SOCIAL STUDIES MAJORSHIP

PHILIPPINE HISTORY

PRE- COLONIAL PERIOD

Early Customs and Pratices

Government

- The barangay was the Filipino's earliest form of government.

- The term barangay was derived from the Malay word barangay or balangay, which means
sailboat.
- It was consisted of members from 30 to 100 families
- Each barangay was ruled by a datu or village chief who was also known as raha or rajah.

Laws

- Code of Kalantiaw - was a legendary legal code in the epic story Maragtas. It is said to
have been written in 1433 by Datu Kalantiaw
- Umalokohan - The law was written andannounced to the whole barangay by this public
announcer
- The disputes were decided by the “ court” ( chieftain) and “ Jury” (Baranggay elders)

Religion

- Animism -is the religious belief that objects, places and creatures all possess a distinct
spiritual essence
- Filipinos offered prayers and food to their anitos that corresponds to the present saints
- The sacrifices and prayers were performed priests or Priestess called Baylana or katalona

Social Stratification

1. Maharlika – it is the ruling class in pre- colonial of the Philippines. It consist of chiefs
and their familie. In the Tagalog region , they were called Gat or Lakan
2.Timawa/ Freemen- were the feudal warrior class of the ancient Visayan societies of
the Philippines
3. Alipin/ Oripun- refers to the lowest social class among the various cultures of the
Philippines. It has two type namely :
a.Aliping Namamahay- could own a house and live away from the master’s house
(our modern version is the “stay out” helper)
 b Aliping Sagigilid- absolutely had nothing and stayed in the master’s household (our
modern version is the “stay in” helper or kasambahay

Economy

Barter : is where goods and services are exchanged by parties without the use of money

Piloncitos is considered as first monetary system of the country

SPANISH PERIOD

Magellan and Philippines

1. On March 16, 1521, Magellan's expedition landed on Homonhon island in the

Philippines.
2. Magellan has five ships: Trinidad (main ship), San Antonio, Concepcion, Santiago
(smallest ship), Victoria (only one to return to Spain)
3. Limasawa is where the first mass was held in the Philippines which introduced the
Christianity
4. Antonio Pigafetta records the travels of Magellan

Villalobos Expedition

1. Reached the eastern coast of Mindanao, Saranggani Isalnd

2. Naming Tandaya or Kandaya ( Leyte) as “Islas Filipinas in honor of crown prince Philip
II and later on named all around the country

The Legazpi Expedition

1. Had blood compact with Sikatuna and Sigala (Bohol)

2. Ciudad del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus – first Spanish town established in the country;
now known as Cebu City.
3. Urdaneta Passage – Urdaneta, Legazpi’s chief pilot, discovered a route via thePacific
to Navidad, Mexico. This sea lane is later to be used in the Manila-Acapulco galleon
trade.
4. June 3, 1571 – Legazpi became first governor-general of the country.
 5. June 24, 1571 – Manila became the capital city of the Spanish East Indies, and the
second city to be established by Spain.
6. Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Espana – title given to Manila

Colonial Policies

1. Reduccion : essentially meant a forced relocation of small, scattered settlements into

one larger town. The policy was designed for the convenience of administration of the
Spanish colony's population
2 Cabecerras: Resettlement of Filipino communities to form town centers
3. Polo y Servicio : was a practice employed by Spanish colonizers for over 250 years
that required the forced labor of all Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old for 40-day
periods.
4. Tributo : The Filipinos are compelled to pay tax/ tribute to the colonial government.
This tribute menas loyalty to the Spanish Government
5. Falla : Payment to be exempted from Polo
6. Bandala : Assumed the meaning of the annual enforces sale or requisitioning of goods
and government would only give them promisory note

7. Galleon Trade : Also known as Manila Acapulo Trade. Trading was done between
and Manila and Acapulo, Mexico
a. Boleta : ticket to avail Galeon Trade worth of P 250.00
b. It carries spices, porcelain, ivory and silk to be in sold in mexico
8. Encomienda : In 1570 the encomienda was introduced in the Philippines when
Legaspi, in compliance with the decree issued by King Philip II in 1558, distributed lands
in Cebu to loyal Spanish subjects. These men had helped conquer the Philippines.

Governor Generals

Governor Generals Contribution

José Basco y Vargas established the Sociedad Económica de los
Amigos del País, or the Economic Society
of Friends of the Country, which revived
the tobacco industry in the Spanish
Philippines
Diego de Los Rios -was the last Spanish Governor-General of
the Philippines.
-issued in Iloilo a proclamation to the
 people of the Visayas calling on them to
establish a "Council of Reforms"
d. Eulogio Despujol It was during his term when José Rizal,
was sent to Dapitan in Mindanao

e.Camilo de Polavieja Oversaw the court martial and death of

Jose Rizal on December 30, 1896. Twenty
four more people were executed with
Rizal.
f. Narciso Clavería Reformation of calendar
Catalogo alfabetico de apellidos
(Alphabetical catalog of surnames-
providing last names to all inhabitants of
the Philippines.
g. Carlos Maria dela Torre’ He worked for changing the punishment of
flogging Filipino prisoners to a month
in jail, proclaimed freedom of speech,
and even attending a meeting of a rebel
leader, Casimiro Camerino.
h. Ramon Blanco he placed eight provinces under martial
law. These were Manila, Bulacan, Cavite,
Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, Batangas, and
Nueva Ecija.

Rise of the Philippine Nationalism

Nationalism

is a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming
attached to, one's nation.

I. Suez canal

The opening on November 17, 1869 of the Suez canal In Egypt, One of the most important
artificial sea leve waterways in the world, paved the way for the Philippines’ direct commercial
relations with Spain instead of via Mexico.

II. European Liberalism Came To The Philippines:

 John Locke – In his Two Treatises on Government (1869), if a king did not exercise
justly his powers and powers, his subjects had the right to throw him out of position.
  Jean Jacques Rosseau – In his The Social Contract (1762), if a government doesn’t
satisfy the needs of its people, then the people can alter the government to the type of
government they deemed to be rightly established.
 This was when the Age of Enlightenment and French Revolution happened in Europe
.
III. Secularization Movement

Secularization, a transfer of ministries established by the regular clergy to the seculars, became a
political and separatist movement; this paved the way for the Filipinization of the church. The
Spanish never trusted the Filipino friars to head their own ministries.

 Pedro Pelaez – defended the rights of the Filipino Clergy

IV. Liberal regime Of Dela Torre

 He worked for changing the punishment of flogging Filipino prisoners to a month in jail
 He proclaimed freedom of speech and abolish espionage
 attending a meeting of a rebel leader, Casimiro Camerino.

V. Cavite Mutiny

 Gov-Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo- replaced Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre

some months before in 1871 and immediately rescinded Torre’s liberal measures and
imposed his iron-fist rule
 The general who executes the three martyr-priests blamed for the mutiny:
Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, later collectively
called “Gomburza.
 Sgt. Fernando La Madrid – leader of the Mutiny that killed Spanish at Fort Area.
Fearing a general uprising, the Spanish government in Manila sent a regiment under
General Felipe Ginoves to recover the Fort

Revolution

Propaganda Movement

 peaceful crusade or campaign for reforms.

 It was organized and participated by the illustrados.
 Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena are the leaders of the said
movement.
 La Solidaridad official organ and newspaper of the Propaganda
Objectives

 Equality of the Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws.

 Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain.
 Restoration of the Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes

Katipunan

 Bonifacio then founded the “Katastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipuanan ng mga

Anak ng Bayan” (KKK) on July 7, 1892 in a house on Azcarraga street in Tondo Manila
 Leaders are :
 Deodato Arellano -Supremo
 Ladislao Diwa -Fiscal
 Teodora Plata -Secretary
 Valentine Diaz -treasurer
 The “Kataastaasang Sanggunian” (supreme council) was the highest governing body of
the Katipunan. It was headed by a supremo, or president. Each province had a
“Sangguaniang Bayan” (Provincial Council) and each town had a “Sangguniang
Balangay” (Popular Council). Andres Bonifacio -controller

Objectives

 The political goal was to completely separate the Philippines from Spain after declaring
the country’s independence.
 The moral goal was to teach the Filipinos good manners, cleanliness, hygiene, fine
morals, and how to guard themselves against religious fanaticism..
 The civic goal was to encourage Filipinos to help themselves and to defend the poor
oppressed.

Discovery of Katipunan

Teodoro Patiño is a katipunero who got in a fight with fellow katipunero Apolonio de la Cruz
because of the two-peso wage increase in the printing shop of Diario de Manila. Because of this,
Patiño went to his sister Honoria and revealed the secrets and plans of the KKK. Honoria then
went to tell the head nun about this. The nun urged Patiño to tell the secrets to the parish priest.

Cry of Pugadlawin

News about the discovery of the Katipunan spread to Manila and nearby suburbs, and Andres
Bonifacio immediately called for a general meeting. Bonifacio asked his men whether they were
willing to fight to the bitter end. Everyone shouted their approval, except for Teodoro Plata, who
though that it was too soon for a revolution. Heartened by his men’s response, Bonifacio then
asked them to tear their cedulas (residence certificates) to pieces, as a sign of their defiance and
determination to rise against the Spaniards. The men immediately tore up their cedulas, shouting,
Mabuhay ang Pilipinas (long live the Philippines) -known as the Cry of Pugadlawin.

AMERICAN PERIOD

The Military Rule

After Manila fell into the hand of the Americans the country was administered by McKinley the
President of the United States, through military rule.

 Gen. Wesley Merritt

 He was the first military governor ordered by the US President to establish a military
government.
 On 29 August 1898, he was ordered to go to Paris to testify before the peace
commissioner regarding the condition in the Philippines.
 Gen. Elwell Otis
 He succeeded Merritt as military governor
 -Otis remained in his post up to May 1901
 He also continued in command of Eighth Corps during the Philippine–American
War. He conducted the U.S. Army during the Battle of Manila in 1899 and during
the first phase of the insurrection before fighting turned primarily to guerrilla
warfare.
 Gen. Arthur McArthur
 He authorized the expedition, under General Frederick Funston, that resulted in the
capture of Emilio Aguinaldo. MacArthur persuaded the captured Aguinaldo to
cease fighting and to swear allegiance to the United States. He was promoted to
major general in the Regular Army on February 5, 1901.

Military governor’s duties include :

 Pacification of the provinces which had not yet recognized the authority of the U.S.
 Maintenance of peace and order in areas that were already pacified.
 In latter case, he ordered the organization of town and provincial government.
 And also, the introduction of Public School system with some soldiers as teachers.

Establishment of Civil Government

 William Howard Taft

first Civil Governor and also the first lawmaking body of the Philippines under the
Americans, Governor Taft exercised legislative powers

 Francis Burton Harrison

The American Governor General in office when the Philippinization movement started

 Frank Murphy
The last General -Governor of the Philippines under Civil Government

Colonial Policies

a) Schurman Commission
 It is named after its chairman,Dr. Jacob Gould Schurman, who was the
President of Cornell University in New York.
 A month after its arrival,the commission issued the following
recommendations to implement American rule
 the enforcement of American sovereignty over entire Philippines
 (2)training for self-government of the Filipinos compatible with the
maintenance of order and with a wise, just and economical
administration of public affairs
 (3) protection of the civil rights of the Filipinos
 (4) the promotion of the welfare of the Filipinos

b) Taft Commission
 Named after its chairman William Howard Taft, this commission was
instructed by McKinley to establish a Filipino government in accordance
with the customs and traditions of the people.

 Free primary education was to be introduced by the Commission and that

English language is used as a medium of instruction

 “the Americans came to the Philippines not as Conquerors but as a Friend

whose aim was to work for the benefit and welfare of the Filipino people”
c) Sedition Law
 passed in 1901, provided that any Filipino advocating independence or
separation from the US will be severely punished by death or
imprisonment.
d) The Philippine Bill of 1902
  known as the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 or the Cooper Law after its
author Henry A. Cooper that was passed in 1902 by the US Congress
 provided a bill of rights w/c guaranteed the Filipinos the right to speech,
free press and the freedom to petition for the redress of grievances;
 provided Executive departments;
 gave the right to send Two Filipino representatives were also given access
to represent the Philippines in the US, these people were the Resident
Commissioner.
 One of the most important provisions of Cooper Act was the establishment
of a Philippine assemblyto be run by Filipinos two years after the peace
and order had been proclaimed throughout the Philippines by the US
President.
e) Payne Aldrich Tariff Act
 US imported goods have no quota and no tariff; PH exported goods have no
tariff but has a quota
f) Simmons- Underwood Tariff Act

g) Jones Law
 Also known as the Jones Act, the Philippine Autonomy Act
 The law also changed the Philippine Legislature into the Philippines' first
fully elected body and therefore made it more autonomous of the U.S.
Government. The 1902 Philippine Organic Act provided for an elected
lower house (the Philippine Assembly), while the upper house (the
Philippine Commission) was appointed

WORLD HISTORY

Mesopotamia

a) Sumer

 is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia,

modern-day southern Iraq
 . Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates,
  The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of
clay tablets written in cuneiform script.
 Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a
forecourt, with a central pond for purification

b) Akkadian Empire

 It is known that Akkad (also given as Agade) was a city located along the western
bank of the Euphrates River possibly between the cities of Sippar and Kish
 Its founder was Sargon of Akkad (2334–2279 BCE). Under Sargon and his
successors, the Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and
22nd centuries BCE. Akkad is sometimes regarded as the first empire in history.

c) Babylonians

 modern-day Iraq
 Babylon became a major military power under Amorite king Hammurabi, who
ruled from 1792 to 1750 B.C. After Hammurabi conquered neighboring city-
states, he brought much of southern and central Mesopotamia under unified
Babylonian rule, creating an empire called Babylonia.
 He created one of the world’s earliest and most complete written legal codes.
Known as the Code of Hammurabi, it helped Babylon surpass other cities in the
region.
 In 539 B.C., less than a century after its founding, the legendary Persian king
Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon. The fall of Babylon happened when the
empire came under Persian control.

d) Assyrian period

 Assyria was the region located in the ancient Near East which, under the Neo-
Assyrian Empire, reached from Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) through Asia
Minor (modern Turkey) and down through Egypt. The empire began modestly at
the city of Ashur
  Ashurbanipal (668-627 BCE, also known as Assurbanipal) was the last of the
great kings of Assyria
 Ashur Banipal the first library in the world

e) Chaldeans Period

 The Babylonian empire under Nebuchadrezzar extended to the Egyptian border.

 He enlarged the old palace and added many wings, so that hundreds of rooms
with large inner courts were now at the disposal of the central offices of the
empire. Colourful glazed-tile bas-reliefs decorated the walls. Terrace gardens,
called the Hanging Gardens in later accounts, were added.

f) Other Kingdoms
- Hitties
They were the first to introduced the use of Bronze in making arms and other
equipments
- Lydians
They were known to use coins where their leader engraves
- Phoenicians
known as “The Great Merchants of the Ancient World”
Main product: purple textile; came from murex, a shellfish. Only the wealthiest can
buy this product due to the time and effort it takes to get the purple liquid. the first to
make glass bottles
Most important contribution: (Phoenician) alphabet, borrowed later by Greeks
Ba’al – Lord of the Heavens - Ba’alat – Goddess of Byblos

i) Persian Kingdom

Cyrus the Great – their first leader; allowed different religions to exist under his rule

Darius the Great – annexed Iran, Indus valley, and more; this made Persia the most
powerful empire in the ancient world

satrapy – the term for Persia’s provinces; for a higher government’s efficiency. Its
governors are called satrap.
 India

Also known as Harrapan Civilization was an ancient civilization located in what is Pakistan and
northwest India today.Unlike other civilizations, this one is noted by archaeologists to have a
concept of urban planning, like construction of floodways.

Aryan Period

 Aryans are defined as early speakers of Vedic Sanskrit, an Indo-European language that
provided the basis for all the languages in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as well as the
majority those in Europe.
 The Hindu religion is thought to have originated with the Aryans. The Aryans were
originally nature worshipers who revered a number of gods and believed that their gods
represented forces of nature
 Caste system- -
Brahmins – the priests and scholars
Kshatriya – the warrior/army
Vaishya – the merchants and farmers
Sudra – the artisans

Mauryan Empire

- After the death of Alexander the Great (where India is a part of his empire)
Chandragupta Maurya swiftly grabbed the power of governing the easternmost part of
Alexander’s territory from Seleucus I, its governor.

- Chandragupta was advised by Chanakya, author of Arthasastra, a book on statecraft,

economic policy and military strategy.

- Ashoka – Under his rule, Maurya is on its peak.

- After reflecting on the casualties brought by the Kalinga War, Ashoka turned to
Buddhism for self-renewal.

- Buddhism was his personal religion, and it was spread throughout the empire. After he
died, the empire collapsed.

Gupta Empire (the Golden Age of Hinduism)

- founded by Sri Gupta - Aryabhata – discovered that planets rotate on their axis
 - Any religion was allowed. Sanskrit and Hinduism began to develop and to spread. The
courts started to have legal texts and observe formal processes. – Kalidasa -
the greatest poet and dramatist in the Sanskrit language of India

China

The Huang He-Yangtze river

- Huang is the Chinese word for yellow and it refers to the fine, yellow sediments that the river
carries into the floodplains and the sea.
Shang Dynasty Zhou (Chou) Dynasty Qin (Ch’in) Dynasty
- the first to provide a - has the longest reign of any - Shi Huang-ti was 13 y/o when
written history of China dynasty he became the emperor
- oracle bones – proof - exercised feudalism - He exercised autocracy.
that they have a writing - built roads and made coins - He ordered for a Great Wall to
system - made use of iron and bronze for be built for defense against
- practiced animism weapons and farming tools invaders.
- Confucius was born.
Han Dynasty Sui Dynasty Tang Dynasty
- founded by Liu Pang; he exercised - a shortlived dynasty, but - founded by Li Yuan
a centralized government. laid the foundations for the - Tang Tai-tsung –
- Under Wu Ti’s rule, the civil Golden Age of China known as Tang’s greatest
service examination started. - Under Yang Ti’s rule, the emperor
- Paper was discovered. Silk Road Grand Canal was built. It - Li Po, Tu Fu – great
became known. connected the Yangtze and writers
- Ssu-ma Chien – the first great Huang He rivers. - Buddhism spreads.
historian of China - Golden Age of China

Sung Dynasty Yuan Dynasty

- founded by Sung Tai-tsu – Kublai Khan successfully invaded China
- discovery of magnetic compass, paper printing, in 1729.
and gunpowder - Marco Polo – became a court official
under Khan

Africa

Middle Kingdom (around 2040-1640 BCE)

 Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II – first ruler of the Middle Kingdom

 Amenemhet II started coregency or a joint ruling, with his son Senusret I
  Hyksos successfully invaded Egypt. Ahmose was able to crush the invaders after some
time.

New Kingdom

 Ahmose introduced a centralized government.

 Amenhotep IV introduced monotheism; their god was known as Aton. Amenhotep IV
changed his name into Akhenaton.
 Sphinx - a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a human

In the mid-fourth century B.C., the Persians again attacked Egypt, reviving their empire under
Ataxerxes III in 343 B.C. Barely a decade later, in 332 B.C., Alexander the Great of Macedonia
defeated the armies of the Persian Empire and conquered Egypt.

Meso American

Olmec

The first elaborate pre-Columbian civilization of Mesoamerica (c. 1200–400 BCE) and one that
is thought to have set many of the fundamental patterns evinced by later American Indian
cultures of Mexico and Central America, notably the Maya and the Aztec.

In the late 20th century a stone slab engraved with symbols that appear to have been the Olmec
writing system (sometimes called epi-Olmec, or Isthmian) was discovered in the village of
Cascajal, near San Lorenzo

Aztec

Tenochtitlan

The Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan on the western shore of Lake Texcoco flourished so that the
city could boast at least 200,000 inhabitants by the early 16th century CE, making it the largest
city in the Pre-Columbian Americas

. Incas

Was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.

The basic unit of Inca society was the village, or neighborhood, in which the residents thought of
each other as at least distantly related. Marriage was within the neighborhood. Villages, as well
as towns with two or more neighborhood units, were grouped into provinces. The empire as a
whole was divided into four quarters, with the capital, Cuzco, at the center.
Mayans

Mayan peoples began to settle in the Yucatan area of what is now Mexico between 2600 BC and
1800 BC.

Some of the major cities were Tikal, Copan, Chunchucmil, Bonampak, and Palenque.

Turning points in the History

Dark ages

is a term often used synonymously with the Middle Ages. It refers to the period of time between
the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the Italian Renaissance and the Age of
Discovery.

Holy roman empire or Byzantine empire,

The Byzantine Empire, often called the Eastern Roman Empire or simply Byzantium, existed
from 330 to 1453 CE. With its capital founded at Constantinople by Constantine I (r. 306-337
CE)

The Byzantine Empire was the longest-lasting medieval power, and its influence continues
today, especially in the religion, art, architecture, and law of many Western states, Eastern and
Central Europe, and Russia.

Renaissance

The Renaissance, a vibrant period of European cultural, artistic, political and scientific “rebirth”
after the Middle Ages, was led by people including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo,
Machiavelli and the Medici family.

Prominent figures of the period included philosopher and statesman Niccolò Machiavelli, known
for the political treatise The Prince; Francis Bacon, a statesman and philosopher considered the
master of the English tongue; the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who developed the theory
that the solar system was centred on the Sun; the poets Petrarch and Giovanni Boccaccio, who
laid the foundations for the humanism of the Renaissance; William Shakespeare, considered the
greatest dramatist of all time; astronomer and mathematician Galileo, who helped disprove much
of the medieval thinking in science; and the explorers Christopher Columbus, Ferdinand
Magellan, and Hernán Cortés.

Industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century, when agricultural societies became more
industrialized and urban. The transcontinental railroad, the cotton gin, electricity and other
inventions permanently changed society

Imperialism

state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct
territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. Because it
always involves the use of power, whether military force or some subtler form, imperialism has
often been considered morally reprehensible, and the term is frequently employed in
international propaganda to denounce and discredit an opponent’s foreign policy.

World War 1

Also called First World War or Great War, an international conflict that in 1914–18 embroiled
most of the nations of Europe along with Russia, the United States, the Middle East, and other
regions. The war pitted the Central Powers—mainly Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey—
against the Allies—mainly France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and, from 1917, the
United States. It ended with the defeat of the Central Powers.

World war II

Also called Second World War, conflict that involved virtually every part of the world during the
years 1939–45. The principal belligerents were the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—
and the Allies—France, Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser
extent, China. The war was in many respects a continuation, after an uneasy 20-year hiatus, of
the disputes left unsettled by World War I. The 40,000,000–50,000,000 deaths incurred in World
War II make it the bloodiest conflict, as well as the largest war, in history.

Cold war

The open yet restricted rivalry that developed after World War II between the United States and
the Soviet Union and their respective allies

The Arms Race

As an ideological “Iron Curtain” cut the Soviet Union and its satellite states off from the rest of
Europe, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. engaged in an arms race, pouring trillions of dollars into
accumulating nuclear arsenals and racing to explore space. By 1962, both countries had missile
defenses pointed at one another. That year, the Cuban Missile Crisis brought both countries
closer to actual conflict than any other event in the Cold War.

Globalization
 Is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies, cultures,
and populations, brought about by cross-border trade in goods and services, technology, and
flows of investment, people, and information.

International Organizations

1. World Health Organization (WHO)

- is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international
public health.
2. World Bank (WB)
- is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world
for capital projects. It comprises two institutions: the International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the International Development
Association (IDA). The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group
3. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
- Its declared purpose is to contribute to peace and security by promoting international
collaboration through educational, scientific, and cultural reforms in order to increase
universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with
fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charte
4. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- is an international organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., consisting of 189
countries working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability,
facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic
growth, and reduce poverty around the world
5. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
- to provide emergency food and healthcare to children and mothers in countries that
had been devastated by World War II.
6. World Trade Organization
- is an intergovernmental organization that is concerned with the regulation of
international trade between nations.
7. ASEAN
- is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten countries in Southeast
Asia, which promotes intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates economic,
 political, security, military, educational, and sociocultural integration among its
members and other countries in Asia.
8. OPEC
- Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is an intergovernmental
organization of 14 nations, founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members
(Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela), and headquartered since 1965 in
Vienna, Austria. As of September 2018, the then 14 member countries accounted for
an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 81.5 percent of the world's
"proven" oil reserves, giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were
previously determined by the so called "Seven Sisters” grouping of multinational oil
companies.

APEC

- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an inter-governmental forum for 21

Pacific Rim member economies[2] that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-
Pacific region

Important Treaties

Treaty of Tordesillas

- agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly
discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century
voyagers.

The Peace of Westphalia

- refers to the pair of treaties (the Treaty of Münster and the Treaty of Osnabrück)
signed in October and May 1648 which ended both the Thirty Years' War and the
Eighty Years' War. The treaties were signed on October 24 and May 15, 1648 and
involved the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes, Spain,
France, Sweden and representatives from the Dutch republic. The Treaty of the
 Pyrenees, signed in 1659, ending the war between France and Spain, is also often
considered part of the treaty

The Treaty of Paris

- was a treaty signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, that ended
the Spanish–American War. In the treaty, Spain relinquished all claim of sovereignty
over and title to Cuba, and ceded Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines to the
United States. The cession of the Philippines involved a compensation of $20 million
from the United States to Spain.

The Congress of Vienna

- marked the establishment of a new political and legal order for Europe after more
than two decades of turmoil and war following the French Revolution. The defeat of
Napoleon (1769–1821) in 1813–1814 by a huge coalition of powers under the
leadership of Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia gave the victorious powers an
opportunity to stabilise Europe. This they intended to do by containing the power of
France and recreating the balance between the great powers.

Treaty of Versailles

- peace document signed at the end of World War I by the Allied and associated
powers and by Germany in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, France, on
June 28, 1919; it took force on January 10, 1920.

Treaty of Constantinople

- Secret World War I agreement between Russia, Britain, and France for the postwar
partition of the Ottoman Empire. It promised to satisfy Russia’s long-standing designs
on the Turkish Straits by giving Russia Constantinople (Istanbul), together with a
portion of the hinterland on either coast in Thrace and Asia Minor. Constantinople,
however, was to be a free port. In return, Russia consented to British and French
plans for territories or for spheres of influence in new Muslim states in the Middle
Eastern parts of the Ottoman Empire

ECONOMICS

Types of Economics

 Traditional Economics:
 Its is the most basic type of economics. It focuses exclusively on goods and
services that are directly related to its beliefs, customs, and traditions.
 Command Economic System
 The command economic system is also known as the centrally planned economy.
In this economic system, the government owns and runs all central resources.
the government is not only involved in making all decisions but it is also included
in the price formulation and control.
 Market Economic System
 This type of system was first proposed and promulgated by Adam Smith.
 It also makes good use of the Laissez-faire belief that a market will work best
under no government interruptions
 The prices of the products are also not determined any artificially created
structures.
 Mixed Economic System
 combines the command economy and free market economy, so it has the features
of both of these two economic systems.

Market Structure

 Perfect Competition
 is a market structure where a large number of buyers and sellers are present.
 all are engaged in the buying and selling of the homogeneous products at a
single price prevailing in the market.
 Monopolistic Competition
 there are a large number of firms that produce differentiated products which are
close substitutes for each other.
 certain degree of market power which allows them to charge higher prices
within a certain range.

 Oligopoly
 there are only a few firms in the market.
 The firms in this case either compete with another to collaborate together, They
use their market influence to set the prices and in turn maximize their profits
 Monopoly
 there is only one seller, so a single firm will control the entire market.
 The firms can influence the price of a product and hence, these are price
makers, not the price takers.

Classical Economist

1.John Stuart Mill :

 stated supply and demand as a relationship rather than just two quantities
 was also known with the Economic Philosophy ‘Utilitarianism”

2. Jean-Baptiste Say
  known for his contribution to Say's Law of Markets, also referred to as his
Theory of Markets

3. Adam Smith

 wrote the book, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of
Nations, (considered to be the first modern work of economics)
 Smith changed the import/export business, created the concept of what is
now known as the gross domestic product (GDP).
 The Theory Of Moral Sentiments

4. Jeremy Bentham

 also known with the Economic Philosophy ‘Utilitarianism”

 “It is the greatest happiness of the greatest number that is the measure of
right and wrong.

5. David Ricardo

 best known for his theory on wages and profit, labor theory of value, theory
of comparative advantage, and theory of rents.

6. Thomas Malthus

 wrote the Theory on Population which states that the human population will
surpass the limit where the world’s resources can sustain human life.

Neoclassical Economists

1. Alfred Marshall
 wrote Principles of Economics (1890) and compiled the concepts of supply
and demand, marginal utility, and costs of production
2. John Maynard Keynes
 wrote the book The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money
and this became the basis of the field of macroeconomics

Microeconomics

Law of Supply
states that a higher price leads to a higher quantity supplied and that a lower price
leads to a lower quantity supplied.

Law of Demand

states that quantity purchased varies inversely with price. In other words, the higher
the price, the lower the quantity demanded.

Factors affecting Supply and Demand

 Supply
 Price
 Cost of Production:
 Natural Conditions:
 Technology
 Transport Conditions

 Demand

 Normal Goods: A product whose demand rises when income rises, and
vice versa
 Inferior Goods: product whose demand falls when income rises, and
vice versa
 Changing tastes or preferences
 Changes in the composition of the population
 Related goods ( substitute goods and complements)

Factors of Production

1. Land: refers to all-natural resources. These resources are gifts that are given by
nature. Some typical examples of natural resources are water, oil, copper, natural gas,
coal, and forests.

2. Labor: is the work done by people. The value of the workforce depends on
workers' education, skills, and motivation. It also depends on productivity. That
measures how much each hour of worker time produces in output

3. Entrepreneur : is someone who takes on risk and brings the other three factors of
production together. Entrepreneurs are a vital engine of economic growth helping to
build some of the largest firms in the world as well as some of the small businesses in
your neighborhood.

4. Capital : Here capital refers to manufactured resources such as factories and

machines. These are man-made goods used in the production of other goods. Their
use in commercial production is what separates them from consumer goods

Elasticity

 The degree to which demand or supply reacts to a change in price is.

Price elasticity

 is used by economists to understand how supply or demand

Price elasticity of demand

 is an economic measure of the change in the quantity demanded or purchased

of a product in relation to its price change.

Income elasticity of demand

 measures the responsiveness of the quantity demanded for a good or service to

a change in income.

Utility

refers to the total satisfaction received from consuming a good or service.

Total utility (TU)

 is defined as the total amount of satisfaction that a person can receive from the
consumption of all units of a specific product or service.

Marginal utility (MU)

 Is defined as the additional utility gained from the consumption of one

additional unit of a good or service.

Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility

  The Law Of Diminishing Marginal Utility states that all else equal as
consumption increases the marginal utility derived from each additional
unit declines.

Macroeconomics

Gross domestic product (GDP) Gross national product (GNP)

is the value of a nation's finished domestic
goods and services during a specific time
period.
Measures only domestic production
To study the outlines of the domestic
Economy
is the value of all finished goods and services
owned by a country's residents over a period
of time.
Measures production by the nationala
To study how the residents are contributing
towards the economy

Imports:

 is a good brought into a jurisdiction, especially across a national border,

from an external source.

Exports:

 are the goods and services produced in one country and purchased by
residents of another country. It doesn't matter what the good or service is.

Taxation

 refers to the practice of a government collecting money from its citizens

to pay for public services.

Classification of Taxes

1. Direct taxes – Taxes levied on people and they pay the tax directly to a
tax-collecting agency
2. Indirect taxes – Taxes levied against goods/services and on people
indirectly

System of Taxation
 1. Regressive Tax - The rate of taxation decreases as the income of taxpayers
increases.

2. Progressive Tax – The rate of taxation increases as the income of taxpayer

increases.

3. Proportional Tax – The rate of taxation is in proportion to the income of

taxpayer.

Types of Tax

a. Income tax – tax imposed on incomes of individuals and businesses

b. Personal income tax – Tax on incomes earned by individuals

d. Realty tax – Tax imposed on property

e. Estate tax – Tax paid by the heirs of inherited property

h. Tariff – Tax imposed on imports from foreign countries

i. Ad valorem tax – Tax imposed on luxury imported goods

j. Sin tax – Tax imported alcoholic liquors and cigarettes

k. Value Added Tax – Tax making the price of goods higher; originally set at
10% of the value of the good/service; With Expanded Value Added Tax, it is now
at 12%

POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

Origin of State

 Divine Rights – State is made by God

 Necessity or Force theory - state is created by some great force or warrior
 Social Contract theory – Voluntary compact of the people to create a state.
 Paternalistic theory – Origin form the family

State and Nation.

 Nation - refers to a group of people who shared culture, values, folkways, religion
and/or language/Ethnic Concept

 State - just refers to land with a sovereign government and people/Legal concept
When we combine the two, we can say that Nation-State refers to a group of people with one
history, language, culture, who were able to establish their own governments and sovereignty

Element of The State

 Territory – portion of land, water and airspace that subject to jurisdiction of the state

 People – All person living within the state during the whole time of the existence of the
state.

 Government – agency in which the will of the state is formulated and expressed

 Sovereignty. The supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to their
people. It is freedom from foreign control.

State Distinguished from Government

 It is presumed that the Act of the Government is also the act of the state.

 The Government is only the instrument/agency in which the state articulates its will.

 State cannot exist without the government, but it is possible to have government without
the State. Example is during the Spanish and American Regime.

Inherent Power of The State

 Power of Eminent Domain - Acquisition of Privately-owned land for Public purposes.

 Police Power - power of the state to create rules and regulation for the public health,
public moral, public safety and general welfare of its people.

 Power of taxation. Power to collect monetary contribution of the people to the

government. Tax Collection

Forms of The Government

 Monarchy –The King and Queen/Monarchs

  Absolute Monarchy – Monarchs hold the supreme power and made all the decision.

 Limited Monarchy - Ruler rules according to the Constitution. Also known as

Constitutional Monarchy

 Aristocracy. Elite Political power is exercised by a few privilege elite

 Oligarchy – government of few/selected few., where power resides on the individual for
corrupt and selfish purposes.
 Democracy – Political power is vested on the majority of people.
 Direct or Pure Democracy – Whereas decisions are made directly from the people
 Indirect or representative Democracy – Decision are done through medium of delegates
or representative. People will vote their representative in the Government.
 Unitary Government – wherein the power is within the authority of the national government.
 Federal Government – wherein the power of the government is divided between two set of
organs. One for the National affairs and Local Affairs. Each organ is supreme within its own
sphere.
 Communism – No Private Property. Everything is own by the Government.
 Meritocracy – Leadership by Talent.
 Presidential – The president holds executive powers only.
 Parliamentary – The presidents hold Executive and Legislative Power

Type of Constitution.

1. Written Constitution – kind of constitution wherein all provision are listed and
define in a single document. Example is the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines.

2. Unwritten Constitution – Opposite of Written constitution, All provisions are not

contained in a single paper but rather in different document.

3. Enacted Constitution or Conventional – Constitution made by deliberation of the

Constitutional Commission that is chosen to create and draft the Law of the Land.

4. Rigid or Inelastic – One that cannot easily amend or revise.

5. Flexible or elastic – one that can easily changed anytime.

Based on the foregoing kind of constitution, it is correct to say that 1987 Philippine Constitution
is a Written, Enacted and Rigid Constitution.
Part of Constitution

1. Constitution of Government – refers to those provision which define the power of any
instrumentality of the Government. Legislative, Executive and Judicial Part of the
Government a

2. Constitution of Liberty - refers to those provision which define the right of the people.
Bill of Rights a good example.

3. Constitution of Sovereignty – Refers to those provision which outline the process by

which the people can revise/amend the constitution.

Constitutions of the Philippines

 Malolos Constitution

 1935 Constitution or Commonwealth Constitution

 1943 Constitution or Japanese Sponsored Republic

 1973 Constitution

 1987 Constitution

Highlights of 1987 constitution

 Fixed Term of six years for President

 President power to appoint is subject to confirm by Commission of Appointment

 Power of the President to declare Martial Law is subject to the approval of the Congress

 Senators have 2 terms while the Congressman has 3 terms

 Member of the Judiciary should be recommended by Judicial Bar Council

Types of writs

 Writ of Habeas Corpus – a court order that commands the government or law
enforcement to bring the prisoner before the court for justification of the legality of
custody or detaining.
 Writ of Amparo- legal remedy for the protection of life, liberty and security.
 Writ of Habeas Data – Legal remedy available to any person who suffer from unlawful
search or gathering of any information
  Writ of Kalikasan – writ for the protection and preservation of the environment.
 Writ of Certiorari – writ issued by higher court requiring the lower court the elevate the
case to them for the purpose of review.
 Writ of Prohibition – order form the superior court to prohibits the lower court for further
proceeding in an action or matter.
 Writ of Mandamus – order from the superior court requiring the lower court to do their
duty.
 Writ of Quo warranto–order in which the legality of the individual to the government
position is questioned and challenged.

BILL OF RIGHTS

Bill of Rights or The Charter of Liberty is the enumeration of person basic rights and privileges
which is guaranteed by the Constitution to protect a person in any form of abuses and
discrimination by the state agents.

Natural Rights: rights that believe it is important for all animals or even living beings to have
out of natural law. These rights are often viewed as unalienable, meaning they can almost never
be taken away

Statutory Rights : is a right granted under a statute, whether federal or state. Statutory means
relating to statutes, which are laws enacted by a legislature or other governing body

Constitutional Right : is a right or freedom which is guaranteed to citizens by that country's

constitution.

 Civil Rights
 Political Rights
 Social and Economic rights
 Right of the Accused

Three Branches of Government

Executive Legislative Judiciary

- Is the power to apply
The branch of the The authority under the law contest and
department that the constitution to disputes concerning
executes the law make laws and alter legally recognize
rights between the
state and private
person
Separation of power

Each branch of Government is co-equal with each other and independent on their decision
pertaining to their own sphere. One cannot meddle the function of another because they have the
same authority and assume that they can decide in their own. But Separation of Power is not
absolute

Principle of check and balances.

Each Branch has some check to one another to avoid abuse of power.

Executive Check (Check by the President).

✓ Veto Power of the President

✓ Pardoning power of the president

✓ Approved the appoint of Chief Justice

Legislative Check (Check by the Congress)

✓ Override the Veto of the President

✓ Reject certain or some appointment of the President

✓ Revoke the proclamation of Martial Law.

✓ Screen some International treaties of the President

✓ Prescribe the qualification of lower court judges

Judicial Check (Check by the Judiciary)

✓ Declaring the act of the President and congress as unconstitutional

✓ The Guardian of the Constitution.

✓ The Court of the Last Resort

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

Qualification
1. natural born Filipino;
2. a registered voter;
3. must be able to read and write;
4. 40 years of age at the day of the election; and
5. must have resided in the Philippines ten years before the election is held. POWERS OF THE
PRESIDENT Power of control over the executive branch control over all the executive
departments, bureaus, and offices Power ordinance power - power to give executive issuances
 Executive orders -
 Administrative orders
 Proclamations
 Memorandum orders
 Memorandum circulars
 General or special orders Powers of eminent domain Power to reserve lands of the public
and private domain of the government — Power over ill-gotten wealth Power of
appointment Power of general supervision over local governments

Term of offices of the president and vice president

The President and Vice President shall serve for not more than 6 years with no re-election.
Contrary to the previous ruling in the 1935 Constitution that the president may serve for 4 years
with one re-election. The framers of the Constitution absolutely prohibit the reelection of the
President and Vice President because of the lesson of the Martial law when former President
Marcos had stayed in office for more than 20 years.

Powers

 Declare martial law and suspend the writ of habeas corpus

 To grant pardon, reprieve, commutation.
 Commutation – it is reduction of the sentence imposed to a lesser punishment (De
Leon 2014)
 Pardon – it is the act of grace of the president that can free a person from
punishment
 Reprieve – a postponement of execution of death sentence to a certain date
(Deleon, 2014)

Pardon Amnesty
Act of the President Alone Act of the President and Congress
Forgiveness Forgetful
Private act of the President Public act of the President.
 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

Power of the Congress

 Specific Power
 To promote president in case of tie
 To Promote Social Justice
 To approve the existence of war
 To impeach
 Implied Power (In aid of Legislation)
 Inherent Power (Police power, Eminent Domain, Taxation)

Senate – 24 Senators

Qualification:

 Natural Born Citizen

 35 years of Age
 Read and Write
 Resident of the Philippine for not less than 2 years
 Maximum Term: 6 years, 2 consecutive terms only

House of Representative

 Natural Born Citizen

 25 years of Age
 Read and Write
 Maximum term: 9 years, 3 consecutive terms only.

Freedom from arrest of member of congress

Every member of the congress is vested of the immunity from arrest while the congress is in
session. This is to not to hinder them on performance of their duty which is to create law for the
welfare of the People. But immunity form arrest is not absolute.

When immunity cannot be invoked

 If the offense is punishable of more than 6 years imprisonment.

 Congress in no longer in session

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

Qualification of member of supreme court ( 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associated Justices)

  Natural Born Filipino
 40 years of Age
 15 years of practice of Law, Judge or Not

Appointment of supreme court and lower court judges

1. A list of three nominees prepared by Judicial Bar Council

2. Should be approved the President of the Philippines

3. For Judges of lower court, the approval shall be made within 90 days.

✓ Note: The President cannot appoint anyone outside the list of the JBC but he/she can ask for
more additional nominees.

Scope of Judicial Review

 Adjudicatory Power
 To settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and
enforceable
 If there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of
jurisdiction on any part or instrumentality of the government
 Judicial Review – to declare the act of the executive or legislative as unconstitutional.
 Incidental powers – power to punish person

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

This refers to a political subdivision of a nation or state which is constituted by law and has
substantial control of local affairs with official elected or otherwise locally selected (De Leon,
2014)

Local Autonomy - is the exercise of certain basic powers, police power, power of eminent
domain and taxing power by local government units so as to best serve the interest and promote
the general well-being of their inhabitants.

Powers of the Local Governments

 To have continuous succession in its corporate name

 To sue and be sued
 To acquire and convey real or personal properties
 To enter in contract

Local Government Units in the Philippines

  Baranggay
 Municipality
 City
 Province
 Autonomous Region

ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

Meaning of Public Office and Officer

Public office – it is the right, authority, and duty created and conferred by Law by which, for a
given period either fixed by Law, or enduring at the pleasure of the appointing power, an
individual is invested with some portion of the sovereign function of the Government to be
exercise by him for the benefit of the public (De Leon, 2014)

Public Office Is A Public Trust

1. Significance of a Constitutional Declaration

2. Standard required of public servant

 He is truth
 Act with Patriotism
 Act with Justice
 Lead Modest lives

3. Conflict of Interest to be avoided

4. Prohibition or Disabilities on certain officials.

Impeachment

It the process wherein the President, Vice President, Member of the supreme court, Member of
the Constitutional commission and ombudsman, may be remove form office if they commit
impeachable offence as prescribe in the constitution.

Grounds for Impeachment

 Culpable Violation of the Constitution –

 Treason
  Bribery
 Graft and Corruption
 Betrayal of Public Trust
 Other High Crimes

Power to initiate and try Impeachment Case

The House of Representatives serve as the initiating body in the Impeachment Case. After that,
the Senate has the power to try and serve as Impeachment court.

Penalty in impeachment case

Only removal from office and disqualification to any office under the state are the penalty
imposed by the official. However, the convicted party may still face charges after the
impeachment and may be still face different trial in the court of Law.

EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ARTS, CULTURE AND SPORTS

Compulsory elementary education for all children of school age.

The constitution provides that children of school age should enjoy the education as it is
necessary to their character and mind formation. It also seeks to lessen the case of child social
issues such as child labor, prostitution or even child who has conflict with Law. The High school
level school be encouraged and free for children.

Optional religious instruction in public elementary and high school to be allowed

The Constitution expressly ordains that subject related to religion shall only be taught if met the
following requirements;

1. It should be within the regular class hour

2. The Parents and Guardian must have permission express in writing about the religion
subject to be taught be their children.
3. The instruction must be designated or approved by the religious authorities
4. No addition cost by the government for such teaching

Academic Freedom of the teachers.

It refers to the freedom of College professors to investigate and discussion it ow scientific

breakthrough, discovery or conclusion through any proper means of dissemination such as
publication without any interference. They also enjoy to innovate or experiment instructional
method which can fit to the students and enjoy the freedom to pursue further education.
Academic Freedom to the Students.

Student should enjoy the freedom to express their thoughts and emotion pertaining to the school
policies and program. They also entitle to form association, not contrary to the law, that have
programs beneficial to the welfare of the school and students. Academic freedom of the students,
however, are still subject to reasonable supervision of the school as to ensure that it is not
inconsistent with the existing Law.

GEOGRAPHY

SLOGAN/ NICKNAMES OF DIFFERENT PLACES (PHILIPPINES)

NCR: Ilocos Region Cordillera Cagayan Valley

(Region I) Administrative (Region II)
Region (CAR)

Caloocan City Laoag City, Ilocos Baguio City Aglipay

The City of Heroes Norte Convention City The Heart of Quirino
Cradle of Northernmost City of Artists Heaven
Katipunan the Philippines Little America Cabatuan
Land of the Golden
City of Manila Alaminos City Banaue Grains
The Queen City of The Hundred Islander The site of the
the Pacific Capital of the World UNESCO World Ilagan City
Heritage Site, the The Center of Eco-
Pasay City Vigan City, Ilocos Sur Batad Rice Terraces Tourism Adventure
Asian City The Heritage City of the and Bangaan Rice in Region 2
Japanese City of Philippines Terraces
the Philippines Santa Teresita
Vintar La Trinidad Youngest Town of
Muntinlupa City Area of Mighty Eagles Salad Bowl of the Cagayan
The Emerald City Philippines
of the Philippines Bani
Golden West Sagada
Valenzuela City Home of the world
The Vibrant City famous hanging
The City of coffins
Discipline
Central Luzon Southern Tagalog Mimaropa(Region Bicol Region
(Region III) Mainland or 4B) (Region 5)
Calabarzon
(Region IV-A)
Angeles City Boac, Marinduque Barcelona, Sorsogon
City of Angels Angono,Rizal The Heart's Capital Little Switzerland of
Entertainment Arts Capital of the Asia
Capital of the Philippines El Nido
Philippines Palawan Donsol,Sorsogon
Antipolo City,Rizal Gateway to Wild Whale Shark Capital
Baler The Pilgrimage City of Adventure of the World
The Birthplace of the Philippines Heaven on Earth
Philippine Surfing The City in the Sky Masbate City
Pinamalayan,Oriental Masbate
Bocaue Bacoor City Cavite Mindoro City of Hearts
Fireworks Capital City of Transformation Rainbow City Rodeo Capital of the
of the Philippines Philippines
Batangas City Batangas Puerto Melting Pot of
City of San Industrial Port City of Galera,Oriental Diverse Cultures and
Fernando Calabarzon Mindoro Traditions in Central
The Christmas Tourist City of the Past, The World's Most Philippines
City of the Present and Future Beautiful Bay
Philippines Poor Man's Boracay
Puerto Princesa
City,Palawan
The Eco-Tourism
Capital of the
Philippines
The City in the Forest

Western Visayas Central Visayas Eastern Visayas Zamboanga

(Region 6) (Region 7) (Region 8) Peninsula (Region 9)

Bacolod City, Bantayan,Cebu Baybay City,Leyte Baliguian,Zamboanga

Negros Occidental Holy Week Celebration A Place of del Norte
The City of Smiles Capital of the World Discovery, Beauty Philippine Eagle
and Serenity Capital of Zanorte
Carles Iloilo Carcar City,Cebu
True Alaska of the Heritage City of Cebu Calbayog City,
Philippines Little Marikina of Cebu Samar Zamboanga City
City of Waterfalls The City of Flowers
Iloilo City,Iloilo Cebu City,Cebu The City of Asia's Latin City
The Most Loyal The Queen City of the Pilgrimage The Sardines Capital
and Noble City South (de facto) The City of Heritage of the Philippines
The City of Love Oldest City in the
Festival Capital of Philippines Guiuan Eastern Ipil,Zamboanga
the Philippines First Capital of the SamarMagellan's SibugayHeart of
Philippines First Landing Site Zamboanga Peninsula
Roxas City,Capiz (Homonhon)
Seafood Capital of
the Philippines Tacloban City Leyte
Manjuyod,Negros Queen City of the Pagadian
Sipalay Oriental Orient Seas City,Zamboanga del
City,Negros Maldives of the City of Hope Sur
Occidental Philippines The Little Hong
The Jewel of The Kong of the South
Sugar Island Siquijor
The "Little The Mystical Town
Boracay" Tagbilaran City
Bohol
City of Peace and
Friendship

Tanjay City,Negros
Oriental
City of Professionals
City of Music and Fun
City of Lights

Northern Davao Region Soccsksargen Caraga Region

Mindanao (Region 11) (Region 12) (Region 13)
(Region 10)

Davao City,Davao del General Santos City Bayugan City,

Cagayan de Oro Sur The Tuna Capital of Agusan del Sur
City,Misamis Crown Jewel of the Philippines Timberland City
Oriental Mindanao
The City of Fruit Basket of the Maitum,Sarangani Bislig City,Surigao
Golden Friendship Philippines Sarangani's Cradle of del Sur
The Heart of Philippines' Little Japan Civilization The Organic City of
Northern Asia
Mindanao Digos City,Davao del Tacurong City,Sultan The Model City for
Adventure Capital Sur Kudarat Organic Agriculture
of the Philippines Gate City of the South The City of Goodwill in the Philippines by
The Gateway to Champion City of Good Commercial Center 2020
the Land of Governance of Sultan Kudarat
Promise General Luna,Surigao
Nabunturan,Compostela del Norte
El Salvador Valley Surfing Capital of the
City,Misamis Home of the Biggest Philippines
Oriental Gold Ring in the
The City of Mercy Philippines
or "City of The
Saviour" Tagum City,Davao del
Christ City of the sur
Philippines Palm City of the
Philippines
Gingoog City City of Golden
Misamis Oriental Opportunities
The City of Good The Little Green
Luck Singapore of the South

Types of Maps Themes of Geography

 Physical map:
It display the physical features of a
place, including land and water
features such as mountains, plains,
rivers, and oceans.
 Topographic map:
It displays physical features, using
contour lines instead of color to show
changes in the landscape, such as
elevation
 Road map:
It is used to show highways and
roads with varying levels of detail, as
well as important natural and
manmade locations such as
connecting cities or national parks.
 Climate map:
It convey information about the
climate conditions of an area,
including temperature and
precipitation
 Political map:
It is used to display artificial
boundaries such as state or national
borders, as well as cities and
sometimes bodies of water.
 Economic map:
It displays the arrangement of natural
resources and economic activity
within a place.
Kinds of Location
 Relative : refers to the position of a
place or entity based on its location
with respect to other locations.
 Absolute: is a description of the exact
 Location
is defined as a particular place or
position.
 Place:
refers to the physical and human
aspects of a location. This theme of
geography is associated with toponym
(the name of a place), site (the
description of the features of the place),
and situation (the environmental
conditions of the place).
 Movement:
deals with studies of population
immigration, emigration, and
distribution in the countries of the
world. Another aspect of movement is
the transport of goods from one place
on the Earth to another. In other words,
it is the study of human trade, a
practice that has shaped human
civilizations and cultures since the time
the first Homo sapiens emerged.
 Region:
An area on the planet that is composed
of places with a unifying characteristic
is a region, one of the five themes of
geography. A region is defined by its
uniform physical or human
characteristics.
 Human/Environment Interactions
Human have impact every area of the
earth, but in varying ways. The
geography of places is influenced by
the degree to which humans have
impacted their local environment.
Kinds of Direction
 Cardinal : are the directions north, east,
south, and west, commonly denoted by
their initials N, E, S, and W
 Intermediate / intercardinal/ Ordinal
 site on an objective coordinate directions are northeast (NE), southeast
system, such as a grid. It is the (SE), southwest (SW), and northwest
latitude and longitude of a specific (NW).
place.

Parts of the Globe

1. Latitude lines - Imaginary lines running horizontally around the globe. Also called
parallels, latitude lines are equidistant from each other.
2. Longitude lines - Imaginary lines, also called meridians, running vertically around the
globe. Unlike latitude lines, longitude lines are not parallel. Meridians meet at the poles and
are widest apart at the equator. Zero degrees longitude (0°) is called the prime meridian.
hemisphere
3. Hemisphere - is half the Earth's surface. The four hemispheres are the Northern and
Southern hemispheres, divided by the equator (0° latitude), and the Eastern and Western
hemispheres, divided by the prime meridian (0° longitude) and the International Date Line
(180°)
4. Equator - Zero degrees latitude. The Sun is directly overhead the equator at noon on the
two equinoxes (March and Sept. 20 or 21). The equator divides the globe into the Northern
and Southern hemispheres
5. Prime meridian -Zero degrees longitude (0°). The prime meridian runs through the Royal
Greenwich Observatory in Greenwich, England (the location was established in 1884 by
international agreement). The prime meridian divides the globe into the Western and Eastern
hemispheres.
6. International Date Line - Located at 180° longitude (180° E and 180° W are the same
meridian). Regions to the east of the International Date Line are counted as being one calendar
day earlier than the regions to the west. Although the International Date Line generally follows
the 180° meridian (most of which lies in the Pacific Ocean), it does diverge in places.
7. Tropics - Also referred to as the torrid zone or tropical zone, all the water and land of the
earth between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The tropics experience at
least one day per year in which the sun passes directly overhead.
8. Tropic of Capricorn - A line of latitude located at 23°30′ south.
9. Tropic of Cancer - A line of latitude located at 23°30′ north of the equator.
10. Arctic Circle - A line of latitude located at 66°30′ north, delineating the Northern Frigid
Zone of the Earth.
11. Antarctic Circle - A line of latitude located at 66°30′ south, delineating the Southern
Frigid Zone of the Earth.
 Australa
North sia
South
Asia Africa Americ Europe Antarctica
America And
a
Oceania

Rank (by
land 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 6th 7th 5th
area)

Rank (in
human
1st 2nd 4th 5th 3rd 6th 7th
populati
on)

Kilimanj Aconcag
Highest ua Aoraki
*Everest aro Denali Elbrus Vinson
mountai (New
(Nepal) (Tanzani (USA) (Argenti (Russia) Massif
n Zealand)
a) na)

Longest Great Rocky Great

Himalay Scandinav Transantar
mountai Escarpme Mountai *Andes Dividing
as ian ctic
n range nt ns Range

Longest Missour
Yangtze *Nile Amazon Volga Murray Onyx
river i

Largest *Caspia Michiga

Victoria Titicaca Ladoga Eyre Vostok
lake n Sea n-Huron

Gobi *Sahara Great Great

Bardenas
Largest (Mongo- (Nor- Basin Atacama Victoria
Reales Itself
desert lia; thern (USA; (Chile) (Australia
(Spain)
China) Africa) Mexico) )

Largest
China Algeria Canada Brazil *Russia Australia N/A
country

Saint
Smallest Maldive Seychelle Kitts Surinam *Vatican
Nauru N/A
country s s and e City
Nevis
Most
popu-
*China Nigeria USA Brazil Russia Australia N/A
lous
country

Most São
*Shangh Lagos, Mexico, Moscow, Sydney,
populous Paulo, N/A
ai, China Nigeria Mexico Russia Australia
city Brazil

Number
of 48 54 23 12 51 14 N/A
countries

List of well-known festivals

Name Location Date
rd
Ati-atihan Kalibo, Aklan 3 weekend of January
Sinulog Cebu City, Cebu 3rd weekend of January
Dinagyang Iloilo City, Iloilo 4th weekend of January
Panagbenga Baguio City, Benguet February
Moriones Marinduque Holy Week
Pahiyas Lucban, Quezon May 15th
Pintados Tacloban City June 29th
Kadayawan Davao City 3rd week of August
Masskara Bacolod City October 19th
San Fernando City, Saturday before Christmas
Giant Lantern
Pampanga Eve

SOCIOLOGY
Characteristic of Culture
1. Shared
Culture is something shared. It is nothing that an individual can passes but shared by common
people of a territory. For example, customs, traditions, values, beliefs are all shared by man in
a social situation. These beliefs and practices are adopted by all equally.
2. Learned
is not inherited biologically but it is leant socially by man in a society. It is not an inborn
tendency but acquired by man from the association of others
3. Accumulative
Different knowledge embodied in culture can be passed from one generation to another
generation. More and more knowledge is added in the particular culture as time passes by
4. Diverse
Every society has its own culture and ways of behaving. It is not uniform every where but
occurs differently in various societies. Every culture is unique in itself is a specific society.
5. Symbolic
is the ability to learn and transmit behavioural traditions from one generation to the next by the
invention of things that exist entirely in the symbolic realm.
6. Adaptive
it provides behavior patterns, strategies, and techniques aimed at helping people adapt in a
particular environment

Different viewpoints/perspectives on culture

Causes of Cultural Change

a. Acculturation b. Assimilation c. Amalgamation d. Enculturation
– cultural borrowing – blending of two – hereditary fusion of – deliberate infusion
and cultural imitation distinct cultures members of different of a new culture to
through long periods societies another
of interactions

Components of the Culture

1. Norms
- are the agreed‐upon expectations and rules by which a culture guides the behavior of its
members in any given situation.
- Norms can be formal or informal and it can are learned mainly through socialization and
enforced through negative or positive sanctions.
2.Folkways
- sometimes known as “conventions” or “customs,” are standards of behavior that are socially
approved but not morally significant
- The repercussions for breaking a folkway are minimal or nonexistent. It also changes
depending on the culture, group, or society.
3. Mores
- the fixed morally binding customs of a particular group.
- are moral standards that basically determine what is right and wrong. It is not connected to
any social standards or folkways and the repercussions for breaking mores can be severe such
as legal sanctions or even death. Mores can also be changed depending on the culture, group,
or society and are the basis of some laws.
4. Laws
- Are either or both formal and informal rules and standards (mores) enacted by a political
entity and enforced by agents with recognized authority (i.e, police and the courts).
5. Language
- Refers to a system of symbols that have specific and arbitrary meaning in a given society
6. Symbol
- is a mark, sign or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea,
object, or relationship
7. Values
- Represents standards use to evaluate desirability of things
- Is a belief, ideal, or principle that a person, a group of people or a society that determines
what is correct, desirable, and proper.

Proponents of Sociology
 Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) was an English sociologist best known for coining the
expression “The Survival of the Fittest”
 August Comte (1798-1857) was a French sociologist and known for being “The Father
of Sociology”
 Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German sociologist who created the “Communist
Manifesto”
 Max Weber (1864-1920) was a German sociologist and political economist best known
for his thesis of the “Protestant ethic” and for his ideas on bureaucracy
 George Hegel (1770-1831) was a German philosopher who developed
a dialectical scheme that emphasized the progress of history and of ideas from thesis
to antithesis and thence to a synthesis.
 Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)- was a French sociologist best known for creating the
Structural Functionalism Theory or the society is composed of harmonious elements
such as individuals, organizations, institutions

 Charles Cooley (1864- 1929)- was an American sociologist who employed a

sociopsychological approach to the understanding of society

 Erving Goffman (1922- 1982) was a Canadian-American sociologist noted for his
studies of face-to-face communication and related rituals of social interaction

 Robert Merton (1910- 2003) was an American sociologist whose diverse interests
included the sociology of science and the professions, sociological theory, and
mass communication

Evolution of Sociology
 French Revolution (1787-1799), also called Revolution of 1789, was the revolutionary
movement that changes France’s form of government between 1787 and 1799 and
reached its first climax there in 1789. The conventional term “Revolution of 1789” is
denoting the end of the monarchy in France under King Louis XVI and paved way for
the First Republic to be established.

 Industrial Revolution (1800) was the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft
 economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing which began
in Britain in the 18th century that spreads to other parts of the world. The
term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic
historian Arnold Toynbee (1852–83) who used to describe Britain’s economic
development from 1760 to 1840.

Research

Qualitative Research

Aim to gather an in-depth understanding of human behaviour and the reasons that
govern such behaviour. The qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision
making, not just what, where, when.

Phenomenology

 The purpose is to describe experiences as they are lived. It examines uniqueness of

individual's lived situations. Each person has its own reality, reality is subjective. It has
no clearly defined steps to avoid limiting creativity of researchers

Ethnography

 It identifies culture, variables for study, and review literature.

 In data collection, the researcher gains entrance to culture, immerse self in culture,
acquire informants, gather data through direct observation and interaction .
 It involves the collection and analysis of the data about cultural groups or minorities.

Historical

 -The purpose of historical study is to describe and examine events of the past to
understand the present and anticipate potential further effects.
 It concerns with the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from the
past.

Sources are:

a. Primary Sources: Once histories, written records, diaries, eyewitnesses's accounts3

pictures, videos and other physical evidences

b. Secondary Sources: Second-hand information, . a person narrates information heard from the
original sources, or a material written as an abstract of the diaries and other original materials.
Any source to be used for historical research

Case Study

 The purpose of case study is to describe in-depth experience of one person, family,
group, community or Institution.
 a case study involves a comprehensive and extensive examinations of a particular
individual, group or situation over a period of time.

Quantitative Research
is the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical,
or computational techniques

Experimental

 Often called true experimentation, use the scientific method to establish cause-
effect relationship among a group of variables in a research study.
 Researchers make an effort to control for all variables except the one being
manipulated (the independent variable). The effects of the independent variable
on the dependent variable are collected and analyzed for a relationship.

Correlation

 explores the relationship between variables using statistical analyses. However, it

does not look for cause and effect and therefore, is also mostly observational in
terms of data collection.

Descriptive

 seeks to describe the current status of a variable or phenomenon. The researcher

does not begin with a hypothesis, but typically develops one after the data is
collected. Data collection is mostly observational in nature.

Types of Sampling

a. Probability
 Simple Random

This is a sampling design wherein each element in the population has an equal and
independent chance of selection in the sample.

 Stratified Random

(sometimes called quota random sampling) a probability sampling procedure in which the
target population is first separated into mutually exclusive, homogenous segments
(strata), and then a simple random sample is selected from each segment (stratum). The
samples selected from the various strata are then combined into a simple sample (Daniel,
2012).

 Cluster
Also called interval random sampling. In this sampling procedure, a random selection is
made of the first element for the sample, then subsequent elements are selected using a
fixed or systematic interval until the desired sample size is reached.

 Systematic
This is a probability sampling procedure wherein elements of the population are
randomly selected in naturally occurring groupings or clusters. In this kind of sampling,
the selection of population elements is not individually but in aggrege clustering of
sampling units may be based on geographical locations

b. Non Probability

 Convenience
Under this sampling design, the sample elements are selected from the target
population based on their availability, on the convenience of the researcher, and/
or voluntary /self-selection

 Purposive
This is a non-probability sampling procedure in which the elements are selected
from the target population on the basis of their fit with the purposes of the study and
specific inclusion and exclusion criteria

 Quota
This is a type of non-probability sampling procedure in which the population is
divided into mutually exclusive subcategories, and the researcher solicits participation
in the study from members of the subcategories until a target number of elements to
be sampled from the subcategories have been met.
 Snowball
 Helps researchers find sample when they are difficult to locate. Once the researchers find
suitable subjects, they are asked for assistance to seek similar subjects to form a
considerably good size sample.

Parts of Research

 Introduction
The introduction begins by introducing the broad overall topic and providing basic
background information. It then narrows down to the specific research question relating
to this topic. It provides the purpose and focus for the rest of the paper and sets up the
justification for the research.
 Review of Related Studies
The purpose of the literature review is to describe past important research and it relate it
specifically to the research problem. It should be a synthesis of the previous literature and
the new idea being researched. The review should examine the major theories related to
the topic to date and their contributors. It should include all relevant findings from
credible sources, such as academic books and peer-reviewed journal articles

 Methodology of Research
the kind of research used by your study. This answers why the method used is appropriate
for the study. • Subjects of the Study – describes your respondents: who they are, what
their profile is, where they are from, etc.

 Results
In this section, the results of the analysis are presented. How the results are presented
will depend upon whether the research study was quantitative or qualitative in nature.
This section should focus only on results that are directly related to the research or the
problem. Graphs and tables should only be used when there is too much data to
efficiently include it within the text. This section should present the results, but not
discuss their significance

 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation

These should directly answer your statement of the problem.• Conclusions – Out of your
findings, your conclusions are based. This provides the answers for every statement of
the problem. This is where you will prove your hypotheses and assumptions. This also
includes the recommended actions that should be done after the conduct of the study such
as further assessment of the subject, focus on other factors, etc.
 Other Study

 Longitudinal study
 Trend study
focus on the same population of people use opinion poll surveys to look at their
attitudes over time. While the population is always the same, trend studies usually
select different market research survey samples from that population.

 Cohort study
is a method in which a specific population is studied repeatedly as well, but these
studies center around how given groups with a common characteristic view social
phenomena over time. A common cohort design uses a class of students as its
population.

 Cross Sectional Study

The defining feature of a cross-sectional study is that it can compare different
population groups at a single point in time. Think of it in terms of taking a
snapshot. Findings are drawn from whatever fits into the frame.