MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION TO
GLOBALIZATION
LET’S WARM UP
"Identify the following flags
that will appear on your
screen."
INTRODUCTION TO
GLOBALIZATION
 WHAT IS
GLOBALIZATION?
 Globalization
• “Borderless world”
• the expansion and intensification of
social relations and consciousness
across world time and across
• world-space.
• all those processes by which the
people of the world are incorporated
into a single world society
2 types of Definition
for Globalization
 2 types of definition for Globalization
1. Broad and inclusive - “Globalization means
the onset of the borderderless world”.
(Ohmae, 1992)

If one uses such, it can include a variety of

issues that deal with overcoming tradition
boundaries. However, it does not shed light
on the implications of globalization due to its
vagueness.
2. Narrow and exclusive – are better
justified but can be limiting, in the
sense that their application adheres
to only particular definitions.
METAPHORS OF
GLOBALIZATION
METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION

• In order for us to better understand the

concept of globalization, we will utilize
metaphors. Metaphors make use of one
term to help us better understand another
term. In this case, the states of matter
Solid—liquid—will be used.
•“Solidity”- refers to the barriers that
prevent of make difficult the movement
of things. They could either be natural or
man- made.
•“Liquidity”- refers to the increasing ease
of movement of people , things
information and places in the
contemporary world.
“Flows” - are movement of
people, things places and
information brought by the
growing porosity of global
limitations.
 Characteristics of liquid according to
Zygmunt Bauman:
• 1. Today’s liquid phenomena changes quickly and their
aspects spatial and temporal are in continuous
fluctuation.
• 2. In liquid phenomena, the movement is difficult to
stop. For example, videos uploaded to Facebook are
unstoppable once they become viral.
• 3. The forces of liquid made political boundaries more
permeable to the flow of people and things.
 THEORIES OF
GLOBALIZATION
 Homogeneity
•refers to the increasing sameness in the
world as cultural inputs, economic
factors and political orientations of
societies expand to create common
practices, same economies and similar
forms of government.
•CULTURAL IMPERIALISM- this means
a given culture influences other
cultures.

For example, the dominant religion in

our country is Christianity, which was
brought to us by the Spaniards
•Ritzer (2008) coined the term
“ Mcdonaldization”- refers to the
process by which Western societies are
dominated by the principles of fast
food restaurant. It involves the global
spread of rational systems such as
efficiency, calculability predictability
and control.
•Heterogeneity - refers to the
differences because of either lasting
differences or of the hybrids or
combinations of cultures that can be
produced through the different
transplantery processes.
Heterogeneity in culture is associated
with cultural hybridization
 THEORIES OF GLOBALIZATION
1. WORLD SYTEM THEORY
World Systems Theory posits that there is a world economic
system in which some countries benefit while others are
exploited.
 Theories of Globalization
2. THEORY OF THE GLOBAL
SYSTEM
• - The model involves TNPs at
three levels:
• -the economic, whose agent is
transnational capital;
• -the political, whose agent is a
transnational capitalist class
(TCC);
• -the cultural-ideological, whose
agent is cultural elites
3. NETWORK SOCIETY
• -“techno logistic” approach to
globalization or ”Age of
information” or
“informationalism”
• -digital connectivity and
empowerment of the internet
and the World Wide Web
• -Generation Z or Gen Z (also
known as iGeneration or iGen
and Post-Millennials
 Theories of Globalization
4. LIBERALISM
• is a political and moral philosophy
based on liberty, consent of the
governed and equality before the
law.
• Liberalism is a defining feature of
modern democracy, illustrated by
the prevalence of the term ‘liberal
democracy’ as a way to describe
countries with free and fair
elections, rule of law and
protected civil liberties.
5. POLITICAL REALISM
• The highlights of this theory
is power (the heart of
politics)
• -Importance of sovereign
states (balance of power,
dominant state at a
particular moment;
consequent interests)
• -Stressing the uneven nature
of globalization
 Theories of Globalization
6. MARXISM
• Marxism is a method of
socioeconomic analysis that
uses a materialist
interpretation of historical
development, better known
as historical materialism, to
understand class relations
and social conflict as well as
a dialectical perspective to
view social transformation.
7. CONSTRUCTIVISM
• Constructivism is a theory in
education that recognizes the
learners' understanding and
knowledge based on their
own experiences. Trans
planetary connectivity due to
the importance of symbols,
language, interpretations in
constructing the social world.
 Theories of Globalization

8. POST MODERNISM 9. FEMINISM

• The theory that • The theory that criticizes

the marginalization and
emphasizes relativity, subordination of women in
subjectivity, and the society. According to the
individualism. It study, (Rios, 2005) women
critique universalist are poorer than men in
every state, regardless of
notions of universality, education or geographic
morality and truth. location
 Theories of Globalization

10. ECLECTICISM
• This theory does not hold rigidly into single
paradigm or set of assumptions but instead
draws into multiple theories
ORIGINS AND HISTORY
OF GLOBALIZATION
How did globalization start?
 Hardwired
• According to Nayan Chanda (2007), it is because of our
basic human need that made globalization possible

4 aspects of Globalization:
1. Trade
2. Missionary work
3. Adventure
4. Conquest
 Cycles
• For some globalization is a long term- cyclical
process and thus, finding its origin will be a
daunting task. What is important is the cycle
that a globalization has gone through
( Scholte,2005).
• Subscribing to this view suggest adherence to
the idea that other global ages have appeared.
There is also a notion that this point of
globalization will soon disappear and reappear.
 Six Great Epoch of globalization
1. Globalization of religion (4th 2. -7 th centuries)
2. European Colonial Conquest (late 15th century)
3. Intra- European wars ( late 18th to early 19th century)
4. Heyday of European Imperialism ( mid 19th century to
1918)
5. Post World War II
6. Post Cold War Period
 Events
• Specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in
explaining the origin of globalization.
• Several points can be treated as start of globalization.
Gibbon(1998) argued that Roman conquest centuries before
Christ were its origin. Rosenthal(2007) gave premium to voyages
of discovery ---
• Christopher Columbus’s discovery of America in 1492, Vasco da
Gama in the Cape of Good Hope in 1498
• Ferdinand Magellan’s rediscovery of the Philippine archipelago in
1521.
 Events
The recent years could also be regarded as the
beginnings of globalization with reference to specific
technological advances in transportation and
communication. Some examples include the first:
• transatlantic telephone cable( 1956)
• transatlantic television broadcast (1962)
• founding of modern internet in (1988)
• terrorist attack in Twin Towers in New York ( 2001)
 Broader, More Recent Changes

The three notable changes as the origin of globalization

that we know today. They are as follows:
1. The emergence of United States as the global power
( Post World War II)
2. The emergence of multinational corporations ( MNC’s)
3. The demise of the Soviet Union and the end of Cold
War
GLOBAL MIGRATION
 GLOBAL MIGRATION
• Global migration can be understood as a
cause and effect relationship, though the
causes are as numerous as their effects.
People move across international borders
for a variety of reasons including safety,
natural disaster, political conflict,
education, family, career, and economic
betterment.
• Migrants- a person who moves from outside their
country of origin. These migrants are sometimes
categorized into “vagabonds” and “
tourist”( Bauman, 1998).
• Vagabonds- are on the move because they have to
be. They are not faring well in their home countries
and are forced to move in the hope that their
circumstances will improve.
• Tourist- on the other hand, are on the move because
they want to be and they can afford it.
• Refugees- are vagabonds forced to flee their home
countries due to safety concerns. (Haddad,2003)
• Asylum seekers - are refugees who seek to remain in
the country to which they flee.
• Labor Migration- is driven by push factors ( lack pf
employment opportunities in home countries) as
well as pull factors ( work available elsewhere). It
involves the flow of less-skilled and skilled workers,
as well as illegal migrants who lived in the margins of
the host society ( Landler,2007
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