KLVV.
Tirados - TCW Prelim Reviewer
Week 1: Introduction to Globalization - 02/02/23
Defining Globalization
● Progress - changes that are tangible or
characterized as material things
○ example: advancement of
technologies, buildings
● Development - changes which are intangible;
not necessarily seen / material things but
these are the things that has a lot of impact in
the society
○ knowledge, ideas, perspectives
○ example: concept of lgbtq
community dati hindi sya accepted
but over the years nagkaroon na ng
understanding about them
● Integration
Definitions of Different Authors
Thomas Larssom (2001)
● process of world shrinkage, of distances
getting shorter, things moving closer
○ example: going to singapore almost
3 hours lang, going to school no need
to walk there’s a lot of transpo na
● pertains to the increasing ease with which
somebody on one side of the world can
interact to mutual benefit with somebody on
the other side of the world
○ example: it’s easier to communicate
with somebody na malayo sa atin
since we have a lot of platforms na
we can use
● summary: his definition pertains to the
positive sides of globalization in terms of
communication and transportation
Martin Khor
● globalization is occurring through and with
regression, colonialism, and destabilization
● may negative impact sa Philippines ang
colonialism since we received a lot of abuses
but we also learned a lot of things from them
especially about trading system
● colonialism is not limited on their physical
presence but their culture is present to us
Classification of Definitions
1. Broad & Inclusive - can include variety of
issues but does not shed light on the
implications due to its vagueness
○ example: Ohmae Definition
“globalization means the onset of
borderless world”
2. Narrow & Exclusive - better justified but
can be limiting due to their application adhere
to only particular definitions
○ example: Robert Cox Definition
“characteristics of globalization trend
include internationalizing of
production, the new international
division of labor, new migratory
movements from south to north, the
new competitive environment that
accelerates these processes, the
internationalizing of the state making
states into agencies of globalization
■ considered as narrow and
exclusive kasi all phrases are
all about economy
■ note: global north - 1st world
nation, global south - 3rd
world nation
Narrow or Broad?
● Ritzer (2015) “Globalization is a
transplanetary process or a set of processes
involving increasing liquidity and the
growing multidirectional flows of people,
objects, places, information as well as the
structures they encounter and create that are
barriers to, or expedite, those flows.”
○ this is narrow type of definition kasi
this is all about a metaphor of
globalization
● Robertson (1992) in his article,
Globalization: Social Theory & Global
Culture,defined globalization as the
“understanding of the world and the
increased perception of the world as a whole”
○ this is a general type of definition
hence, it is said to be a broad type of
definition
● Albrow & King (1990)) defined
globalization as “all those processes by which
the people of the world are incorporated into
a single world society. This means that
peoples around the globe live in a borderless
community”
○ narrow type of definition
3 Metaphors of Globalization
● Solidity - barriers that prevents or make
difficult the movement of things
○ example: North Korea, kasi wala
nakaka alam sa nangyayari inside this
country and wala din nakaka pasok
na information from other side of the
world
○ other examples include:
■ language,
■ man made barriers such as
the great wall of china or
berlin wall since it is created
to hindered a lot of things,
■ religion since we have
different perspectives,
■ culture, etc.
● Liquidity - refers to the increasing ease of
movement of people, things, information and
places in the contemporary world
○ kabaliktaran ng solidity
KLVV. Tirados - TCW Prelim Reviewer
○ example: stock market, unstoppable
social media updates
○ other examples included:
■ technologies and gadgets
since dati super hirap
makakuha ng information but
nowadays one click away na
lang
■ market trend such as being
coffee lover kaya dumadami
ang mga coffee shops /
instagrammable shops
■ migration
● Flows
Week 2: Globalization Theory - 02/02/23
Homogeneity
● refers to the increasing sameness in the world
as cultural inputs, economic factors, and
political orientations of societies expand to
create common practices, same economies,
and similar forms of government.
● Homogeneity in culture is linked to cultural
imperialism
● example:
○ christianity brought by spaniards and
since Spain ay mas malaking country
compared to us kaya inadapt natin ito
○ americanization
○ one size fits all by IMF - one rule ay
para sa lahat
○ McWorld - one political orientation
○ Global Flow of Media - imposed by
West
○ Mcdonaldization
Heterogeneity
● creation of various cultural practices, new
economies and political groups because of
the interaction of elements from different
societies in the world
● cultural hybridization
5 Core Claims of Market Globalism
1. Globalization is about the liberalization
and global integration of market
○ anchored in the neo—liberal ideal of
self-regulating market as the
normative basis for a future global
order.
○ explains the relevant functions of free
market-its rationality and efficiency,
as well as its alleged ability to bring
about greater social integration and
material progress-can only be
realized in a democratic society that
values and protects individual
freedom.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible
○ the market-globalist perspective sees
globalization as the spread of
irreversible market forces driven by
technological innovations that make
the global integration of national
economies inevitable. As a matter of
fact, market globalism is always
interlaced with a belief that markets
have the capacity to use new
technologies to solve social problems
○ example: cellphones, updates of the
software
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization
○ the claim highlights the semantic link
between ‘globalization-market’ and
the adjacent idea of ‘leaderlessness’.
○ Robert Hormats (1998) opined that
‘The great beauty of globalization is
that no one is in control.’ This only
means that no individual, no
government or no institution has the
control over globalization.
○ Thomas Friedman (1999:112-3)
emphasized that the most basic truth
about globalization is this: ‘No one is
in charge…But the global
marketplace today is an Electronic
Herd of often anonymous stock,
bond, and currency traders and
multinational investors, connected by
screens and networks.’
4. Globalization benefits everyone
○ lies at the heart of market globalism
and represents a ‘good’ phenomenon.
○ provides great opportunities for the
future, not only for our countries, but
for all others, too.
○ many positive aspects include an
unprecedented expansion of
investment and trade; the opening up
to international trade of the world’s
most populous regions and
opportunities for more developing
countries to improve their standards
of living; the increasingly rapid
dissemination of information,
technological innovation, and the
proliferation of skilled jobs.
5. Globalization furthers the spread of
democracy in the world
○ Francis Fukuyama (2000) stressed
that there exists a ‘clear correlation’
between the country’s level of
economic development and
successful democracy. While
globalization and capital
development do not automatically
produce democracies, ‘the level of
economic development resulting
from globalization is conducive to
the creation of complex civil
societies with a powerful middle
class. It is this class and societal
structure that facilitates democracy’.
KLVV. Tirados - TCW Prelim Reviewer
○ Former First Lady Hillary
Rodham Clinton (1999) praised
Eastern Europe’s economic transition
towards capitalism by saying, “The
emergence of new businesses and
shopping centers in former
communist countries should be seen
as the ‘backbone of democracy.’
Dynamics of Local & Global Culture
Perspectives on Global Cultural Flows
● Cultural Differentialism
○ emphasizes that culture are
essentially different and are
superficially affected by global flows
○ example: abortion, divorce
● Cultural Hybridization
○ emphasizes the integration of local
and global cultures
○ glocalization (global and local) -
creating a unique outcomes in
different geographic areas
○ combination 50 - 50 sya
● Cultural Convergence
○ stresses on homogeneity introduced
by globalization
○ cultures are deemed to be radically
altered by strong flows
○ deterritorialization
○ pwede maretain or mawala sa system
Week 2: Global Economy - 02/02/23
“Why do the regions around the globe have glaring
differences when it comes to the economy?”
● For the past centuries, the global economy
has significantly changed.
○ 11th century - the long distance
trading flourished between Venice
and the Netherlands.
○ 13th century - woolen industry in
Flanders
○ 14th century in Florence
○ Global changes have contributed
much to the economy of the world
hence, the birth of CAPITALISM.
■ concept of capitalism ay ang
ruling perceptive where in
ang importante lang ay ang
wealthy people
In Gary Gereffi’s Journal:
● The Global Economy: Organization,
Governance, and Development
○ He mentioned that the global changes
are attributed to how the global
economy is organized and governed.
He furthered that these changes give
impact not only to the flow of goods
and services across national borders,
but also the implications of these
processes for how a particular
country moves up or down in the
international scene
According to Gereffi, the global economy can be
studied at different levels of analysis.
1. Macro Level
○ includes the international
organizations and regimes that
establish rules and norms for the
global community.
○ World Bank, the International
Monetary Fund, the World Trade
Organization, and the International
Labor Organization are the existing
international organizations that make
an impact on the economy of the
world.
○ Regional integration schemes like the
European Union and the North
American Free Trade Agreement are
also part of these organizations. Since
these regimes blend both the rules
and resources, they substantiate the
widest parameters within which the
global economy operates.
2. Meso Level
○ national or domestic
○ it is believed that the building blocks
for the global economy are the
countries and firms
○ global economy is seen as the arena
in which countries compete in
different product markets
3. Micro Level
○ there is a growing literature on the
resistance to globalization by
consumer groups, activist and
transnational social movements
○ Therborn (2000) expressed, “There
are many theories related to
economic sociology incorporate the
global economy in their frameworks,
but they differ in the degree to which
it is conceptualized as a system that
shapes the behavior and motivation
of actors inside it, or as an arena
where nationally determined actors
meet, interact, and influence each
other.”
According to world-systems theory, the upward or
downward mobility of nations in the core, semi
periphery, and periphery is determined by a country’s
mode of incorporation in the capitalist
world-economy, and these shifts can only be
accurately portrayed by an in-depth analysis of the
cycles of capitalist accumulation in the longue durée
of history (Wallerstein 1974, 1980, 1989; Arrighi
1994).
KLVV. Tirados - TCW Prelim Reviewer

Core Countries industrializing, stabilizing the government

● industrialized capitalist countries on which and political climate, etc.
periphery countries and semi-periphery ● Afghanistan, albania, algeria, angola, bahrain,
countries depend. bangladesh, barbados, belarus, belize, benin,
● control and benefit from the global market bolivia, botswana, bulgaria, burkina, faso,
and are usually recognized as wealthy nations burundi, cambodia, cameroon, central african
with a wide variety of resources and are in a republic, chad, chile, colombia, congo, costa
favorable location compared to other states. rica, côte d’ivoire, croatia, cuba, cyprus,
They have strong state institutions, a czech republic, dominican republic, ecuador,
powerful military and powerful global egypt, el salvador, eritrea, estonia, ethiopia,
political alliances. gabon, gambia, georgia, ghana, guatemala,
● According to Babones (2005), who notes that guinea-bissau, guyana, haiti, honduras,
this list is composed of countries that "have hungary, iraq, jamaica, jordan, kazakhstan,
been consistently classified into a single one kenya, kuwait, kyrgyzstan, laos, latvia,
of the three zones [core, semi-periphery or lebanon, lesotho, liberia, libya, lithuania,
periphery] of the world economy over the macao, macedonia, madagascar, malawi,
entire 28-year study period". malaysia, mali, mauritania, mauritius,
● in 2022 luxembourg ang nangunguna na moldova, mongolia, morocco, mozambique,
country myanmar, namibia, nepal, nicaragua, niger,
● Austria, belgium, canada, denmark, finland, nigeria, oman, pakistan, panama, papua new
france, germany, greece, hongkong, iceland, guinea, paraguay, peru, philippines, poland,
ireland, israel, italy, japan, luxembourg, puerto rico, romania, rwanda, russian
netherlands, new zealand, norway, singapore, federation, saudi arabia, senegal, sierra leone,
spain, sweden, switzerland, united kingdom sri lanka, sudan, suriname, syrian arab
Semi - Periphery Countries republic, tanzania, thailand, togo, trinidad and
● the industrializing, mostly capitalist countries tobago, tunisia, turkey, uganda, UAE,
which are positioned between the periphery uruguay, venezuela, vietnam, yemen, zambia,
and core countries. zimbabwe
● have organizational characteristics of both
core countries and periphery countries and
are often geographically located between core
and peripheral regions as well as between two
or more competing core regions.
● Semi-periphery regions play a major role in
mediating economic, political, and social
activities that link core and peripheral areas.
● Argentina, brazil, china, india, indonesia,
iran, mexico, south korea, south africa,
Week 3: Market Integration & International
taiwan
Financial Institutions - 02/09/23
Periphery Countries
3 Sectors of Economic System
● less developed than the semi-periphery and
● Primary Sector
core countries. These countries usually
○ extract raw materials from national
receive a disproportionately small share of
environment
global wealth. They have weak state
○ example: farmers, miners
institutions and are dependent on – according
■ either they will sell it directly
to some, exploited by – more developed
to the consumer or they will
countries. These countries are usually behind
sell it to the secondary sector
because of obstacles such as lack of
who will transform it into
technology, unstable government, and poor
another product
education and health systems.
● Secondary Sector
● In some instances, the exploitation of
○ gaines raw materials and transform
periphery countries' agriculture, cheap labor,
them into manufactured good
and natural resources aid core countries in
○ example: petroleum refinery
remaining dominant. This is best described
● Tertiary Sector
by dependency theory, which is one theory on
○ involves services than goods
how globalization can affect the world and
○ doing things than making things
the countries in it. It is, however, possible for
○ example: education, transportation,
periphery countries to rise out of their status
health care
and move into semi-periphery or core status.
This can be done by doing things such as
International Financial Institutions
KLVV. Tirados - TCW Prelim Reviewer
● provide funds to poorer nation
Bretton Woods System
● established due to sufferings of world’s major
economies because of world war I, great
depression in 1930’s and world war II
5 Elements of Bretton Woods System
1. Expression of Currency in terms of gold or
gold value to establish a par value
2. Official Monetary Authority in each country
○ central bank or national treasure -
ensures balance of inflow and
outflow of money within circulation
3. Establishment of an overseer for the
exchange rates, thus, International Monetary
Fund (IMF) was founded
4. Eliminating restrictions on the currencies of
the member states in international code
5. US dollar become the global currency
General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade (GATT)
● international organization for liberation of
trade that grew out of BW system and
primarily focuses in tariff reduction to any
international trading system
World Trade Organization (WTO)
● operations are premised on the neoliberal
idea that all nations benefit from free and
open trade and it is dedicated to reducing and
ultimately eliminating barriers to such trade
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property
(TRIPS)
● international legal agreement between all the
member nations of WTOz
● sets down minimum standards for the
regulation by national governments of many
forms intellectual property as applied to
nations of other WTO member nations
● involves intangible ideas, knowledge and
expressions that require use to be approved
by the owners
Agreement On Trade Related Investment
Measures (TRIMS)
● rules that apply to the domestic regulations a
country applies to foreign investors often as
part of an industrial policy
● these are range of operating or performance
measures that host country governments
impose on foreign firms to keep them from
having distorting effect on trade in goods and
services
International Monetary Fund
● provides fund go government sponsored
guaranteed programs in so called Part II
(member states that are middle income credit
worthy by poorer nations)
European Union (EU)
● designed to enhance European political and
economic integration by creating a single
currency (euro), a unified foreign and
security policy and common citizenship
rights and by advancing cooperation in the
areas of immigration, asylum, and judicial
affairs
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC)
● multinational organization that was
established to coordinate the petroleum
policies of its members and to provide
member states with technical and economic
aid.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
● it involves investments by one firm in another
firm that exists abroad in n different
nation-sute, with the intention of gaining
control over the latter's operation
MultiNational Corporations (MNC)
● firm that has power to coordinate and control
operations in more than two countries even if
it dies not own them
● global corporations
International Standard Organization (ISO)
● an international institute of technical
standards that sustain and vindicate the
quality assurance of goods and services
available in the global market.
Rise of Global Corporation
3 Periods Historic Rise of Global Corporation
● Early Historical Periods - globalization to
interactive engagements through trade and
technologies esp. in shipping and navigation
● Period Prior to the End of World War II -
colonial and imperialist relationships
attributes of corporate structures in
prosperous and globally engaged nations
● End of World War II - to present broader
structural dimensions of globalizations
○ digitalization
How Do Global Corporations Function & What
Constitutes Global Corporation?
● International Companies - are importers
and exporters, typically without investment
outside of their home country.
● Multinational Companies - have
investment in other countries, but do not have
coordinated product offerings in each country
They are more focused on adapting their
products and services to each individual local
market
● Global Companies - have invested and are
present in other countries. They typically
market their products and services to each
individual local market
● Transnational Companies - are more
complex organizations which have invested
in foreign operations, have central corporate
facility but give decision-making research
and develop (R&D) and marketing powers to
each individual foreign market
KLVV. Tirados - TCW Prelim Reviewer
3 fundamental innovations that have substantially
changed the character of the global corporation:
● the advent and impact of digitalization and
instantaneous global communications,
● the structural transformation of global
commerce from producer-driven commodity
chains to buyer-driven
● and the increasing role performed through
global system, the post-war period can be
delineated in a number of ways
3 Structural Periods (Geriffe)
1. Investment Based Globalization
2. Trade Based Globalization
3. Digital Globalization
Week 4: Global Interstate System
● interrelation of nations with different aspects:
economy, global inputs, religions and some
other
Concept of Civilization
● historical ang approach
● International civilization
● Empire
● Internalization
● Some of the things that we experienced
during the 19th and 20th century
Concept of European Civilization
● One of the most celebrated, it was considered
the city of all advancement
● fall of Napoleon is the beginning of european
civilization
● Napoleon: military commander of french
revolution, made defective government
○ “For you to better understand the
concept of civilization & ● UN membership requirements: state must
globalization , you must also take
note of your own cultural roots.”
● Guizot: abandoned the enlightenment project
of fitting the EU into a scheme of universal
history for the (Herderian) task of tracing the
continent’s own cultural roots.
● John Stuart Mill: suggested by contrast that
there was a single model of civilization; but
this too–in his 1836 essay on ‘Civilization’ –
located in the EU since all the elements of
civilization exist in the modern EU,
especially Great Britain.
International Laws
● was designed as an aid to the preservation of
order among sovereign states, and its
principles were explicitly stated as applying
only to civilized states– much as Mill saw his
principles of liberty as applying solely to
members of a ‘civilized community’
● according to W.E. Hall, it is a product of the
special civilization of the modern EU and
forms a highly artificial system of which the
principles cannot be supposed to be
understood or recognized by countries
differently civilized.
● Victorian International Law - divided the
world according to the standard of
civilization
○ civilized - upper class, educated
■ protection of property
■ rule of law
○ uncivilized - outcast of the society
● Three Classification of Humanity (1880s
James Lorimer)
○ civilized - upper class
○ barbaric - illegal or legal means
makukuha nila gusto nila
○ savage - rudest among all
classifications of people
● Three Grades of Recognition
○ Plenary Political
○ Partial Political
○ Natural or Mere Human
● Two Types of War
○ Aggressive: nde permitted,
nangunguna makipagwar sa ibang
nations
○ Defensive: permitted war kapag may
aggression from other nation
● Freedom of Conscience
○ Knowing what is right and wrong
Week 5: Global Governance
Sovereign State: has a territory, the people, and a
government
● Any state admitted as a member of the UN
will be upon the decision of the General
Assembly as recommended by the Security
Council.
be a peace-loving state which accepts the
obligations contained in the present Charter
& in the judgment of the Org, must be able
and willing to carry out these obligations.
➔ Belarus, India, Philippines, & Ukraine:
original members that were not independent
at the time of their admission in the
organization.
➔ Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs),
international nongovernmental
organizations (INGOs), transnational
organizations (TNCs): created transnational
law that runs many dimensions of the
political economy that was once governed by
the sovereign states.
Four Elements of State
1. People/Population: must not be too many for
the state to sustain the needs of their people
2. Territory: mark of jurisdiction to impose
rules
3. Government: machinery or agency or
magistracy of the State which makes,
implements, enforces and adjudicates the
laws of the state.
KLVV. Tirados - TCW Prelim Reviewer

○ Each government has three organs:

■ (1) Legislature—which
formulates the will of State
i.e. performs law-making
functions;
■ (2) Executive— enforces
and implements the laws i.e.
performs the law-application
functions; and
■ (3) Judiciary—which
applies the laws to specific
cases and settles the disputes
i.e. performs adjudication
functions.
4. Sovereignty: most exclusive element of a
state

Two Classification of Sovereignty

1. Internal Sovereignty: supreme power to
command and in force obedience to your
people
2. External Sovereignty: freedom from
external control

International Criminal Court (ICC)

● upholds the principle of complementarities
and recognizes that states do not have to
collaborate with the court unless they have
ratified the statute.