Contemporary World Module 2021

ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE
Candon Campus
MODULE
I. COURSE TITLE: THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD
II. COURSE OVERVIEW
WELCOME!
Using the various disciplines of the social sciences, it examines the economic, social, political, technological,
and other transformations that have created an increasing awareness of the interconnectedness of peoples and places
around the globe. To this end, the course provides an overview of the various debates in global governance,
development, and sustainability. Beyond exposing the student to the world outside the Philippines, it seeks to incalcate
sense of global citizenship and global ethical responsibility.
These courses also include mandatory topics on population education in the context of population and
demography.
Having this module in the Contemporary world. Made me feel that you my students needed to know how
globalization can help us understand ourselves, our experiences, our communities, our country and our culture.
To help you understand the course, the following four modules have developed.
Module 1: Globalization: An Introduction
Module 2: The Structure of Globalization
Module 3: A world of Regions
Module 4: A world of Ideas
Module 5: Global Population and Mobility
Module 6: Towards a Sustainable World
III. COURSE STUDY GUIDE:

This module was prepared for you, my dear student, to work on your own. To have the best in working with this
module, you are reminded to follow these simple yet effective guidelines.
1. Manage your time well. A course study schedule is prepared for you to help you study the modules in this
course. The productive use of your time and energy will help you a lot in finishing the scheduled activities.
2. Focus your attention. The key element for better understanding is having the focus on the things to be done.
3. Give your best. Always remember that success will be attained in everything you do by giving extra effort in
the things you are doing. Giving your best also means observing Honesty in doing the assigned tasks you are
asked to do in this module. Never let someone do the task for you or copy the work of your classmates
4. Submit on time. Work diligently. Do not procrastinate. Remember time is gold. Work immediately on the task
at hand in order for you to follow scheduled time for submission.
5. Be patient, Motivate yourself. Patience equates success. Always think future ahead. And to get there, start
moving now.
Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

Descriptive Title: Contemporary World
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6. Answer confidently. Study hard, surf the internet, more you know, the more confident you become. of the
bright read and read and read more.
7. Work independently. You can do it! Your future lies in your own hands and your own decisions. So, practice
working independently, trust yourself, be independent.
8. Contact me. If you have any questions, don't hesitate to ask me through my email
msescalona24@ispsc.edu.ph the group chat created for this class.
IV. COURSE STUDY SCHEDULE:
To keep you on track for the best use of the modules in The Teacher and the Curriculum, the study schedule is
hereby presented for you to follow:
Week Topic Learning Activities Special Instruction

Week 1 Module 1. Globalization: An Introduction Read information on the identified Research more information or details
And 2  Lesson 1. Globalization: An topics in module 1. regarding the topics. Take note of the
Introduction important points and write in your Notebook
 Lesson 2. Approaches to the study for the contemporary world.
of Globalization
 Lesson 3. Ideologies of
Globalization
Answer/Perform the intended Work on the intended Learning activity / in-
Learning Activity text questions and submit to your instructor.
Place answers in an Activity Notebook.
Answer Assessment or Self- Work on the assignment then submit to your
Check Activity instructor on the specified date. Written
assignments will be placed in an Assignment
Notebook.
Answer/research/perform the Compare answers with the answer key from
Assignment your instructor. You must have to get a
passing score.
Week 3 -5 Module 2. The Structures of Globalization Read information on the identified Research more information or details
 Lesson 1. The Globalization of topics in module 2. regarding the topics. Take note of the
Economic Relations important points and write in your Notebook
 Lesson 2. The Modern World for the Contemporary world.
System
 Lesson 3. The Rise of the Global
Corporation
 Lesson 4. The Multiple Crisis of
Global Capitalism
Answer/Perform the intended Work on the intended Learning activity and
Learning Activity submit to your instructor. Place answers in
an Activity Notebook.
Notebook.
Assignment your instructor. You must have to get a
passing score.
Week 6 to 8 Module 3. A world of Regions Read information on the identified Research more information or details
 Lesson 1. Global Divides: The North topics in module 3 regarding the topics. Take note of the
and the South (Focus on Latin important points and Write in your Netbook
America) for the Contemporary World

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 Lesson 2. Asian Regionalism
Answer/Perform the Intended Work on the intended learning activity / in
Learning Activity text questions and submit to your instructor.
Place answers in an Activity Notebook.
Notebook.
Answers/research/perform the Compare answer with the answer key from
assignment your instructor. You must have to get a
passing score.
Week 10 to 11 Module 4. A World of Ideas Read information on the identified Research more information or details
 Lesson 1. Global Cultures topics in module 4 regarding the topics. Take note of the
 Lesson 2. The Globalization of important ponts and Write in your Notebook
Religion for the Contemporary World.
Answer/Perform the Intended Work on the intended learning activity/ in-text

Learning Activity questions and submit to your instructor.
Place answer in an Activity Notebook.
Answer Assessment or Self- Work on the assignments then submit to your
Notebook.
Assignment your instructor. Yu must have to get a
passing score.
Weeks 12 - 14 Modules 5. Global Population and Mobility Read information on the identified Research more information or details
 Lesson 1. The Global City topics in module 5 regarding the topics. Take note of the
 Lesson 2. Global Demography important points and Write in your Notebook
(Mandated Topic) for the Contemporary World.
 Lesson 3. Global Migration
Notebook.
passing score.
Weeks 15 - 16 Module 6. Towards a Sustainable World Read information on the identified Research more information or details
 Sustainable Development topics in module 6 regarding the topics. Take note of the
 Global Food Security important points and Write in your Notebook
 Global Citizenship for the Contemporary World.

Notebook.

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passing score.
V. COURSE EVALUATION:
To pass the course, you must:
1. Submit all course requirements to include the following:
a. Activity Notebook with answers of the in-text questions given in the four
modules;
b. Evaluation Activities (checklist or self-test)
c. Assignment Notebook or Assignment Outputs
2. Pass all examinations:
a. Midterm examination
b. Final examination
VI. HOW TO USE THIS MODULE:
Welcome!
The Module, "The Contemporary World", is a course which comprises the knowledge, skills and
attitudes required for a globalized responsible Filipino Citizen
DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THIS

MODULE. All answers to learning activities,
assessments, assignments, and examination
should be written on a SEPARATE SHEET.

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MODULE 1: GLOBALIZATION: AN INTRODUCTION
ABOUT THE MODULE
We live in an increasingly interconnected and interdependent world. Globalization touches every

part of our lives, from the products we buy to the food we eat to the ways we communicate with one
another. Globalization is also tied to some of the other biggest issues we face in the modern era, including
climate change, trade, and terrorism.
Being intertwined with countries and markets all over the world has both benefits and downsides, so
globalization has both proponents and detractors. No matter which side you‘re on, globalization is simply a
reality of modern life; therefore, it‘s important to understand how it affects us and the choices we make.
In this module presents an introduction about the term and concept of globalization, the essence of
globalization in the economy, the effects of globalization in different sector and underlying philosophies of
varying definitions of globalization.
LIST OF TOPICS
This module is divided into three lessons:
Lesson 1 Globalization: An Introduction

Lesson 2 Approaches to the Study of Globalization
Lesson 3 Ideologies of Globalization
INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
After completing your study of Module 1, you should be able to do the following.
1. Differentiate the competing concepts of globalization.

2. Identify the underlying philosophies of the varying definitions of globalization.
3. Cite the essence of globalization in the economy.
4. Agree on a working definition of globalization for the course.
HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following.
 Take your time reading the lessons carefully.

 Use online sources to update information regarding the topic.
 Follow the directions and instructions in the activities and assessments and assignments
diligently.
 Answer all the given activities in your notebooks.

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THE MODULAR PROGRAM (Learning Content and ILA)
Pre - Activity
Write a short essay about the picture.
LET’S STUDY
LESSON 1 GLOBALIZATION: IT’S DEFINITION
The term globalization is derived from the word globalize which refer to the emergence of an international
network or economic system.
We can see that globalization is not just a simple topic which can explain in one sentence. In fact, it is a
very broad topic which is also interrelated on different sectors of our society. To define what globalization
really is, we must interrelate it with these different sectors and how globalization affects them.
Globalization is the process of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments
of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investments and aided by information
technology.
Another definition, we can say that globalization is a kind of process which every nation interacts with each
other in order to achieve global unity. However, in order to be globalized, there are many factors to
consider such as economics, military, cultural, ecology, politics technology and geography.
So in order to further elaborate the meaning of globalization, let us first interrelate it with economics.

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Economic globalization refers to the increasingly interdependence of world economies as a result of the
growing scale of cross border traded of commodities and service, flow o international capital and wide and
rapid spread of technologies.
Through globalization, the available materials resources of each country will not just limited on what their
country can produce, but it will be also dependent on other countries. Meaning through globalization, the
products that are only available on a certain country will be also available to other countries which do not
have the materials to produce it through an international trading system.
According to David Held, Military globalization is the process which embodies the growing extensity of
military relations among the political units of the world system. While for Robert Keonhane and Joseph Nye,
military globalization entails long distance networks of interdependence in which force, and the threat or
promise of force, are employed.
However, in deeper studies, the globalization actually promotes a global war economy which results in
many deaths and loss of human life.
Based on the article published by Stephen Staple (2000) he said that globalization and militarism should be
seen as two sides of the same coin. One side, globalization promotes the conditions that lead to unrest,
inequality, conflict and, ultimately, war. On the other side of globalization fuels the means to wage wars by
promoting the military industries need to produce sophisticated weaponry. This weaponry, in turn, is used –
or it use is threatened – to protect the investments of transnational corporations and their stakeholders
Now let‘s talk about globalization and culture. Through globalization, cultures of specific country can be
shared or spread with other countries. The downside of this done is some cultures that are exclusive on a
certain country are slowly vanishing.
Cultural globalization is the transmission of ideas, meanings, and values around the work in such a way
as to extend and intensify social relations. This process is marked by the common consumption of cultures
that have been diffuse by the internet, popular media and international level.
Based on the article made by David Volodzko (2015) Globalization spells death of minority cultures he
stated that Putonghua and English are pushing many minority languages to the brink extinction.
Next is the ecological globalization Increasing globalization often inadvertently introduce non-native
plants, animals, and diseases into new locations. The effects of globalization in the ecology not complete to
identified, through some studies suggest that the process of globalization has many consequences.
Now, let‘s go on the relation of globalization and the politics. Through globalization, political issues such
as the right within national political systems. National governments have been ultimately responsible for
maintaining the security and economic welfare of their citizens, as well as the protection of human rights
and the environment within their borders. With global ecological changes, an ever more integrated global
economy, and other global trends, political activity increasingly takes place at the global level.
Actually, based on a document written by Mohammad Abo Gazleh (2001) globalization has aloso brought
to the fore issues such as the rights of women and children... Globalization has also brought to the fore
issues such as the rights of women and children. These aspects promote globally certain common values
such as equality, human rights, justice, democracy and moral values.

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Interrelate globalization with technology. Technological globalization is speeded in large part by
technological diffusion, the spread of technology across borders. ... In addition, technological advances in
areas like mobile phones can lead to competition, lowered prices, and concurrent improvements in related
areas such as mobile banking and information sharing.
Nowadays, technology really plays a huge part in the life of every individual. Also through the advancement
of technology we can now already communicate with others despite the distance that separates us. And
through our technology today, the process of globalization is now taking place much faster. For example,
the social media
FACEBOOK is one of the tools of globalization, because Facebook, we can communicate to the people of
other countries and give feedbacks on many issues all around the world.
In general, globalization is a concept, which promotes the idea of uniting all the countries in the whole
world. However globalization as a process contains many issues to achieve its goals, which is to unify
every one of us. But, on the other hand, globalization can actually make solutions on many problems
arising in every country.
Intended Learning Activity (ILA)
Answer the following questions.
1. What is your understanding of the term globalization?
2. What is cultural globalization?
3. How is globalization link to military?
4. Which societal factor is most affected by globalization?

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LET’S STUDY
LESSON 2: APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION
1. Transparency and Limitless
There are the changes in all fields that can be happened rapidly and can cover all nations around
the world like covering a wide territory. So each state and each of its residents have a chance to get the
influence of the incoming of foreign cultures or the influences in all fields freely which can bring good effects
and bad effects for each individual and the group itself in line with the supporting of advances in technology
and information. The main role is a developed country where they do spread lot of information and they
influence the developing countries. If we talk about the limitless or borderless, we can conclude that every
country has the right to break the national obstacles. Each country may freely conduct diplomacy or
cooperation with other countries, regardless of time and range. We also can openly see what happens out
there without being limited by space and time.
2. Connectivity and Integration
These characteristic is marked by each region or country has been connected with
the world by way of 'breaking' the national boundaries. Each individual and state
start building a connection or link between one society to another, and also from
one country to another country. In another word is about ―International
Cooperation‖ which consists of the existence of the multinational companies,
regional and global organizations. There will be lot of corporations between those
companies and the increasing of business performance. It also includes to the
existence of international and international non-governmental organizations. We
also usually see that there is the cooperation between governmental organization
and the others organization that provided in its own country or another countries.
3. The Existence of Science and Technology
Nowadays, we often find independent people who are smart, creative, and
critical. They start to create many ideas to support all of aspects that included in
daily lives. People have started to think critically, as well as no more think about
taboos. They seemed to have started to think globally and more developed.
In this changes, will also happen the changes of space and time. We can see that the changes
that already happened can be in all fields like for examples are transportations and
communications. The changes of information technology also can give the effects to another fields
like education, economics, politics, and also cultures, so not only in transportation and
communication fields. Examples: now we easily do traveling around the world because of the
presence of the more sophisticated aircraft technology that can take us to everywhere just only
take a short time. Consequently, we can use this opportunity to raise some advantages from
another country. The most changes of technology that can be felt now are there are many global
and sophisticated communication medias like hand phones, satellite televisions, and also tablets
that we can hold wherever we are. Those communication media will be increasingly felt if it is
added with the presence of Internet as its supporter. With the existence of the science, we can develop the technology.

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4. The Development of Mass Media and Culture Interaction
We can see that in the era of globalization is also characterized by the

development of mass media and the increasing of cultural interaction. The
development of the mass media for examples is through television, movies,
music, and transmission international news and sports. Given the mass media,
we easily learn, exchange information, and access other cultures outside of
our culture. So that today we can feel a mixture of western and eastern
cultures such as in the field of fashion and food. For example: in Indonesia has
started popping up a lot of fast food restaurants which are brought by western
culture such as: Pronto, Domino‘s Pizza, Mc Donald‘s, etc. Not only in the
fields of food, we also can feel the incoming of the western music’s that
already spread to Indonesia.
5. Globalization of Economic Activities
In this era of globalization began to appear a lot of free trade and the
government here does not too control anymore about the trade. But they still
provide the rules and regulation that guides the free trade. And now there is
freedom of the businessman and factory owners to set up industry and trade
either in their country or abroad. That is why nowadays we can see lot of the
big industrials standing wisely on the top of our lands. There is also the free
barter of investment, commodities, services, and technologies between all
nations around the world.
6. Competition and Dependency between Developed Countries and Developing

Countries
The strong flow of information and technology led to the intense of

competitiveness. People who do not have the advantage will be eliminated and
will be the target to the actors of the changes in the global situation. It can also
occur in the State where there is a gap between today's developed countries
and developing countries. Developed countries dominate the information flow
in the world, so it causes the dependency among developing countries
themselves.

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Activity I
Intended Learning Activity
What are the four qualities / characteristics of globalization?

CONCEPT MAP
Assessment
What makes globalization different from other social process?
Assignment
How would you define Globalization?

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LET’S STUDY
LESSON 3 IDEOLOGIES OF GLOBALIZATION
Ideologies of globalization: market globalism, justice globalism, religious globalisms‘ investigates the
ideologies underlying globalization, which endow it with values and meanings. Market globalism advocates
promise a consumerist, neoliberal, free-market world. This ideology is held by many powerful individuals,
who claim it transmits democracy and benefits everyone. However, it also reinforces inequality, and can be
politically motivated. Justice globalism envisages a global civil society with fairer relationships and
environmental safeguards. They disagree with market globalists who view neoliberalism as the only way.
Religious globalisms strive for a global religious community with superiority over secular structures.
Freeden‘s articles possesses a number of virtues. First, it wisely reminds students of ideology that
political belief systems are ephemeral constellations whose shifting morphologies demand periodic
reassessments. Second its challenges twenty-first century analyst of ideology to reappraise antiquated
popular and conventional classification system that might obscure more that they illuminate.
1. Globalization: Process, Condition, or Ideology?
As Michael freeden points out in his editorial, the term globalization denote not an ideology, but a
range of process nesting one rather unwieldy epither. In part, its conceptual unwieldiness arises from the
fact that global flows occur in different physical and mental dimensions, usefully divide by Arjun Appadurai
into etnoscape, technoscapes, mediascapes, financialscapes and ideoscapes.
The term globality signify social condition characterized by thick economic political, and cultural
interconnections and global flows that make currently existing political borders and economic barriers. Yet it
should not be assumed that globality refers to a determinate endpoint that precludes any further
development. Rather, this concept points to a particular social condition destined to give away to new,
qualitatively distinct constellation.
By the mid-1990‘s large segments of the population in both the global north and south had accepted
globalism‘s core claims thus internatlizing large parts of an overaching normative framework that
advocated the deregulation of markets the liberalization of trade, the privatization of stte-owned enterprises,
the dissemination of American values and after 9-11 , the support of the global war on terror under US
leadership.
Thusm Freeden provides three useful criteria for determining the status of a particular political belief
system. 1) Its degree of uniqueness and morphological sophistication; 2) its context-bound responsiveness
to broad range of political issues; and 3) its ability to produce effective conceptual decontestation chains.
With regard to the third criterion, it is important to note that freeden considers deconstestation a
crucial process in the information of thought systems because it specifies the meanings of the core
concepts by arranging them in a pattern or configuration that links them with other concepts.

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2.1 Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of market.
Embracing the classical liberal idea of the self-regulating market.
Claim one seeks to establish beyond dispute ―what globalization
mean, that this is offer an authoritative definition of globalization
designed for broad public consumption.
2.2 Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.

Globalization is inevitable and inexorable and is accelerating.
Globalization is happening. It‘s going to happen. It does not matter
whether you like it or not, it‘s happening. It‘s going to happen. The
process is irreversible. First, the attempt to decontest
globalization in such determinist terms seems to be poor strategy
for a rising thought system that borrows heavily from neoliberalism
and neoconservatism. Second, the tension between determinism
and conservative ideology may be less severe than it appears at
first sight. After all the belief in extra human natural origins of
social order and the related idea of organic change independent
of human will constitue two core concepts of conservatism. Third,
there is a poltical reason why globalism puts a fundamental
illiberal idead in close proximity to its core concept
2.3 Nobody is in charge of globalization.
In other words, globalization are not in charge in the sense of
imposing their own political agenda on people rather, they merely
carry out the unalterable imperatives of a transcendental force
much larger than narrow partisan interest.
2.4 Globalization benefits everyone.
This decontestations chain lies at the heart of globalism because it
provides an affirmative answer to the crucial normative question of
whether globalization represents a good phenomenon.
The adjacent idea of benefits for everyone is usually unpacked in
material terms such as economic growth and prosperity, the idea
of benefits for everyone taps not only into liberalism‘s progressive
worldview.
2.5 Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.

Globalists typically decontest democracy through its proximity to
market and the making of the economics choices – a theme
developed through the 1980‘s in the peculiar variant of
conservatism freeden calls Thatchaterism. Indeed, a carefull
discourse analysis of relevant texts reveals that globalists tend to
treat freedom.
2.6 Globalization requires a global war on terror.

It combines the idea of economic globalization with openly
militaristic and nationalistic ideas associated with the American –
led global war on terror.

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1. What are the three criteria suggested by Freeden to assess the ideological
maturity of globalism?
2. Give two core claims of globalism and discuss it comprehensively.
Assessment:
Write an essay on this topic: Globalization benefits every nation.
Assignment
Describe how this Corona Virus Pandemic deter the process of Globalization

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ABOUT THE MODULE
The phenomenon of globalization goes far beyond its literal meaning as the integration of national
economies into a global, borderless and ‗flattened‘ world order of trade and cultural exchange. Widely
referred to as ‗economic‘ or ‗corporate‘ globalization by its critics, the less popularized but equally crucial
term ‗neoliberalism‘ distinguishes the political-economic theory behind its implementation. Since the early
1980s, this new economic configuration - broadly characterized by the opening of markets, government de-
regulation and wholesale privatization - has come to dominate international affairs.
This module addressing the consequences of economic globalization, describe the modern system and the
role of the financial institution in the creation of a global economy and the effects of globalization on
governments.
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
This module divided into four lessons:
Lesson 1: The Globalization of Economic Relations

Lesson 2: The Modern World System
Lesson 3: The Rise of the Global Corporation
Lesson 4: The Multiple Crises of Global Capitalism
1. Define economic globalization.

2. Identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization.
3. Describe the modern world system.
4. Explain the role of international financial institutions in the creation of a global economy.
5. Explain the effects of globalization on governments.

 Follow the directions and instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
 Answer all the given exercises.

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WHAT I KNOW (PRE-ACTIVITY)
Read and answer the questions in the best way you can. Write the letter of your answer on the
space provided before each number.
______1. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world,

particularly through the movement of goods, services and capital across borders.
a) Economic Globalization c. TNC

b. Media d. MNC
______2. These institutions provide loans, grants, guarantee, private equity and technical
assistance to public and private sector projects in developing countries.
a) International Bank b. Multilateral Development Banks

c) ILO d. MNC
______3. Socioeconomic system, under systems theory, that encompasses part or the entire globe,
detailing the aggregate structural result of the sum of the interactions between polities.
a) Modern World System b. Bretton Wood System

b) MC d. European Monetary System
______4. Exert a great deal of power in the globalized world economy. Many
corporations are richer and more powerful than the states that seek to regulate them.
a) Transnational Corporation b. NGO

c) Economic Globalization d. LGU
_______5. The primary designers of the Bretton Woods System were the famous British economist.
a) John Maynard Keynes b. Willian Drift

c) Francis Bacon d. Adam Smith

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MODULE 2: THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
ABOUT THER MODULE
The phenomenon of globalization goes far beyond its literal meaning as the integration
of national economies into a global, borderless and ‗flattened‘ world order of trade and cultural
exchange. Widely referred to as ‗economic‘ or ‗corporate‘ globalization by its critics, the less
popularised but equally crucial term ‗neoliberalism‘ distinguishes the political-economic theory
behind its implementation. Since the early 1980s, this new economic configuration - broadly
characterised by the opening of markets, government de-regulation and wholesale privatization -
has come to dominate international affairs.
This module addressing the consequences of economic globalization, describe the modern
system and the role of the financial institution in the creation of a global economy and the effects
of globalization on governments.
LIST OF TOPICS
This module divided into four lessons:
Lesson 1: The Globalization of Economic Relations

Lesson 2: The Modern World System
Lesson 3: The Rise of the Global Corporation
Lesson 4: The Multiple Crises of Global Capitalism
1. Define economic globalization.
2. Identify the actors that facilitate economic globalization.
3. Describe the modern world system.
4. Explain the role of international financial institutions in the creation of a global
Economy.
5. Explain the effects of globalization on governments.

 Follow the directions and instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
 Answer all the given exercises.

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LESSON 1 THE GLOBALIZATION OF ECONOMIC RELATIONS
Economic Globalization
According to one of the most often cited definitions, economic globalization is a historical
process, the result of human innovation and technological progress. It refers to the increasing
integration of economies around the world, particularly through the movement of goods, services
and capital across borders. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor)
and knowledge (technology) across international borders (IMF 2008) The phenomenon can thus
have several inter-connected dimension, such as a) the globalization of trade of goods and
services; 2) the globalization of financial and capital markets; 3) the globalization of technology
and communication; and 4) the globalization of production.
In economic terms globalization is nothing but a process making the world economy an
organic system by extending transnational economic processes and economic relations to more
and more countries and by deepening the economic interdependencies among them.
Global actors that facilitate economic globalization.
A global actor refers to any social structure which is able to act and influence and engage
in the global or international system. This Gateway highlights these specific actors:
International economic and financial organizations provide the structure and funding for many
unilateral and multilateral development projects. Such organizations deal with the major
economic and political issues facing domestic societies and the international community as a
whole. Their activities promote sustainable private and public sector development primarily by:
financing private sector projects located in the developing world; helping private companies in the
developing world mobilize financing in international financial markets; and providing advice and
technical assistance to businesses and governments.
International Governmental Organization (IGOs) has international membership, scope and

presence. Their primary members consist of sovereign states. These organizations bring
member states together to cooperate on a particular theme or issues that have global impacts
and implications such as human rights, trade, development, poverty, gender or migration.
Media As the world becomes ever more complex and interconnected; access to information
must play an increasingly central role in every problem facing development specialists. At the
individual level, access to information allows people to make informed choices—to decide how to
vote, to educate themselves on critical health issues, to get the market data they need to sell
their products, and ultimately to participate in the global community.
Multilateral development banks are international financial institutions owned by countries.

In addition to the World Bank Group, there are four regional multilateral development banks: the
Inter-American Development Bank, the African Development Bank, the Asian Development

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Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. These institutions provide
loans, grants, guarantee, private equity and technical assistance to public and private sector
projects in developing countries.
Nation-states refer to a certain form of state that derives its political legitimacy from serving
as a sovereign entity for a nation within its sovereign territorial space. The state is a political and
geopolicial entity while the nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity The term "nation-state" implies
that the two geographically coincide, and this distinguishes the nation state from the other types
of state, which historically preceded it.
Non-governmental organization (NGO) refers to a legally constituted organization created

with no participation or representation of any government and driven . These organizations are
task-oriented perform a variety of service and humanitarian functions. Some are organized
around specific issues such as human rights, environment, gender, or health. In many
jurisdictions these types of organization are defined as "civil society organizations."
Transnational Corporations exert a great deal of power in the globalized world economy.
Many corporations are richer and more powerful than the states that seek to regulate them.
Through mergers and acquisitions corporations have been growing very rapidly and some of the
largest TNCs now have annual profits exceeding the GDPs of many low and medium income
countries. It is important to explore how TNCs dominate the global economy and exert their
influence over global policy making."
The Modern World System
The modern world-system is a socioeconomic system, under systems theory, that

encompasses part or all of the globe, detailing the aggregate structural result of the sum of the
interactions between polities. World-systems are usually larger than single states, but do not
have to be global. The Westphalian System is the preeminent world-system operating in the
contemporary world, denoting the system of sovereign states and nation-states produced by the
Westphalian Treaties in 1648. Several world-systems can coexist, provided that they have little
or no interaction with one another. Where such interactions become significant, separate world-
systems merge into a new, larger world-system. Through the process of globalization, the
modern world has reached the state of one dominant world-system, but in human history there
have been periods where separate world-systems existed simultaneously, according to Janet
Abu-Lughod. The most well-known version of the world-system approach has been developed by
Immanuel Wallerstein. A world-system is a crucial element of the world-system theory, a
multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change.
Brentton Woods System and its Dissolution
The Bretton Woods Agreement was negotiated in July 1944 by delegates from 44 countries
at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in Bretton Woods, New
Hampshire. Thus, the name ―Bretton Woods Agreement.

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Under the Bretton Woods System, gold was the basis for the U.S. dollar and other
currencies were pegged to the U.S. dollar‘s value. The Bretton Woods System effectively came
to an end in the early 1970s when President Richard M. Nixon announced that the U.S. would no
longer exchange gold for U.S. currency.
Approximately 730 delegates representing 44 countries met in Bretton Woods in July 1944
with the principal goals of creating an efficient foreign exchange system, preventing competitive
devaluations of currencies, and promoting international economic growth. The Bretton Woods
Agreement and System were central to these goals. The Bretton Woods Agreement also created
two important organizations—the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. While
the Bretton Woods System was dissolved in the 1970s, both the IMF and World Bank have
remained strong pillars for the exchange of international currencies.
Though the Bretton Woods conference itself took place over just three weeks, the
preparations for it had been going on for several years. The primary designers of the Bretton
Woods System were the famous British economist John Maynard Keynes and American Chief
International Economist of the U.S. Treasury Department Harry Dexter White. Keynes‘ hope was
to establish a powerful global central bank to be called the Clearing Union and issue a new
international reserve currency called the bancor. White‘s plan envisioned a more modest lending
fund and a greater role for the U.S. dollar, rather than the creation of a new currency. In the end,
the adopted plan took ideas from both, leaning more toward White‘s plan.
It wasn't until 1958 that the Bretton Woods System became fully functional. Once
implemented, its provisions called for the U.S. dollar to be pegged to the value of gold. Moreover,
all other currencies in the system were then pegged to the U.S. dollar‘s value. The exchange rate
applied at the time set the price of gold at $35 an ounce.
The Bretton Woods System’s Collapse
In 1971, concerned that the U.S. gold supply was no longer adequate to cover the number
of dollars in circulation, President Richard M. Nixon devalued the U.S. dollar relative to gold.
After a run on gold reserve, he declared a temporary suspension of the dollar‘s convertibility into
gold. By 1973 the Bretton Woods System had collapsed. Countries were then free to choose any
exchange arrangement for their currency, except pegging its value to the price of gold. They
could, for example, link its value to another country's currency, or a basket of currencies, or
simply let it float freely and allow market forces to determine its value relative to other countries'
currencies.
The Bretton Woods Agreement remains a significant event in world financial history. The
two Bretton Woods Institutions it created in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank
played an important part in helping to rebuild Europe in the aftermath of World War II.
Subsequently, both institutions have continued to maintain their founding goals while also
transitioning to serve global government interests in the modern-day.

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European Monetary Integration
The European Monetary System (EMS) was an adjustable exchange rate arrangement set
up in 1979 to foster closer monetary policy co-operation between members of the European
Community (EC). The European Monetary System (EMS) was later succeeded by the European
Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), which established a common currency called the euro.
The European Monetary System (EMS) was created in response to the collapse of the
Bretton Woods Agreement. Formed in the aftermath of World War II (WWII), the Bretton Woods
Agreement established an adjustable fixed foreign exchange rate to stabilize economies. When it
was abandoned in the early 1970s, currencies began to float, prompting members of the EC to
seek out a new exchange rate agreement to complement their customs union.
The European Monetary System‘s (EMS) primary objective was to stabilize inflation and
stop large exchange rate fluctuations between European countries. This formed part of a wider
goal to foster economic and political unity in Europe and pave the way for a future common
currency, the euro.
Currency fluctuations were controlled through an exchange rate mechanism (ERM). The
ERM was responsible for pegging national exchange rates, allowing only slight deviations from
the European currency unit (ECU)—a composite artificial currency based on a basket of 12 EU
member currencies, weighted according to each country‘s share of EU output. The ECU served
as a reference currency for exchange rate policy and determined exchange rates among the
participating countries‘ currencies via officially sanctioned accounting methods.

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I. Intended Learning Activity (ILA)
Read and answer the questions in the best way you can. Write the letter of your answer on the space
provided before each number.
______1. It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly through
the movement of goods, services and capital across borders.
a) Economic Globalization b. Media
c. TNC d. MNC
______2. These institutions provide loans, grants, guarantee, private equity and technical
assistance to public and private sector projects in developing countries.
a) International Bank b. Multilateral Development Banks
c) ILO d. MNC
______3. Socioeconomic system, under systems theory, that encompasses part or the entire
globe, detailing the aggregate structural result of the sum of the interactions between polities.
a) Modern World System b. Bretton Wood System
b) MC d. European Monetary System
______4. Exert a great deal of power in the globalized world economy. Many corporations are richer
and more powerful than the states that seek to regulate them.
a) Transnational Corporation b. NGO
c) Economic Globalization d. LGU
_______5. The primary designers of the Bretton Woods System were the famous British economist.
a) John Maynard Keynes b. William Drift
c) Francis Bacon d. Adam Smith
II. What is Economic Globalization?
Assessment:
Answer the following questions.
1. Describe Modern Capitalism
2. How did the European monetary system differ from the Bretton woods system?
Assignment:
Define the term Corporation and give examples.

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LESSON 2 THE RISE OF THE GLOBAL CORPORATION
Part One: The historic rise of the global corporation—three periods.
The approach to the study of globalization sometimes termed ―historical globalization‖ locates the
phenomenon itself in early patterns of trade and exchange. In early historical periods as both cities and
countries extended their reach beyond their own borders, this view holds, a form of globalization was
initiated which then followed complex patterns of interactive engagements organized through trade and
directly influenced by the emergent and subsequently dominant technologies, especially in shipping and
navigation (Harvey, 1990)
The vast heterogeneity of this long period, however, leads a majority of scholars to situate the direct
antecedents of the contemporary global corporation within the dynamics of a two plus-centuries long
duration spanning the period prior to the end of WW II in which the modern nation state system emerged in
ways that allowed invention and social organization to combine that vastly increased world capital and the
wealth of nation states. Coupled with an extraordinary rise in global population that attended the industrial
revolution, the societies that arose would invent new ways to organize the world itself through colonialism
and imperialism that vastly attenuated their interactions between peoples, states and regions such that a
clearly differentiated era of global interaction can be said to exist (Harvey, 1990).
As the world emerged from the vast destructions of WWII, economic recovery and expansion were
led overwhelming by American corporations which for a period from the end of the war until the re-entry of
Japanese and European corporations onto the global scene essentially stood for what by then had come by
then to be viewed as multinational corporations (MNCs) (Barnet and Muller, 1974). This period from the
end of WWII to the present can be viewed, therefore, as a third and distinct period in the transformation of
the global corporation.
Part Two: How do global corporations function? What constitutes a global corporation?
The contemporary global corporation is simultaneously and commonly referred to either as a

multinational corporation (MNC), a transnational corporation (TNC), an international company, or a global
company. While much of the remainder of this chapter will serve to clarify some of these distinctions, those
offered by Iwan (2012) are practically useful.
International companies are importers and exporters, typically without investment outside of their
home country; Multinational companies have investment in other countries, but do not have coordinated
product offerings in each country. They are more focused on adapting their products and services to each
individual local market.
Global companies have invested in and are present in many countries. They typically market their
products and services to each individual local market.
Transnational companies are more complex organizations which have invested in foreign
operations, have a central corporate facility but give decision-making, research and develop (R&D) and
marketing powers to each individual foreign market.

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More formally the transnational corporation has been defined by the United Nations Centre on
Transnational Corporations (UNCTC) as an ―enterprise that engages in activities which add value
(manufacturing, extraction, services, marketing, etc) in more than one country (UCTC, 1991).‖ This chapter
will employ the term ―global corporation‖ to refer to all of these types, seeking within specific contexts to be
clear about which usage most applies. As many of the citations employed below indicate, however, these
distinctions are often not employed within the literature.
An understanding of how global corporations operate within contemporary globalization requires a

brief recounting of some of the major changes that have taken place over the almost seventy years since
the end of WWII. As indicated above, US corporations operating internationally had enormous advantages
in the immediate post-war period as they—virtually alone in the world—emerged from the war with their
productive, organization and distributional capacities intact. What would take shape as the beginning of
contemporary globalization, however, dates from the economic recovery of capital structures in Japan and
Europe and the re-entry into global markets of their national corporations. By 1974 Barnet and Muller in a
path-breaking volume could both define the MNC as a major economic global actor and begin an effective
description of how this particular corporate form was coming to dominate various aspects of global
production and exchange (Barnet and Muller, 1974). A considerable amount of other scholarly work
documents various ―waves‖ of global corporate development through the subsequent six decades to the
present.
Digital globalization. Within this analysis the nature of the global corporation changes accordingly,
being driven in each case by its evolving purposes and by its extended reach and abilities (Geriffe 2001:
1616-18). Another method of projecting this growth is to examine the sources and levels of Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI) most of which was of corporate origin. As Hedley indicates, in 1900 only European
corporations were major investors, to be joined by some American firms in the 1930s. Citing UN data he
dates 1960 as the major turning point for FDI as the major driver of extended global corporate
development. In each subsequent decade until the turn of the century, FDI would triple (Hedley 1999).
Digitalization has affected the entire structure of how global corporations operate. Producer driven
steams have progressively integrated their corporate structures to reduce the effects of time and distance,
especially for services performed within corporate structures such as design, finance and accounting,
advertising and brand development, legal services, inventory control etc. These extensive capabilities of
control and management at a distance blend many of the differentiated aspects of product and service
based firms. Digitalization is transforming the classic value chain of manufacturing focused on innovation in
which:
 Product design and innovation is replaced with driving innovation through digital product design
 Labor intense manufacturing is replaced by digitizing the factory shop-floor
 Supply chain management is replaced by globalizing through digital supply chain management
 Marketing sales and service is replaced by digital customization. (Capgemini, 2012).
Buyer-driven value streams have increasingly become digital with companies specialization in
Internet retailing of goods and services continuing to gain market share over fixed in-place marketing and
selling. The past three decades have borne witness to a fundamental transformation of the apparel
industry in which not only has apparel manufacture moved out of the older industrial economies (which are
still its biggest markets), but have also become fundamentally driven by digital operations from design, to
ordering, to factory processing, to inventory control, delivery and perhaps most importantly branding,
marketing and advertising. Commonly known as the Quick Response (QR) management system the

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dominant system operates within and between global corporate structures consisting of three steps wherein
retailers adopt integrated electronic point of sale technologies, which allow for instantaneous
communications between sales, reordering and production units, and delivery control. In a second process
firms have redesigned internal management practices that allow for faster turnaround of merchandise and
allow for more effective inventory control. In the third stage, retailers and manufacturers establish an
integrated supply chain ―with joint product development planning and inventory control (Cammett, 2006:
32).
Part Three: What is different about this phase of global corporate development?
The so-called ―developing economies‖, and especially those of Brazil, India and China—the so-
called BRICS economies, have become the most dynamic sector of global corporate growth, represented in
part by their significant FDI over the three decades.
The relative size, growth and range of activity of global corporations from the emerging economies
suggest that they are on a trajectory that will soon situate them firmly within those of the historically more
developed economies. The number of global corporations from the emerging market economies listed in
the Fortune Global 500, which ranks corporations by revenue, rose from 47 firms in 2005 to 95 in 2010.
Capital flows in general over the past decade and a half have begun to change from the dominant
North-North/North-South dynamic to one in which South-South and South-North capital flows are significant
(Rajan 2010) with most of the South-North capital flows coming from China and India. Examples include
China‘s Lenovo corporation‘s purchase of IBM‘s PC business and India‘s investment in various historically
British firms including Jaguar Land Rover (Economist, 2011). Increased North-South investments during
this period allowed global North corporations to rebound quickly from their profit losses and restore income
growth. The relative robust nature of the emerging economies has continued to attract FDI and to create
conditions leading to the rapid expansion of their nationally based global corporations (UNCTAD, 2011: 26).
China is the largest developing country outward investor with estimated holdings in 2009 of approximately
US$1 Trillion (OECD 2010). The differential impact of such emergent global dynamics has moved some
observers to suggest that our previous distinctions between global North and South are no longer adequate
to suggest the overall dynamics of growth and inactions within the global system. Wolfsensohn, for
example, has suggested a characterization that he terms ― a four-speed world‖ that differentiates countries
as Affluent, Converging, Struggling and Poor, with the BRICS dominating the growth of the convergent
group (Wolfsensohn 2007).
The importance of global corporations in Brazil, India and China to the current and projected global
economy is singlular. With 40% of the world‘s population the BRICS represent a primary force in both
global production and consumption.
Rising global corporations in the BRICS are joined by emergent large companies in other
developing economies throughout the world such as Malaysia, Mexico, Russia, Turkey, and Vietnam.
State-owned corporations, which may be defined as ―enterprises comprising parent enterprises and
their foreign affiliates in which the government has a controlling interest (full, majority, or significant
minority), whether or not listed on a stock exchange‖ are playing a significant role in these emergent
economies. (UNCTAD, 2011: 28). ―State-owned‖ may include both national and sub-national governments
such as regions, provinces and cities. UNCTAD in 2010 identified at least 650 State-owned global
corporations with more than 8,500 affiliates operating around the world of which 345 (52.8%) are in

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developing countries and 235 (36%) in Asia. State-owned corporations differ remarkably in structure and
function by country. Overall China has the largest number of such corporations that are completely sole-
funded—some 154,000 in 2008. Of these only a small percentage attains the status of global corporations
(UNCTAD, 2011: 30-31). In many other countries it is more common to have a majority of state funded
global corporations having less than sole state ownership.
Part Four: The Relevance of the Changing Regulatory Environment to the

Structure and Operation of Global Corporations
What a global corporation ―does‖—how it operates within its host environment and throughout the
multitude of regions and countries in which it has operations—is to a significant degree a result of the
various regulatory environments that frame its operations and impinge on it. Because so much this activity
is ultimately defined and enumerated as ―trade,‖ a significant amount of this regulation emerges from the
global structures that have arisen to regulate global trade at all levels. Within the past decade regulation
has either followed the path created by macro trade structures such as the General Agreement in Trade
and Services, in which the major change to the previously prevailing General Agreement on Trade and
Tariffs, was to include services (including financial services) as a trade category. During the same period,
portions of the world—most specifically Asia—have experienced a significant growth in bi-lateral trade
agreements as the rise of China as a major producer of both finished products and pre-finished
components has brought nations together to negotiate their relative place within emergent value chains
(Naya and Plummer 2005).
Viewed across the past four decades, the ―regulatory dynamic‖ as it affects global corporations has
manifested itself into two conflicting thrusts. One has been the progressive and steady regulatory
movement at both international and national levels of liberalization, resulting in part in the transformation of
investment codes, trade rules and operating rules to reduce barriers to global investment and trade. (Steger
and Roy 2010).
Embodied within neoliberal beliefs and policies, this thrust toward liberalization has accounted for
regulatory environments distinctly favorable to global corporate investment and value chain developments
across the spectrum of goods and services. The other thrust has resulted from national regulatory changes
targeted usually at specific industries or investment patterns.
A third source of regulatory effort has been the significant rise over the past decade and a half of
corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a self-regulatory pattern that has been brought to global
corporations in an effort to render them more accountable across the range of their many and varied
stakeholders.
Part Five: The Normative Case Re: Global Corporations
At least since the early 1970‘s the normative case for global corporations has been inseparable from
the broader discourses and structures surrounding globalization itself. In the two decades following WWII
and in the context of global rebuilding of manufacturing and trade capabilities, they were viewed primarily
as agents of desired economic development, and FDI was eagerly sought after throughout the world.
However, toward the end of the 1960‘s global corporations also came viewed as gaining their economic
prominence through a variety of socially destructive means.

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Much of the post-colonial critique that came to be framed in the discourse of North-South
globalization, anti-globalization movements and dependencia, focused on the role of multinational
corporations as agents of a system that on balance was resulting in greater global wealth inequality,
income inequality, lack of effective worker protection, environmental degradation, producing national
cultures of corruption through corporate collusion, and in some instances threatened national sovereignty.
Beyond these, within the context of the post-2007 financial crisis is the threat that such corporate
structures, operating in important ways outside the reach of effective governmental control—national,
regional or global—constitute an economic concentration of wealth and power sufficient to generate a
global crisis of proportions that exceed the capacity of existing mechanisms of governance to remedy
(Stiglitz 2010).
From many points of view the extent to which wealth and income inequality appear to be increasing
throughout the world suggests that in some macro-equation the normative balance of development within
which global corporations have been the primary driving agents has a powerful long-term negative trending
effect. Overall, the data on global inequality measured by income suggests (as it has for the better part of
two decades) that from top to bottom such inequality continues to be widely distributed both between and
within countries: as the richer countries grow farther apart from the poorer, so within nations, among all
three developmental categories—older developed countries, developing countries –including the BRICS—
and more newly developing countries is continued economic growth accompanied by growing inequality.

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INTENDED LEARNING ACTIVITY:
Trace out the historic rise of the global corporation.
ASSESSMENT:
1. Why Brazil, India, and China the most dynamic economies?
2. How do Global Corporation operate?
ASSIGNMENT:
Define the term Capitalism?

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LET’S STUDY
LESSON 3 THE MULTIPLE CRISIS OF GLOBAL CAPITALISM
Anti-capitalist analysts of the current global crisis argue that this is a crisis of a neoliberal
financial – market capitalism and that it is not a crisis of the neoliberal variant pf capitalism but the
crisis of capitalism
The phenomenon of globalization began in a primitive form when humans first settled into
different areas of the world; however, it has shown rather steady and rapid progress in recent
times and has become an international dynamic which, due to technological advancements, has
increased in speed and scale, so that countries in all five continents have been affected and
engaged.
Globalization compels businesses to adapt to different strategies based on new ideological

trends that try to balance the rights and interests of both the individual and the community as a
whole. This change enables businesses to compete worldwide and also signifies a dramatic
change for business leaders, labor, and management by legitimately accepting the participation of
workers and the government in developing and implementing company policies and strategies.
Risk reduction via diversification can be accomplished through company involvement with
international financial institutions and partnering with both local and multinational businesses.
Globalization brings reorganization at the international, national, and sub-national levels.

Specifically, it brings the reorganization of production, international trade, and the integration of
financial markets. This affects capitalist economic and social relations, via multilateralism and
microeconomic phenomena, such as business competitiveness, at the global level. The
transformation of production systems affects the class structure, the labor process, the application
of technology, and the structure and organization of capital. Globalization is now seen as
marginalizing the less educated and low-skilled workers. Business expansion will no longer
automatically imply increased employment. Additionally, it can cause a high remuneration of
capital, due to its higher mobility compared to labor.
The phenomenon seems to be driven by three major forces: the globalization of all product
and financial markets, technology, and deregulation. Globalization of product and financial
markets refers to an increased economic integration in specialization and economies of scale,
which will result in greater trade in financial services through both capital flows and cross-border
entry activity. The technology factor, specifically telecommunication and information availability,
has facilitated remote delivery and provided new access and distribution channels, while
revamping industrial structures for financial services by allowing entry of non-bank entities, such
as telecoms and utilities.
Deregulation pertains to the liberalization of capital account and financial services in

products, markets, and geographic locations. It integrates banks by offering a broad array of

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services, allows entry of new providers, and increases multinational presence in many markets
and more cross-border activities.
In a global economy, power is the ability of a company to command both tangible and intangible
assets that create customer loyalty, regardless of location. Independent of size or geographic
location, a company can meet global standards and tap into global networks, thrive and act as a
world-class thinker, maker, and trader, by using its greatest assets: its concepts, competence, and
connections.
Beneficial Effects
Some economists have a positive outlook regarding the net effects of globalization on
economic growth. These effects have been analyzed over the years by several studies attempting
to measure the impact of globalization on various nations' economies using variables such as
trade, capital flows, and their openness, GDP per capita, foreign direct investment (FDI), and
more. These studies examined the effects of several components of globalization on growth using
time-series cross-sectional data on trade, FDI, and portfolio investment. Although they provide an
analysis of individual components of globalization on economic growth, some of the results are
inconclusive or even contradictory. However, overall, the findings of those studies seem to be
supportive of the economists' positive position, instead of the one held by the public and non-
economist view.
One of the major potential benefits of globalization is to provide opportunities for reducing
macroeconomic volatility on output and consumption via diversification of risk. The overall
evidence of the globalization effect on macroeconomic volatility of output indicates that although
direct effects are ambiguous in theoretical models, financial integration helps in a nation's
production base diversification, and leads to an increase in specialization of production. However,
the specialization of production, based on the concept of comparative advantage, can also lead to
higher volatility in specific industries within an economy and society of a nation. As time passes,
successful companies, independent of size, will be the ones that are part of the global economy.
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism is a policy model that encompasses both politics and economics and seeks
to transfer the control of economic factors from the public sector to the private sector. Many
neoliberalism policies enhance the workings of free market capitalism and attempt to place limits
on government spending, government regulation, and public ownership.
Neoliberalism is often associated with the leadership of Margaret Thatcher–the prime

minister of the U.K. from 1979 to 1990 and leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990–
and Ronald Reagan, the 40th president of the U.S. (from 1981 to 1989). More recently,
neoliberalism has been associated with policies of austerity and attempts to cut government
spending on social programs.

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Understanding Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism is related to laissez-faire economics, a school of thought that prescribes a

minimal amount of government interference into the economic issues of individuals and society.
Laissez-faire economics proposes that continued economic growth will lead to technological
innovation, expansion of the free market, and limited state interference.
Neoliberalism is sometimes confused with libertarianism. However, neoliberals typically

advocate for more intervention government intervention into the economy and society than
libertarianism. For example, while neoliberals usually favor progressive taxation, libertarians often
eschew this stance in favor of schemes like a flat tax rate for all taxpayers.
In addition, neoliberals often do not oppose measures such as bailouts of major industries,
which are anathema to libertarians.
Liberalism vs. Neoliberalism
At its core, liberalism is a broad political philosophy; it holds liberty to a high standard and
defines all social, economic, and political aspects of society, including–but not limited to–the role
of government. The policies of neoliberalism, on the other hand, are more narrowly focused. They
are primarily concerned with markets and the policies and measures that influence the economy.
Criticism of Neoliberalism
There are many criticisms of neoliberalism.
Free Market Approach to Public Services Is Misguided
One common criticism of neoliberalism is that advocating for a free market approach in
areas such as health and education is misguided because these services are public services.
Public services are not subject to the same profit motivation as other industries. More importantly,
adopting a free market approach in the areas of health and education can lead to an increase in
inequality and the underfunding of resources (health and education) that are necessary for the
long-term health and viability of an economy.
Monopolies
The adoption of neoliberal policies in the Western world has been concurrent with a rise in
inequality in both wealth and income. While skilled workers may be in a position to command
higher wages, low-skilled workers are more likely to see stagnant wages.
Policies associated with neoliberalism tend to encourage the presence of monopolies,

which increase the profits of corporations at the expense of any benefits to consumers.
Increased Financial Instability
Contrary to what proponents of neoliberalism typically claim, capital deregulation has not
necessarily helped economic development. Rather, capital deregulation has led to an increase in

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financial instability including wider economic shocks that, at times, have sent shockwaves around
the world.
In fact, and International Monetary Fund (IMF) report into neoliberalism reveals that an
increase in capital flows has been a factor in the increased risk of adverse economic cycles.
Inequality
Neoliberal policies have been proven to increase inequality. And this inequality can hinder
the long-term growth prospects of an economy. On one end of the spectrum, those who earn a low
income have limited spending power. At the same time, those who become richer have a higher
propensity to save; in this scenario, wealth doesn't trickle down in the way that proponents of
neoliberalism claim that it will.
Globalization
Finally, neoliberalism's emphasis on economic efficiency has encouraged globalization,

which opponents see as depriving sovereign nations of the right to self-determination.
Neoliberalism's naysayers also say that its call to replace government-owned corporations with
private ones can reduce efficiency: While privatization may increase productivity, they assert, the
improvement may not be sustainable because of the world‘s limited geographical space. In
addition, those opposed to neoliberalism add that it is anti-democratic, can lead to exploitation and
social injustice, and may criminalize poverty.

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INTENDED LEARNING ACTIVITY
Complete the concept map below by writing the effects of Globalized Capitalism.
What are the effects of

Globalized Capitalism?
ASSESSMENT:
Answer the following briefly
1. How Globalization Affects Developed Countries
2. What is the principle of neoliberalism?
ASSIGNMENT:
What are the imminent threats on the global economy?

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MODULE 3: A WORLD OF REGIONS
ABOUT THE MODULE
This module uncovers the physical and imaginary divisions of the world in the age of globalization.
In Lesson 1.The Global Divides: The North and the South, the sharing of ideas and experiences focuses on the
concepts of the Global South and the Third World as socioeconomic and political labels or categories. In this lesson
enables the learners to know the concept of the Global South and how this is seen in both affluent and impoverished
countries. Lesson 2. Asian Regionalism deals with the integration of the world’s land mass and population. In this
lesson probes the mechanism of a unique integration of the Asian regions and how nation-states approach the
challenges of world homogenization and division.
Intended Learning Outcomes

After completing your study of Module 3, you are expected to :
1. Explain the term Global South;
2. Differentiate the Global South from the Third World;
3. Differentiate between regionalization and globalization;
4. Identify the factors that lead to a greater integration of Asian regions;
5. Analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization and regionalization through
regionalism.
Lesson 1.The Global Divides: The North and the South
Since the process of globalization is uneven, it follows that there is an imbalance in the socio-economic and
political categories of the world. The world is divided into north and south, and first, second, and third.
Overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) in Europe, Australia, and America tend to see the big difference between the
ways of living in the Philippines and in Western countries. Some of them come home as "one-day millionaires" giving
out presents to their family, relatives, neighbors, and friends. Although their incomes are relatively higher than if they
work in the Philippines, they realize that life is still tough despite the remittances they send to their families and the taxes
that the country gains from these. Furthermore, they cannot escape the reality that their occasional vacations in the
Philippines are temporary because they would need to go back to work in order to continue making a living in another
country. This is a reflection of the global divide between the north and the south as experienced by these Filipinos.
The term Global South is a metaphor for interstate inequality and a product of Western imagination (Claudio,
2014). Historically, there had been divisions and labeling among the different nations of the world. Countries that were
colonized by the Spaniards in the southern part of the American continent are collectively called Latin America. By virtue
of the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, the newly discovered lands outside Europe were divided into two-the West
belonging to the Crown of Castile (now part of Spain) and the East belonging to the Portuguese Empire. There is also a
split based on labor--the core, the semi-periphery, and the peripheries. From these divisions, the Global South refers to
the socio-economic and political divide primarily focused on the southern hemisphere of the 1569-designed Mercatorian
map. It consists of Africa, Latin America, and Asia including the Middle East. These nation-states are deemed to be not
aligned with nation-states located in the northern hemisphere that adhere to fair labor practices, rights, free trade,
reduced tariffs, and policies on sustainable development. The Global South also connotes developing countries as
opposed to rich, industrialized, and wealthy nations. On the contrary, the Global North is the home of all members of

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the Group of Eight (G8)-Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan. United Kingdom, Russia, and the United States of
America. It is also the abode of the four powerful permanent members of the United Nations Security Council. It also
refers to the developed countries in Asia, Australia, and New Zealand. As stated by Claudio (2014), the Global South
Continues to be imagined and re-imagined by those who dominate it even as movements from below reshape these
constructions throed resistance."
Although usually associated with developing nations, the Global South is also found in developed countries.
Economically poor familles underprivileged individuals, unfair labor practices, and suppression of human rights, and
other violations of basic rights in Europe, Australia US and Canada are the pieces of evidence that people from
developed countries also share similar experiences with people from developing countries. Conversely, a trip to the
cosmopolitan metropolis of Metro Manila by someone from Tupi, South Cotabato- denoting high standard of living,
availability of better transport system, prevalence of banking and financial institutions, presence of big commercial
establishments, and centrality of the national government-is that person's experience of the "Global North." The Global
North, therefore, is also relatively experienced within the geographical boundaries of the Global South
By now, one can say that the terms Global South and conceptually the same. They both refer to conditions
usually found in ird World are developing countries. But the term Third World is the antecedent of Global South
(Claudio, 2014). Arguably, the term Third World ceased to exist when the Cold War ended Historically, the world was
once categorized based on the economic ideology of Western capitalism against the Soviet Union. socialism. As formal
economies, capitalism sustains consumer choice private property, and economic freedom while socialism is
characterized by state control of the means of production, distribution, and exchange Capitalist economies were
considered First World and socialist economies were referred to as Second World. Those that did not belong to either
types of formal economies belong to the Third World. The term Third World was initially used to refer to the former
colonies of European countries. To illustrate, India was considered a Third World country for it was a colony of the
United Kingdom. According to this categorization, the Philippines was classified as Third World. Later, the category was
used to refer to countries that were neither capitalist nor socialist. Since many countries were impoverished, the term
was also used to refer to the poor world. These countries were considered to be non-industrialized and newly
industrialized. They lacked the standard systems in banking, finance, and trade.

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Hence, it is outdated to say that countries in Southeast Asia belong to the Third World for the term has ended
its usage after the Cold War. These countries may be classified as the Global South though some of their citizens
experience the Global North within their territories.
Among all the continents, Asia has the biggest population of at least two-thirds of the world's inhabitants. It is
most probably because the continent comprises one-third of the world's land mass. In terms of economy, emerging and
developing Asian countries and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations 5 or the ASEAN 5 (Indonesia, Malaysia.
Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand) had an average of 6.3% and 5.1% GDP growth, respectively, compared to the world
average growth of 3.5% as of 2016 (Obiols, 2017). In 2016, China was the world's leading exporter of goods valued at
$1.99 trillion, followed by the United States with $1.45 trillion (Dillinger, 2018).
Since the European Union is in its mature state of regionalism, the world is now focused on Asia. Most
countries want to have collaborations with East Asian countries and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
ASEAN) members because economic and political growth in these regions have started to shape up. As a result, the
United States strategically takes care of its allies in Asia to maintain and further enhance its supply of raw materials,
human technological skills, and even its military force. At the same time, Europe keeps its strong relationship with Asian
countries to expand its growing business in the field of medical science and research. li cannot be denied that Asia is
gaining worldwide attention.
What makes Asian nations stronger than ever is the establishment of collaborations and cooperation based on
respect. For one, the ASEAN, as a regional bloc, pays full respect for sovereignty and independence of its members
through consensus and consultation (Eliassen & Arnadottir, 2012).

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Explain the term Global South
Assessment
Write agree if you think the statement is correct ; otherwise, write disagree
1. The Philippines is an example of Global South.
2. First world countries are communist nation-states.
3. Second World countries include the United States of America.
4. The Philippines is a Third World country.
5. A Global South country is characterized as a poor nation.
Assignment
Differentiate the Global South from the Third World.

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Lesson 2. Asian Regionalism
China is the home of more than 1.4 billion people based on the 2018 population projection of the United
Nations. In fact, it is becoming one of the economic super giants of the world. After the Second World War, Japan was
able to adapt its policies to the dictates of the West and consequently incorporated itself to the global economy. On the
other hand, Singapore has become one of the emerging centers of different cultures and has turned itself into a great
cosmopolitan city-state. All these countries belong to the continent of Asia, a term that originated from the West,
particularly from Ancient Greece.
The terms regionalization and globalization are both related to Integration. As defined in Module 1, globalization
is the expansion and Intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and world-space.
Regionalization, on the other hand, is "the growth of societal integration within a region and to the often undirected
processes of social and economic interaction" (Hurrel, 1995). In terms of scope, it is very clear that globalization is
borderless. It happens around the world while regionalization happens only in a specific geographical region. Social and
economic reciprocal actions of regionalization are undirected because of cite. This diversity comes in different levels of
development (from the A Singapore to the poor Laos), politics (from democracy to dictatorship and everything in
between), economics (from free markets to capitalism and more), and religion (Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Christianity.
Nintolam, and more) (Richter & West, 2014).
Commonly confused with regionalization, regionalism refers to regional concentration of economic flows while
regionalization refers to a political process by economic policy if cooperation and coordination are present among
countries (Mansfield & Wilmer, 1993). Regionalism also pertains to the process of intergovernmental collaborations
between n or more states (Eliassen & Arnadottir, 2012).
Asian regionalism is a new concept among the continental communities. New to cooperation and collaboration
goals, it has the 50-year-old ASEAN group and the failed East Asia Economic Group (EAEG). The ASEAN community
is comprised of three pillars-political security community, economic community, and socio-cultural community
The political security community gives importance to human rights, drugs, foreign relations, defense, law, and
transnational crimes The association adheres to significant roles of monitoring-economic ministers, finance ministers,
central bank governors, free trade area, investment area, agriculture and forestry, transport ministers

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telecommunications and information technology ministers, science and technology, energy, minerals, tourism, free trade
agreements with dialogue partners, and sectoral bodies in the arena of economic community. In the socio-cultural
community, there is an avenue for cooperation among the ministers responsible for culture and arts, sports, disaster
management, education, environment, health, information, labor, rural development and poverty eradication, women,
youth, and civil service matters.
ASEAN has also partnered with three East Asian countries-China, Japan, and South Korea. It is called the
ASEAN +3. Its goal is to address the 1997 Asian financial crisis and help each other cope with the crisis. In dies
context, ASEAN has concretized regionalism in the Asian region.
Similar to the goal of ASEAN in achieving greater integration within the region, other countries form groups for
various reasons. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), a free trade pact between Canada and the
United States (now including Mexico), was created to help reduce trading costs, increase business investment, and help
North America be more competitive in the global marketplace (NAFTA, 2018.
On the other hand, the European Union (EU) is a political and economic established to ensure free movement of
people, goods, services, and capital within the EU's single market (EU, 2018a).
Moreover, there are some aspects that led to a greater Asian integration. First, integration has been market-
driven. Within Asia, there are a variety of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations, and infrastructures that are
put into place for countries to engage in exchange. Emerging and developing economies in Japan, China, South Korea,
and other Asian countries get the labor services of Filipino skilled workers. Southeast Asians market their goods within
the region. Thailand exports its grocery products to 24-hour convenience stores. Vietnam and Indonesia sell their bags
and clothing to the region. It was only in recent years that teamwork among Asian governments has been exerted,
though with a certain distance.
Second, formal institutions such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB) were established. Conceived in the
1960s, ADB promotes social and economic development in Asia. Composed of 67 members, 48 of which are from the
Asia-Pacific region, the financial institution aids its members and partners by providing loans, technical assistance,
grants, and equity investments. Initially, ADB focused its assistance on food production and rural development to serve
a predominantly agricultural region.
Third, economic grants and overseas development assistance are made available by better Asian economies.
For example, the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) aims to work on human Security and quality
growth. The agency targets to promote international cooperation and the development of the Japanese and global
economy by supporting the socio-economic development, recovery, or economic stability of developing regions.
Fourth, production networks have expanded. Economies are mainly en comparative advantage through the
regional division of labor. The Philippines major exports are electronic products and copper products to name a few.
Indonesia sells palm oil, rubber, and natural gas within the Region. South Korea produces machinery products and
motor vehicles.
Fifth, cooperation among the ASEAN and East Asian countries ensued the ASEAN +3 Financial Ministers'
Process that established two economic structures the Chiang Mai Initiative and the Asian Bond Markets Initiative. The

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process aims to strengthen policy dialogue, coordination, and collaboration on common financial, monetary, and fiscal
issues.
Last, if EU is rules-based, ASEAN follows a consensus rule as an approach to decision making. This process
prevents collision of cultura beliefs and economic policies that are understandably not easy to unite because of the
region's diversity of archipelagic lives.
In facing the challenges brought about by globalization, Aslan countries have responded with regional
alternatives as big group, small group, and local communities.
As a big group, Asian countries established their own Aslan Development Bank (ADB) that is more focused
on Asia and the Pacific as a reaction to global economic integration. Japan, the forerunner of the institution, believes
that investments can be a factor to social development consequently; Japan is a major contributor to ADB. Asian
nations work in the form of loans, grants, and information sharing on topics such as terrorism and regional security
The establishment of the ASEAN is also another initial reaction to globalization. It fosters the spirit of
regionalism and oneness of Asian nations. As a group, it sets out in the ASEAN Declaration the following aims and
purposes: 1) to accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region; 2) to promote
regional peace and stability; 3) to promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of common interest; 4)
to provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research facilities: 5) to collaborate more effectively for
the greater utilization of their agriculture and industries; 6) to expand trade, improve their transportation and
communications facilities, and raise the living standards of their people; 7) to promote Southeast Asian Studies; and 8)
to maintain close and beneficial cooperation.
More so, Asian countries respond to globalization as a small group Asian regionalism lacks institutions and
bureaucratic bodies to serve the region unlike the European Union model of single market in goods and services. As a
result, individual countries do bilateral or multilateral agreements. For example, the Philippines has standing bilateral
agreements with China in trade, defense, infrastructure, transnational crimes, tourism, education, health, and many
others. In fact, in the recent visit of current Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte to China, Chinese leaders expressed
their support for the president's campaign against illegal drugs and terrorism, among others.

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Another reaction comes from China, India, and Japan as important regional players. They initiate concrete
dialogue in formulating visions, shared goals, and roadmaps for regional cooperation in Asia.
Reaction to globalization (and the West) also gave rise to terror groups, like the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
(ISIS) which has spread to the Muslim communities in Southern Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia. To combat global
terrorism, these countries made use of their available resources to minimize and ultimately stop the effects on civilian-
victims such as displacement and suffering. More so, they reached military multilateral agreements to address this
common problem. In 2017, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia had a trilateral security meeting wherein they
agreed that they need to conduct joint navy patrols within their boundaries to prevent the entry and exit of the terror
group (Antiporta, 2017).
Other reactions to globalization came in the form of disengagement from globalization that transpired locally.
Santi Suk village in Thailand created its own currency called the bia, that was regulated by a central bank in a village.
This homemade currency can only be used in participating villages, and cannot be exchanged for Thailand's bake The
trend is a manifestation of self-sufficiency movements that emerged age the Asian financial crisis of 1997. Other forms
of disengagement appear in the formation of self-sufficiency groups, community-owned rice mills and cooperative
shops; the gathering of traditional herbal practitioners and the preference for local products (Kimura, 2014).
To conclude, globalization and regionalization are the same for they refer to integration. Their difference lies on
the scope. Globalization is worldwide, while regionalization focuses on a specific geographical region. As a response to
world homogenization and division, regionalism that comes in various forms of regional alternatives to globalization
spawned within and among regions in Asia. Asian integration did not happen based only on one historical event for
there were different factors that led to this alliance.
Differentiate between regionalization and globalization
Assessment
Identify two strengths of the Philippines that may contribute to a greater integration among countries in
the Asian region. Explain
Assignment
Enumerate one regional and another one global challenges of globalization and regionalization and
discuss how the Philippines reacts unto these challenges.

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MODULE 4. A WORLD OF IDEAS
ABOUT THE MODULE
This module uncovers the physical and imaginary divisions of the world in the age of globalization. Lesson 1. Global
Culture and Media focuses on media’s influence on culture and the interaction between local and global cultures. This
lesson exposes the learners to the different forms of media in worldwide integration and how local and global
interactions affect cultural adoption, change ,and innovation. Lesson 2. The Globalization of Religion tackles religion
as affected by globalization an as a tool for confronting global conflict and attaining peace. This lesson examines how
religion is affected by the shrinking of the world and how it influences global conflict and peace

After completing your study on this module, you should be able to do the following:
1. analyze how different forms of media drive various manifestations of global integration;
2. explain the dynamics between local and global cultural production;
3. explain how globalization affects religious practices and beliefs;
4. analyze the relationship between religion and global conflict.
Lesson 1. Global Cultures
Culture refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior from which people learn, and the
ability to communicate knowledge to the next generations. Its development has been mainly influenced by media.
Historically, media underwent five stages of development from the earliest forms to the complex one. These
stages affect globalization progressively (Lule, 2014).
It all started with oral communication. Language allowed humans to communicate and share information.
Moreover, language became the most important tool for exploring the world and the different cultures. It helped people
move and settle down. Oral communication led to markets, trade, and cross-continental trade routes.
The next stage is the invention of script. Distance became a hindrance to oral communication. Script allowed
humans to communicate over a larger space and for a much longer duration. It allowed the permanent codification of
economic, cultural, religious, and political practice. Knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors were written and made available
for transmission to the next generation and to other nations and cultures.
Next followed the printing press. The introduction of the printing

press allowed the continuous production, reproduction, and circulation of
print materials. Written documents were mass produced which gave
everyone access to information that was once available only to the rich,
powerful, and religious. This period of media development affected
globalization by transforming various institutions such as schools, markets,
businesses, churches, governments, and armies, among others.

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Another stage is the emergence of electronic media as characterized by its use of electricity. Electronic media
includes the telegraph, telephone, radio, film, and television. The wide reach of these media continues to open up new
perspectives in the economic, political and cultural processes of globalization. Radio was the avenue for global products
to be advertised Ilke Marlboro and Coca-Cola. Television, the analogue type, was primarily med so countries could
watch US Presidents' delivery of speeches and UN. Security Council meetings. Both radio and television became
medium to observe international events.
The last stage is the digital media which relies on digital codes. It can be created, modified, and stored in any
digital electronic device. Digitalized content is transmitted over the internet and computer networks. In politics,
candidates use this media to campaign and advance their platforms. In economics, it allows the advertisement of
products and online business transactions.
Media is a carrier of culture. It is a tool for the interaction of people with different cultures. However, the real
media is the people. Marketing people seek the world for their cultural products, and managers facilitate interactions of
culture for profit. Others bring cultural exchanges of beauty and power These interactions result in the integration of
cultures. Pieterse (2004) asserts that the only outcomes of the influence of globalization on culture are cultural
differentialism, cultural convergence, and cultural hybridity.
Cultural differentialism views cultural difference as immutable. As the West and non-Western civilizations
interact or are brought in contact through globalization, clash of civilizations such as that of the West and Islam logically
follows.
Cultural convergence suggests that globalization engenders growing sameness of cultures. However, the
culture of powerful and progressive countries becomes culture. Take the example of K-pop culture. Some teenage
Filipinos prefer to dress up like their South Korean idols. A lot of them have also joined fan clubs in support of
Koreanovela, Korean boy bands, among others. At the same time, many Filipino music bands are influenced by jazz
and the reggae music of the West.
Cultural hybridity suggests that globalization spawns an

increasing and ongoing mixing of cultures. An example of this is
the Chabacano, a Spanish-based creole language of the
Zamboanga City and of some parts of Cavite, which exemplifies
hybridity in language prompted by the merging of two cultures.
This trend will further bring about new cultural forms, not only in
language but also in food, fashion, arts, music, among others.

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These outcomes set the dynamics between local and global cultural production Glocalization, coined from
globalization and localization is a rather new concept brought about by the increased frequency of contact among
cultures. This reinforces the fact that local cultures are not weak, state, or fixed, they are built and understood anew
each day in a globalized World (Lule, 2014), Local cultures continue to accommodate and assimilate cultures of the
world due to globalization
All in all, the five stages of development of media have greatly influenced the globalization of culture. From
pamphlets to Instagram. Twitter, and Snap Chat, media has produced and reproduced cultural products around the
globe. Moreover, the increase in cultural interactions generated by media results in outcomes that exhibit the vigor of
local cutes influenced by the global culture.
Share (write) a specific experience that is influenced by or is a product of cultural hybridity. Reflect on
its effect/s on your behavior.
Assessment
Write agree if you think the statement is correct; otherwise, write disagree.
1. Television is a form of media.
2. Culture is never erased nor forgotten.
3. Culture are static and fixed.
4. All cultures are equal.
5. Globalization of culture will not happen without media.
Assignment
Write an argumentative essay presenting your stand on the topic; Globalization does not need
media for global integration

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Lesson 2. The Globalization of Religion
Religion plays a vital role in the lives of Filipinos for their values are anchored on it. It has affected their
attitudes, characters, and perspectives in life. This truth is not exclusive to Filipinos. It is true to most of the former "Third
World, developing countries, and even the West.
Globalization can refer to the worldwide interconnectedness of all areas of contemporary social life. One of
these areas is religion which entails a personal or organized system of religious beliefs and practices on one end;
globalization has affected religion in various ways. It paved the way for the rise of religious nationalism, the turn of
religion into public life the proliferation of international terrorism, and the increase of individual religiosity (Roudometof,
2014).
First globalization gave rise to religious nationalism that came about after the Second World War. Nationalism
was closely associated with particular religious beliefs and affiliations. For example, in the Philippines, crafting the law is
sometimes anchored on the lawmakers' belief in Christianity. In 2018, a National Bible Day was declared as a special
working holiday. Islam-ruled states in the Middle East, similarly, are influenced by practices of Islam.
Next, globalization led to the turn of religion into public life as a reaction to post-World War II modernism. The
often forceful entrance of religious traditions, such as the Catholic liberation theology and Islamic fundamentalism, from
private sphere into public life (Cassanova, 1994) is a good example of this. Religion goes beyond the administration of
sacraments for Catholics and focuses more on the social concerns of the poor and the oppressed inside and outside the
church.
Then, globalization affected the proliferation of international terrorism. For one, religious extremism-a type of
political violence anchored on the belief that Supreme Being grants violence in the act of glorifying one's faith (Martin,
2017) has become a central issue faced by the global community. Extremists believe that it is their duty to fulfill God's
will through violence. In 2017, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), a known extremist group, triggered the locals of
Mindanao to launch the Marawi Siege for five months.
Finally, globalization prompted the Increase of individual religiosity brought about by the Individual's need to rely
on his or her beliefs and relationship with the Supreme Being. For some, it is a reaction based on one's frustration
towards institutionalized religions. For others, they just do not want to belong to or engage in any organization.
Global migration also influences religion. Because of migration, globalization has forced the appearance of
"religious traditions in places where these previously had been largely unknown or considered a minority" (Roudometof,

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2014). This is called the deteritorialization of religion. Deterritorialization is a cultural feature that blurs the lines between
culture and place and thus transcends territorial boundaries. This is highly characteristic of migration amidst
globalization. To illustrate, the presence of Islam in Europe and of Catholicism-Christianity in Arab nations due to the
Influx of overseas workers coming from different parts of the world carrying their own faith and belief systems is a form
of deterritorialization. These workers, however, create a sense of attachment or criticism towards the religious tradition
in their home state. For instance, the overseas movement of Indians has created a network of finances and religious
identifications, whereby the problem of cultural reproduction of Hindus abroad is linked to the politics of Hindu
fundamentalism in India (Appadurni, 1990).
Global migration also resulted in what Campbell (2007) called the Easternization of the West. The West, which
is the starting point for the spread of world religions, is now the recipient of a new system of beliefs from the East. There
is also a rise in the number believers of Asian feligrons like Zoroastrianism, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism.
On the other end religion is influenced by global trends and impulses and is forced to respond to newfound
situations (Roudometof, 2014). One good example is the use of social media as a tool for evangelization. American
Evangelists Joel Scott Osteen and Kirk Thomas Cameron make use of Facebook and other social media platforms to
spread their beliefs. As such, they made a global and borderless reach. Another example is the tall for ecumenism
among Christian churches to have closer relationships knd better recognition. In 2006, the Catholic-Orthodox dialogue
transpired.
The interaction of religion and culture resulted in a global-local religion. It is a global religion with a local mix.
Roudometof (2014) developed a model of four distinct glocalization-indigenization, vernacularization, nationalization,
and transnationalization.
1. Verrnacularization refers to the blending of universal religions with local languages. For instance, Arabic is
used as Islam's sacred language even outside the Arab world, while Greek and Latin remains to be the primary
languages of Christianity. This vernacularization of religion also results in the creation of new branches of religion such
as that of Orthodox Christianity which stems from Christianity.
2. Indigenization transforms a universal religion to suit the specifics of a particular ethnic group. An example is
the practice of Islam by various ethnic groups in the Zamboanga peninsula. Another example is the blending of African
traditional forms of religiosity and Christianity in Brazil and the Caribbean.
3. Nationalization constructs a link between the nation and church. Religious institutions relate to national
identities and the realities of that nation. Being part of the nation means belonging to its national church. The Philippine
Independent Church, an independent Christian denomination, is an example of a national church in the Philippines.
People also tend to add national modifiers to their religious identification (e.g., Greek Orthodox Christianity).
4. Transnationalization has complemented religious nationalization by focusing groups on identifying specific

religious traditions of real or imagined national homelands. Iglesia ni Cristo is one good example of this. This Christian
organization is national in scope but it has an international reach that is easily identified as Filipino in its roots and
central authority.
The globalization of religion brought two opposing results. Starting from the late 20th century, religion has been
a source of global conflict and peace. Reading international news stories from the global mass media giants, one can

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readily observe that religion plays a role in global conflict. In Britain, Muslims were linked to the jihadist attack in June
2017 on the London Bridge Jewish extremists in Israel were accused of targeting and beating Palestinians also in June
2017. The American-based organization New Christian Right questioned the teaching of evolution in schools in the
same year. All these are because of one's understanding and interpretation of institutionalized beliefs and traditions of
religion.
Despite these events, it is unjust to point at religion as the sole cause of global conflicts. Religions were
primarily established to put God's will in fruition. However, persons responsible for the conflicts used their religious
doctrines, dogmas, and even sacred verses to morally justify their evil actions. Juergensmeyer (2014) claims that the
conflicts are about identity and economics and privilege and power. Osama bin Laden's attack on the World Trade
Center in 2001 was triggered by the American exploitation of the oil reserves of the Middle East, but the jihadist warriors
carried out the attack for they were willing to be martyred in the name of Allah. The Marawi City siege, in which the ISIS-
Maute group alliance was responsible, was the small group's quest for Bangsamoro identity and power over its
exclusive jurisdiction. Also, Hindu nationalism sparked the Saffron terror in India.
The main point here is not the global conflicts, but the role of religion in these conflicts. Extremists believe that
radical measures are necessary in achieving the will of God. If they act moderately, this means they abandon the
Supreme Being’s will. Fundamentalists believe that men ought to return to the very passages of the sacred books to
legitimize their actions. Nationalists tie their traditions with their nation or homeland. Any threat is a threat to their
identity, power, privilege, and rights.
Juergensmeyer (2014) also believes that there are five stages of global religious rebellion against the secular
state i.e., revolt against secularism, wherein localized uprisings go up against the state's less moral authority to govern;
internationalization of religious rebellion, wherein the warfare comes between the religious and secular politics; invention
of global enemies, wherein anti-American and anti-European sentiments are rowing global war, wherein there is an
expansion of range and depth of conflict between the secular and religious forces, and religious dim -dab spming,
wherein the jihadist strategy is proven to be not the way wo end the struggle, but with the use of nonviolent means as
dem in the Tahrir Square in Egypt.
Conversely, religion is also a source of peace. t plays a vital man’s search for world peace. The teachings of
great religions of mona principles and values are necessary tools for the abatement of avarice abhorrence, and illusions
that are the root causes of conflicts. Religion slouches the inner self of humans and encourages them to improve
themselves and society. Though not famous among the recent international news stories, religious peacemakers do
their task concerning humanitarian assistance and faith-centered intervention. Human assistance helps achieve peace
by advancing poverty reduction and putting attention to economic equality World Vision, for example, is a Christian
humanitarian organization helping children, families, and communities overcome poverty and injustice, Also, faith-

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centered mediation is driven by the search for peace. In 2014, Pope Francis had an important role in the US-Cuba deal
that ended the long conflict between the two nation states.
In many ways, religion is affected by globalization. At the same time has contributed to the rise of global
conflicts and the achievement of peace. Conflicts are caused by different interpretations of the religion sacred texts
applied in the secular world in the guise of economic and political clashes or vice versa. Either individualized or
institutional religion is one of the actors of cultural globalization.

Explain your agreement or disagreement on the statement; Religion plays a vital role in the lives of
Filipinos.
Assessment
Discuss how globalization affected your religious beliefs and practices.
Assignment
What is your understanding of the term Global City?

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MODULE 5
Global Population and Mobility
ABOUT THE MODULE
This module presents the essence and reality of global demography.

Lesson1. Global City deals with the concept of Cosmopolitanism and its significance in world politics and
international relations.
Lesson 2. Global Demography talks about the present condition of world population in terms of the ongoing fight
against tyranny and terrorism. Also, the importance of democracy and human rights is established.
Lesson 3. Global Migration covers the discussions about identity and personality
Lesson 1. GLOBAL CITY

This lesson introduces the development of global cities. It also highlights the present condition of the world that
contributes to globalization.

At the end of the lesson you are expected to:
1. Identify the attributes of a global city;
2. Analyze how cities serve as engine of globalization;
3. Explain how multinational corporations influence the development of global cities.
The 21st century is a hub for the closer relation of states and for a wider perspective in technological
development. As such, the world became a web where people can witness the interconnectivity of nations. It is
globalization that made nations closer to each other. According to Thomas Friedman in his book 77e World Is Flat
(2005), there are three (3) stages of globalization. The first stage is called Globalization 1.0 that lasted from 1492 to
1800 and shrank the world from a size large to a size medium." This is known as the age of mercantilism and
colonialism and the driving forces were workforce, horsepower, wind power, and, later on, steam power. The second
stage is the age of Pax Britannica when Great Britain was the hegemonic power in terms of trade and economy; it is
known as Globalization 2.0. The driving force was new institutions, particularly the emergence of global markets and
multinational corporations. The third stage, which occurred during the second half of the 20th century, refers to the age
of Pax Americana when the United States of America was the hegemonic power in terms of security, trade, and
economy. This is called Globalization 3.0. After the fall of the Soviet Union in the 1980s, the United States of America
became the sole superpower in the so-called Unipolar World. This system was developed by the reigning hegemonic
state by defeating other great powers, not necessarily in a military aspect, but in terms of economy and influence to
other states in the world.
Unlike in the 19th and 20th century, the present condition does not use the tactics of force as a primary strategy
in maintaining one's influence over another state, rather it uses soft power to retain one's dominance over the less
powerful states. Soft power, according to Joseph Nye (2004) who coined the term, uses a different method to establish
cooperation attraction. This form of power "arises from the attractiveness of a country's culture, political ideals, and
policies." When these policies are deemed justifiable by other states, soft power is enhanced. Nye argues that it will be
a mistake if a country does not use this as part of its national strategy. He further posits that attraction has always been
more effective than force; shared values such as democracy, human rights, and individual opportunities are highly
persuasive. Admittedly, the United States of America has been employing its soft power in various ways.

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With the development of technology, corporations around the world tried to expand their footholds outside their
own countries. Gore (2013) explained that the world is changing dramatically and there are six driving forces in this
global change. One of the drivers of global change is the emergence of a deeply interconnected global economy that
increasingly operates as a whole entity.
Multinational corporations (MNCS) play a substantial role in the global economy and enjoy a multitude of
privileges such as unquestionable access to vast amounts of wealth they draw from their income, theoretical immortality
to a certain extent, and the ability to pit themselves against one another. Nation-states are the centerpieces of the global
community to the extent that MNCs threaten nation-states themselves (Gore, 2013). MNC are also more flexible and
independent in comparison to nation-states which seem to lack the capacity to dictate how MNCS ought to behave.
Therefore, from these established premises, one can infer that MNCS play a pivotal role not only in the global
economy but in the international political community as well, alongside nation-states in terms of their capacity to sustain
themselves and considerably to influence the members of the international community. In a sense, MNCs seem to tie
together an otherwise politically separated and clouted world undee an all-encompassing banner of commerce and
economy. Products and goods have the intrinsic capability to attract a target market regardless of geographical location
and political ideology. MNCS, in a sense, have the capacity to erase and transcend the borders of the world.
MNCs and the irrefutable continuity of nation-states act as key actors of the global community. With these, the
world, at least figuratively, seems to be smaller and more connected. The evidence of such connectivity is the concept
and actual manifestation of the global city
The global city serves as a hub for production, finance, and telecommunications. Sassen (2005) outlined the
different characteristics of global city that maintain its link to globalization. Some of the obvious characteristics of a
global city are 1) the cultural diversity of the people 2) existence of a center of economy; 3) geographic dispersal of
economic activities that marks globalization; and 4) global reach performance. These characteristics are observed in
famous global cities such as New York Tokyo, Singapore, and Seoul. According to the 2018 Global Cities Index New
York ranked the highest in terms of the general criteria i.e., business activity, human capital, information exchange,
cultural experience, and political engagement. New York is followed by London, Paris, Tokyo, and Hong Kong.
It cannot be helped that a multitude of cultures interact with each other when nation-states and multinational
corporations behave in a grander scheme. The result of this constant interaction among a wide array of cultures is a
conglomeration of cultures in a particular geographical setting which has been labeled as the global city. Cities are hubs
for high economic, commercial, cultural, and at times even political activities which can contribute to human progress
and development through collaborative efforts of multicultural individuals situated therein. Thus, global cities represent
cities around the world that exemplify these characteristics of city better than other cities. For example, the cities of San
Francisco and New York in the United States of America were showcased as global cities that exhibit strength in
innovation and strong performance in business activity and human capital, respectively, in 2017 and 2018 by A.T.
Kearney’s Global Cities Report. Further, global cities are also perceived as sources of economic growth and are also
economic powerhouses themselves, coupled with being industry leaders and regional hubs.

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Global cities house industries that promote the globalization of markets. As the development of global condition,
cultural diversity of markets among countries arises and the world as people know it is currently in the state where
people are diverse, yet connected. Through the development of multinational corporations, global cities have been
established. The 21st century brought the countries together into global competition. In the coming decades, the number
of global cities will dramatically increase.

Instructions: Write agree if you think the statement is correct; otherwise write disagree.
1. A global city is the result of the increasing number of multinational corporations.
2. Global cities are culturally diverse.
3. Globalization is evident in the economic, social, cultural, and political realms.
4. Technological innovation is a factor of human interconnectedness.
5. World Bank is an example of a multinational corporation.
Assessment
Choose a city in the province of Ilocos Sur. Write your answers on the given categories.
I. Name of the chosen city

II. Issues/Challenges in the chosen city
III. Strenghts of the chosen city
IV. Weaknesses of the chosen city
V. Trends in the chosen city
Assignment
Give reasons why your chosen city qualifies as a global city.
Ways to develop your global city to achieve competitiveness.

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Lesson 2. GLOBAL DEMOGRAPHY
This lesson introduces global demography as a trend in today's global condition. This also explores the ideas of
some sociologists and political scientists that will enlighten the learners about the issues and problems that demography
is facing.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Identify the different international issues and trends in global population;
2. Synthesize the concept of globalization in relation to demography and population: and
3. Explain the theory of demographic transition and its effects on global population.
According to Friedman (2005), change is inevitable because of the flattening of the world. As he travelled across the
world, he talked to people of different nationalities, ethnicities, and classes. One thing he learned from his experiences
is that the 21st-century world is becoming more globalized and interconnected. Technological innovation, economic
cooperation, and political alliance in the international arena are some of the examples of the new trends in international
relations.
The flattening of the world is a result of globalization. For Viotti and Kauppi (2013), globalization is the continual
increase in transnational and worldwide economic, social, and cultural interactions that surpass the boundaries of states
which altogether generates political implications. It is through technological innovation that this global cooperation
becomes possible. Key players of globalization have been identified. One may ask about the relation of demography to
globalization. Is it possible to have a global demography?
Demography is a field in statistics that is concerned with births deaths, income, or the incidence of disease,
which later illustrates the changing structure of human populations. In the context of political science, demography is a
statistical study to determine world population that can be used as a tool to identify certain phenomenon in geopolitics,
public administration, and others.

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The changing perspective on technology nd technological advancements and the movement of international
organizations (IOs) have made the world a global civil society. The constant evolution of economic production,
development of political agreement of states, and the factors affecting local growth were adopted in the world stage. The
idea of a global civil society was seen during the '90s as "a mosaic of new groups, organizations, and movements that
started to appear, which both sought to challenge or resist what was seen as corporate' globalization and create
articulate models of social, economic, and political development" (Heywood, 2011). The formation of a global civil
society is a result of a backlash against free-market capitalism. It is in a global civil society where transnational non-
governmental organizations and social movements operate and offer an alternative to transnational corporations. The
role of a global civil society in global demography is its salient influence on institutional decision-making, affecting the
populations at large.
Global demography is about the trends and practices in world politics. It is the study of the issues and
developments of the global population. Basically, it lays out the present condition of the world and its population. To
understand this concept, citing an example of current world issues and humanitarian crises can be done. In addition,
this idea is also a tool in understanding migration and global citizenship.
According to Ronald Lee (2003), demography is currently in transition the mortality rate declined followed by
fertility, causing population growth rates to accelerate and then to slow down again. This demographic transition leads to
low fertility, long life, and an old population.
The global demographic transition all began in the 19th century when Europeans were declining in mortality
rate (Lee, 2003) and there were some rising societies in Asian and Latin American regions. The ongoing transition in
global demography is caused by formal migration and some historic events, such as colonialism, inter-war reduction,
and post-world migration. The development from pre-industrial to industrialized economy also caused this transition
from high to low mortality and fertility. It is observed that most developed nations have completed this transition and thus
have low birth rates and high income; developing nations, however, are still in transition. It is debatable whether higher
income results in lower population growth, or whether lower population leads to higher income

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Lee (2003) explains that the transition to low mortality p influenced by the reduction of contagious and infectious
diseases caused by advancements in medicine and improved nutrition because of the presence of local and
international markets due to better transportation of goods. Meanwhile, the factors that led to low fertility rate are the
preference over child survival than number of child births and the assumption that raising children is more costly than
the consumption of goods, as children render less economic contributions due to years spent on education.
Global demography is a series of events in population growth, fertility, and mortality rate for the past years,
decades, and centuries. This demographic transition is an ongoing event in history; it will end in 2100 (Lee, 2003).
The world is bigger than what people know about it but it is smaller than how they perceive it. There are a lot of
issues and crises along the road of globalization. The economic bubble in some parts of the world, wars in different
states of every region, the existence of transnational crimes, climate change and migration are some of the trends in
global demography.

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Since globalization has something to do with the population demand of a state, its effect on demography in
terms of overpopulation must be noted. Aside from increasing birth rate, excessive movements of people e place to
another are also a factor in overpopulation. International from one migration is becoming more tremendous. Population
is part of human demography and since the world is shrinking, this condition develops a concept of a globalized world
wherein a state population transcends into global population. In the Philippine context, overpopulation did not manifest.
However, some experts in local or internal migration suggest that due to the promise of a good quality of living, Filipinos
from rural areas move to cities thus causing overpopulation. Internal migration may cause overpopulation in some areas
of the country.

Define the following terms:
1. Demography
2. Population
3. Multipolar world
Assessment
1. Identify the different international issues and trends in global population.
2. Describe the concept of globalization in relation to demography and population.
Assignment
Explain the theory of demographic transition and its effects on global population.

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Lesson 3. GLOBAL MIGRATION
This lesson deals with the journey of different citizens around the globe. As the world is becoming more and
more connected, migration continues to be a new trend among people, regardless of their race. nationality, or ethnicity.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1. Distinguish different global civilizations and categories;
2. Analyze the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the global movements of people; and
3. Reflect on the experiences of OFW’S
During the Cold War, leaders all over the globe agreed to classify the world into three (3) categories: First World
refers to states which have high-income and are capital-rich; Second World refers to the former communist-socialist,
industrial states; and Third World refers to nations net aligned with either the First World or Second World which are
also called developing" countries
The aftermath of the Cold War ended the bipolarity of the world's hegemonic powers which were held by the
Western Bloc (United States, its NATO allies, and others) and the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite
states). This left the United States as the sole remaining super power of the world. By 1989, US had military alliances
with 50 countries therefore bringing to life the American era. As a superpower, US relied on its strong democracy and
capitalist market to promote free market capitalism and further emphasize its global power. However, its success in
promoting such market led to the dispersal of power to several other countries.
After a decade, Fareed Zakaria (2008) refers to this as the post American world which is illustrated by the
diffusion of power from states to other actors. This diffusion of power signals the "rise of the rest" which gives other
states the power to play roles in the world's economic and political arena. In connection with this, Huntington (1996)
claims that Asian nations are expanding their economic, political, and military strength as a way to show the power they
can be capable to hold in the world. Thus, the American era which includes the post-American world refers to a period
power imbalance,
The classification of countries into three was changed into two: developed and developing. Developed
countries are countries that have progressive economies and advanced technological infrastructures while developing
countries are low-income countries with less developed industrial bases. These two types of countries emerged to
highlight the economic inequalities of states. Such inequalities pushes people living in developing countries to seek
better opportunities in developed countries or sometimes, motivates them to just move from one country to another to
attain the ways of living they are aspiring for. This ongoing movement of people from one country to another is called
migration.
As physical and human geographies develop, the world is becoming connected. Connectedness of nations,
ethnicities, and states is the new end in the international arena. Civilizations become global civilizations.
Through the rising global civilizations, the world has turned into a multipolar power. In the words of Samuel Huntington,
he argues:

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The rivalry of the superpowers is replaced by the clash of civilizations. In this new world, the most pervasive, important,
and dangerous conflicts will not be between social classes, rich and poor, or other economically defined groups, but
between peoples belonging to different cultural entities.
According to Huntington, global civilizations are divided into the following categories: Western, Latin American;
Islamic, Sinic, Hindu; Buddhist: Orthodox; Japanese; and African. At present, people from these global civilizations
constantly move from one place to another just to achieve economic stability, democratic freedom, and holistically good
life that their home countries might not be able to offer.
According to Heywood (2011), cosmopolitanism literally means the adherence or belief in the world state. It is
the ideology that all human beings belong to a single community. As a concept that can be linked to globalization, it
began its journey when the world moved towards a single moral community from simply believing that the world could
be governed by one state. In the analysis of Pogge (2008), he identifies three (3) elements of this concept-individualism,
universality, and generality.
In individualism, cosmopolitanism believes that a human being is the ultimate unit of moral concern; second,
the element of universality wherein he asserts that all human beings are of equal moral worth; and lastly, the concept
acknowledges the element of generality which implies that human beings have necessary concern for each other
(Pogge, 2008). Thus, understanding the concept of cosmopolitanism requires an in-depth understanding of the role of
moral integrity among people. Through this concept, the global city in globalization has come into existence. However,
some critics say that it is impossible transcend moral and cultural aspects of societies on an international level.
Migration can be linked to cosmopolitanism in the way that it enables people to agree on a common moral standard
which is influenced by how different cultures come in contact with one another as people move from one place to
another.
There are two types of migration-internal and international migration. Internal migration is any movement
from one place to another In the same country, On the other hand, international migration is a movement from one
country to another.
From the rise of the very first civilizations, many scholars believe that social inequality, economic depression,
and freedom deprivation are the factors why people move from one place to another. These factors are the reasons
why cosmopolitan ideas exist. They occur at present and since the concept of cosmopolitanism adheres to the equality
and moral integrity among men, it plays a role in why people migrate. It is clear that migration is and will always be a
trend. Some experts say that migration also has its own catalysts for it fuels the population growth of a region or a
country. Internal migration is also known as local migration and has always been driven by economic sustainability.
In the midst of globalization, nations around the world engage in trade to promote and strengthen relationships
among them. There is no global government that could govern all nations. According to Henry Nau (2009 transnational
relations exist in the present world because countries trade with one another, and populations move across state
boundaries
Due to transnational relations and the growing demand for economic wealth, migration exists. It is defined as
the form of social behavior that both shapes and is shaped by broader social and economic structures and processes of
transformation (International Migration Institute, 2011). In the definition of Boswell (2002), however, migration is not only
rooted in economic aspirations but also in political motivations. This is because some people are being oppressed by

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their governments and want to be free from tyrannical politicians. For centuries, this trend has been existent because of
the necessity to explore and gain natural resources. At present, global migration is a unique concept.
To better understand the concept of global migration, three (3) glories of this trend were created: voluntary
economic migration, forced placement, and refugee crisis. Voluntary economic migration is rooted is the pursuit of
economic stability. It is usually seen in the condition of people in the global south such as in the regions of Asia and
Africa. People from these regions move to other countries which have steadily growing labor markets and can provide
them high salaries. This kind of migration in illustrated by Overseas Filipino Workers (OFW), The second and third
categories, on the other hand, refer to how people are forced to migrate. According to Boswell (2002), forced
displacement and the refugee crisis could be traced to the factors of state tyranny or corruption or the fear of violence
such as civil war.
There are several effects of migration in a particular country. There different scenarios and different factors why
people migrate. Migration plays a vital role in the social, economic, and political aspects of the Philippines. With the
country reliant on labor export, OFWs are seen to be major economic drivers of the country. They affect the economic
sustainability of the country through their remittances. In addition, this is also the reason why the country's foreign policy
focuses on labor export Another effect of migration in the Philippines is the brain drain. In 2009, the Philippine Institute
of Development Studies found out that fifty percent of employed Filipino emigrants have tertiary education and only 14.5
percent of them are managers and professionals, 26.6 percent of them are working as technicians and clerks, and the
rest are operators known as service workers (Zosa & Obeta, 2009).

Differentiate the following:
1. Develop and developing countries
2. Cosmopolitanism and Individualism
3. Internal migration and International migration
Assessment
Explain the political, economic, cultural, and social factors underlying the global movements of people.
Assignment
From an OFW you personally know or known from media, gather information presenting their
challenges and success in terms of physical, mental, and emotional aspects.

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MODULE 6
Towards a Sustainable World
This module discusses the essence and reality of a sustainable world.
Section 1. Sustainable Development focuses on the importance of highlighting environmental considerations in terms of
development and how countries must be conscious of the role of the environment in development.
Section 2. Food Security talks about the world issues on hunger and poverty. Food security is viewed as an integral
component in achieving domestic and regional stability.
LESSON 1
Sustainable Development
This Lesson introduces learners to the concept of sustainable development that most countries of the world are
integrating in their societies.
The term sustainable development has acquired much popularity among scholars, politicians, public servants,
and the civil population alike after the Brundtland Report by the World Commission on the Environment and
Development (WCED) was presented in 1987. As defined by the Brundtland Report, "sustainable development is the
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs." Despite being considered unclear by some in terms of definition, sustainable development should be
situated in a rigid social and political setting.
WCED outlined critical objectives for environment and development policies following its concept of sustainable
development. These are 1) reviving growth; 2) changing the quality of growth; 3) meeting essential needs for jobs, food,
energy, water, and sanitation; 4) ensuring a sustainable level of population; 5) conserving and enhancing the resource
base; 6) reorienting technology and managing risks; and 7) merging environment and economics in decision-making.
Governments and scholars have been on their toes in an attempt to attain sustainable development. In this era
of unrelenting challenges in politics, society, and particularly the environment (e.g., climate change, waste disposal,
biodiversity, forestry and the like), such stability is undoubtedly sought after by nearly every single nation-state.
Governments have been challenged to come up with ways to develop their communities without exploiting the natural
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resources, and to craft policies that help achieve this goal. The welfare of the people must also be in constant
consideration in terms of development.
The United Nations (UN) often cites Agenda 21 of 1992, its Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform,
where the topic of sustainable development is put forth in discussions. Agenda 21 advocates education to disseminate
information regarding sustainable development (Jickling 1994). Since then, countries all over the world have integrated
this action plan of the UN in their respective governments, such as in the case of Canada when its National Round
Table on the Environment and the Economy (NRTEE) instituted the Sustainable Development Education Program
(SDEP) in the same year that Agenda 21 was established (Jickling. 1994).
The United Kingdom's UK Strategy for Sustainable Development crafted in 1994 aimed to raise the awareness
of the people through the integration of environmental policies into all aspects of government, a shared responsibility
between government, local authorities, businesses, and non-governmental organizations, (Munton & Collins, 1998)
among other provisions in the Strategy
Sustainability may be likened to stability; however, there are a few key and subtle differences between the
two. A sustainable environment is resilient enough to withstand man-made and natural challenges, and can also
recover from such if needs arise. Sustainability leads to stability; however, stability alone may not necessarily lead to
sustainability. Stable environments are simply resistant to change but somehow lack the element of resiliency that
sustainable environments possess because i is far easier for stable environments to become unstable in comparison to
the possibility of sustainable environments becoming "unsustainable.
All in all, policies and strategies of governments must be intertwined with environmental concerns in order for
sustainable development to e achieved. The environment must continuously be at the center of government actions. It
is only logical and practical, in a sense, to constantly put into consideration the environment in the decision-making and
policy-making processes of a nation-state since it is where people build livelihoods on, and which suffers when they turn
a blind eye in terms of developing. By using ecological sustainability as an underpinning principle of sustainable
development, governments can simultaneously advocate the protection, restoration, and preservation of the integrity of
the Earth's ecological systems (Ross, 2009). This makes the environment more resilient to challenges and threats and
in turn, making civilizations resilient in the same light.

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In the long run, humankind itself will be the one to benefit when environmental and ecological considerations are
given serious and substantial consideration. As such, humankind must take the necessary ions to strive better to attain
sustainable development. Developing and eracting policies that situate environmental concerns at the forefront and
practicing decision-making processes that similarly give importance to the environment are all necessary steps that
must be undertaken to achieve a sustainable environment. Educating individuals about the importance and benefits of
having secure, balanced, and enduring ecosystems will make the implementation of environment-focused policies and
plans much easier, and in the long term, will create a flourishing and stable environment for all.
LESSON 2
Food Security
This lesson introduces the concept of food security and its importance to the eradication of hunger and alleviation of
poverty.
A vital resource for humans, regardless of race, nationality, religious affiliation, economic status, or educational
attainment, is food. It is a basic necessity for survival. Therefore, it is important for nations to secure a constant supply
of food for the consumption of people.
However, it is a fact that food security, defined as the "physical and economic access, at all times, to sufficient,
safe, and nutritious food for people to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life"
(Swaminathan, 2003), is a worldwide issue which must be given considerable attention. Food security challenges
countries with large populations such as China and India. With the growing and persistent demand for food on both the
local and international scale, the agricultural sector and food corporations in a nation must be able to meet demands by
Increasing production capacity and overall productivity. Rationing of food, especially in developing or underdeveloped
countries, is also a solution to ddress food security issues, although this solution can lead to even more roblems. It may
ultimately worsen food security as in the experience India with its targeted Public Distribution System (PDS) in the
1990s waminathan, 2003).

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International trade is viewed as a solution to potentially dampen the blows on food security in nations. While
relatively poor countries can benefit from international trade by receiving subsidies from rich countries, the latter will be
pressured to increase food production capabilities. Rich countries may also struggle with handling food security issues
at the domestic and the foreign level (Kannan, Mahendra Dev, & Narain Sharma, 2000).
Economic and agricultural reforms have proven viable in addressing food security issues like in the case of
China, one of the most populated countries in the world. In 1978, China began reforms in these sectors to ensure food
security for the country and its people. Nutrition-wise, China was able to reduce the number of undernourished people
by seventy million from 1990 to 2000 (Jiang, 2008). Both grain production andd household income increased, creating a
synchronized and self-sufficient domestic environment. Couple these with relevant market and pricing policies, domestic
food security can be relatively achieved at a considerable degree
One of the contributing factors that further cripples and weakens food security both on a domestic and
international level is armed conflict. In the recent decades, internal strife has debilitated food production and supplies in
countries such as Israel, Turkey, and Syria. Armed groups against a legitimate government target to prevent, seize,
and/or destroy food aid that is intended for government armed forces. Farmers are also driven away from their lands
because of conflict, and production is then halted (Choen. Pinstrup-Andersen, 1999). The effects of these
circumstances also spill over ED neighboring countries due to international trade.
Conversely, hunger also leads to conflict and, as mentioned, leads to an increased shortage in food. Food
shortage is not only limited to rural areas but is also an issue plaguing urban sectors especially in countries with internal
conflicts. Lack of food was one of the factors that ignited the French Revolution of 1789 (Choen, Pinstrup-Andersen,
1999) and somehow is resembled by the Venezuelan food crisis in the present era. As the economy of Venezuela
continues to plummet, prices of commodities skyrocket to unreasonable figures. Although the Venezuelan government
sells some food packets at a regulated price, only 12.6 million Venezuelans have access to these packets which is only
about one-third of the total population of the country (Singer, 2018).
Indeed, food plays an integral role in maintaining a healthy, functioning, and even peaceful domestic and
international environment. Therefore, food security must be one of the priorities of any government in the world.
Ensuring that the economy of a country can weather downturns will help cushion the adverse effects of food security
issues. Establishing an international network with countries that can respond to the food security challenges of other
countries is a goal that all members of the international community must strive for.
MODULE 7
Global Citizenship
This module focuses on discussions about the concept of the global village and human social responsibility. It
deals with the overarching concept of global citizenship and the future global village. This also tackles the development
of individuals from national citizenship to global social responsibility and its importance to human society at the
international level.

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LESSON 1
Global Citizenship
This lesson presents the concept of different citizens as .members of a global village.
After the advent of globalization and a multitude of technological advancements, the nations, as well as many
citizens of the world, have closer than they did before. Communication has been made easier with relatively new and
efficient ways of reaching even the former inaccessible parts of the world, and of acquiring and transmitting information
which are quite literally at everyone's fingertips. This constant state of being interconnected brings about the notion of a
global village where citizens of the world are members, not only of their respective home countries, but also of the
global world.
Considering these premises, there must be an ever-developing awareness that decisions and actions in a
domestic level can and will have international repercussions. As global citizens, individuals must be aware of the aider
world; respect and value diversity; have understanding of how the world works economically, politically, socially,
culturally, technologically, and environmentally: outraged social Injustice: participate in and contribute the community at
all levels from local to global; be willing to act to make the world a pore equitable and sustainable place; and take
responsibility for their actions (Douglas, 2001).
These characteristics can all be acquired through education particularly the one that focuses on global and
multicultural aspects Education, in this regard, helps the learner to understand the impact one’s own actions to other
cultures and the effect of other people's action based on a different culture to one's own (Pae, 2003). In brief, glob= rion
opens learners' minds to the multitude of customs, norm and traditions lessening one's prejudices. This is necessary
because, mentioned, the evident interconnectedness and constant interaction ole from all over the world pit individuals
from different nations a cultures against one another. For such interaction to be successful, such induct mentioned
above must be exhibited by a global citizen.
Moreover, the role of microsystems such as families and local unities is of great importance in solidifying a
global perspective. In essence, global education must be holistic and requires the effort not only of the educators but of
parents, peers, and even policy makers (Pae, 2003)
In a sense, this form of education focuses not only on giving learners life skills but also on teaching them the
importance of values which will help them gain a more inclusive perspective of a global community and enable them to
effectively interact with people from other cultures.
Engaging with people of different nationalities with these attributes will be beneficial for the rest of humanity in
the long run since an individual is not only confined to the pursuit of personal interest but also conscious about the lives,
desires, and needs of other individuals hailing from other cultures. It is a fact that some of the world's resources are
running scarce due to the persistent demands of human consumption, Being able to peacefully coexist with one another
with a shared global perspective in mind can enable individuals to efficiently distribute and consume resources without
the need for coercion. Global citizens have a great understanding of the truth that for the global society to survive, one
must do away with myopic and self-centered ideas and must rather take into great consideration the needs of other
individuals.

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Indeed, in this era of interconnectivity between and among human beings, a global perspective is necessary. As
the means of communications and the degree of technology congruently take higher ground, so must the mindset of
individuals living in the relatively same ecosystem, accessing and sharing nearly the same resources, and facing
relatively similar threats and challenges to human existence, be it natural or artificial. Global citizens know that
humankind must acquire a symbiotic relationship with one another for the entire human species and human culture to
survive.

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REFERENCES:
Aldama ,P.A. et .al.( 2018 ). The contemporary world. C.M. Recto Avenue ,Manila: Rex Printing
Incorporated.
Collantes, L. M. et.al. ( 2010 ). Social dimensions of education . Plaridel , Bulacan : St. Andrew
Publishing House.
Ramos, C. R. et. Al ( 2016 ). Introduction to the philosophy of the human person. C.M. Recto
Avenue , Manila : Rex Printing Incorporated.

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ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE

II. COURSE OVERVIEW

III. COURSE STUDY GUIDE:

Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

IV. COURSE STUDY SCHEDULE:

Week Topic Learning Activities Special Instruction

Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

Answer/Perform the Intended Work on the intended learning activity/ in-text

Answer/Perform the Intended Work on the intended learning activity/ in-text

Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

DO NOT WRITE ANYTHING ON THIS

Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

We live in an increasingly interconnected and interdependent world. Globalization touches every

This module is divided into three lessons:

Lesson 1 Globalization: An Introduction

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Differentiate the competing concepts of globalization.

HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following.

 Take your time reading the lessons carefully.

Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

Write a short essay about the picture.

LESSON 1 GLOBALIZATION: IT’S DEFINITION

Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

Intended Learning Activity (ILA)

Answer the following questions.

1. What is your understanding of the term globalization?

2. What is cultural globalization?

3. How is globalization link to military?

4. Which societal factor is most affected by globalization?

Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

LESSON 2: APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Transparency and Limitless

2. Connectivity and Integration

3. The Existence of Science and Technology

Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

We can see that in the era of globalization is also characterized by the

5. Globalization of Economic Activities

6. Competition and Dependency between Developed Countries and Developing

The strong flow of information and technology led to the intense of

Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

Intended Learning Activity

What are the four qualities / characteristics of globalization?

What makes globalization different from other social process?

How would you define Globalization?

Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

LESSON 3 IDEOLOGIES OF GLOBALIZATION

1. Globalization: Process, Condition, or Ideology?

Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

2.2 Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.

2.5 Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world.

2.6 Globalization requires a global war on terror.

Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

2. Give two core claims of globalism and discuss it comprehensively.

Write an essay on this topic: Globalization benefits every nation.

Course Code: Gen. Ed. 107 Instructor:Milagros S. Escalona, MAEd

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

This module divided into four lessons:

Lesson 1: The Globalization of Economic Relations

1. Define economic globalization.

HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following.

 Take your time reading the lessons carefully.