law, and to. To provide legal advice on matters addressed to it by
approved UN organs and specialized agencies.
Are you guys familiar with Adolf Hitler? If yes then alam niyo rin na dineclare syang
enemy of the states? Si ICJ po ang responsible sa naging declaration na iyon, why?
Because si Adolf Hitler ay nagbibigay pahirap not just in a single nation di ba sya
yung nag start ng WWII and since UN is made to address transboundary issues they
have the right to take action kasi isa sa pinoprovide nila is security eh si Adolf hitler
he is a threat to millions of people.

6. Secretariat
o organized along departmental lines, with each department or office having a
distinct area of action and responsibility
o Offices and departments coordinate with each other to ensure cohesion as they
carry out the day-to-day work of the Organization in offices and duty stations
around the world
o At the head of the United Nations Secretariat is the Secretary General.

Verbal:
The United Nations Secretariat is regarded as one of the UN's most powerful organs.
The secretariat oversees the organization's day-to-day administration and
operations, including coordinating the agendas of the UN's other organs such as the
Security Council and the General Assembly, as well as the organization's overall
agenda.

Basic Principles Underlying the UN

All member states are sovereign and equal
Verbal:
Walang leader po sa UN kasi nga po di ba one of their reason is to prevent any state
for dominance di ba? So if magkakaroon ng leader sa UN it wouldn’t make any
sense dun sa reason na nabanggit earlier sa interstate system. They all have equal
power
 In all international relations, no member shall use force or threaten force against the
territory and political independence of any state or behave in a manner inconsistent
with the purposes of the United Nations.

Verbal:
All of them needs to act accordance with rules and regulations or law provided by the
UN kasi meron naman silang legal way to address all their issues all the borderless
issues and again di ba reason nila for creating UN is to avoid the world war to arise
again. They want peace within nations.

All member states are pledged to fulfill their obligations under the Charter in good
faith.

As it is necessary to preserve peace and security, the United Nations shall ensure
that countries which are not members act in accordance with the principles of the
Charter.

The UN shall not intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic
jurisdiction of any state except when it is acting to enforce peace.

2. International Criminal Court (ICC) - Investigates and, where warranted, tries

individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international
community.

Verbal:
The International Criminal Court (ICC) was created on 1 July 2002. It investigates
and punishes people for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It is
sometimes called the ICC or the ICCt.

What kind of crimes does the ICC investigate?

The ICC can normally only investigate three kinds of crime:

 Crimes that were committed in member-countries

 Crimes that were committed by people from member-countries
 Crimes that the United Nations Security Council wants the ICC to
investigate
The ICC can only investigate crimes that happened after 1 July 2002. It can only
open a case when national courts are not able to or do not want to. If a national
court is investigating or prosecuting a case, the ICC is not allowed to.

3. World Bank - One of the world's largest sources of funding and knowledge for
developing countries.

WORLD BANK
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to
the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing
capital projects.
Headquarters: Washington, DC, USA
The World Bank focuses on poverty reduction and the improvement of living standards
worldwide by providing low-interest loans, interest-free credit, and grants to developing
 countries for education, health, infrastructure, and communications, among other things.
The World Bank works in over 100 countries.

 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)

 International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)*
 International Development Association (IDA)
 International Finance Corporation (IFC)
 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)*
International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and Multilateral
Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) are not specialized agencies in accordance with
Articles 57 and 63 of the Charter but are part of the World Bank Group.

Theories of International Relations

A Theory Of International Relations is a set of ideas that explains how the international system works. Unlike an ideology,
a theory of international relations is (at least in principle) backed up with concrete evidence. The two major theories of
international relations are realism and liberalism.

National Interest

Most theories of international relations are based on the idea that states always act in accordance with their National
Interest, or the interests of that particular state. State interests often include self-preservation, military security, economic
prosperity, and influence over other states. Sometimes two or more states have the same national interest. For example,
two states might both want to foster peace and economic trade. And states with diametrically opposing national interests
might try to resolve their differences through negotiation or even war.

Realism

According to Realism, states work only to increase their own power relative to that of other states. Realism also claims the
following:

The world is a harsh and dangerous place. The only certainty in the world is power. A powerful state will always be able to
outdo—and outlast—weaker competitors. The most important and reliable form of power is military power.

A state’s primary interest is self-preservation. Therefore, the state must seek power and must always protect itself

There is no overarching power that can enforce global rules or punish bad behavior.

Moral behavior is very risky because it can undermine a state’s ability to protect itself.

The international system itself drives states to use military force and to war. Leaders may be moral, but they must not let
moral concerns guide foreign policy.

International organizations and law have no power or force; they exist only as long as states accept them.

Politicians have practiced realism as long as states have existed. Most scholars and politicians during the Cold War
viewed international relations through a realist lens. Neither the United States nor the Soviet Union trusted the other, and
each sought allies to protect itself and increase its political and military influence abroad. Realism has also featured
prominently in the administration of George W. Bush.

Machiavelli

One of the best-known realist thinkers is the notorious Niccolo Machiavelli. In his book The Prince (1513), he advised
rulers to use deceit and violence as tools against other states. Moral goals are so dangerous, he wrote, that to act morally
will bring about disaster. He also gave advice about how to deal with conflicts among neighboring states and how to
defend one’s homeland. Machiavelli’s name has become synonymous with nasty and brutal politics.

Liberalism

Liberalism emphasizes that the broad ties among states have both made it difficult to define national interest and
decreased the usefulness of military power. Liberalism developed in the 1970s as some scholars began arguing that
realism was outdated. Increasing globalization, the rapid rise in communications technology, and the increase in
international trade meant that states could no longer rely on simple power politics to decide matters. Liberal approaches to
international relations are also called theories of complex interdependence. Liberalism claims the following:

The world is a harsh and dangerous place, but the consequences of using military power often outweigh the benefits.
International cooperation is therefore in the interest of every state.

Military power is not the only form of power. Economic and social power matter a great deal too. Exercising economic
power has proven more effective than exercising military power.

Different states often have different primary interests.

International rules and organizations can help foster cooperation, trust, and prosperity.

Example: Relations among the major Western powers fit a model of complex interdependence very well. The United
States has significant disagreements with its European and Asian allies over trade and policy, but it is hard to imagine a
circumstance in which the United States would use military power against any of these allies. Instead, the United States
relies on economic pressure and incentives to achieve its policy aims.

Idealism

Idealism is a specific school of liberalism that stresses the need for states to pursue moral goals and to act ethically in the
international arena. Idealists believe that behavior considered immoral on an interpersonal level is also immoral in foreign
policy. Therefore, idealists argue that dishonesty, trickery, and violence should be shunned. In the United States, idealism
Challenge to the United Nation
How can it be an effective channel to attain lasting peace and security in the
world?
How does global governance affect globalization?
How does globalization affect global governance?
The process of global governance at this specific time changed, allowing non-
western states to become central players in global decision-making, because of
increased pressure caused by globalization. Thus, globalization has placed, and
continues to place increasing demands on the process of global governance.