HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES EXAM

TTH – 9:30AM TO 10:30AM

SUBMITTED BY:

JOVELYN RICA

SUBMITTED TO:

ALBERTO U. PESODAS JR.

I

Throughout the years Spanish colonizer occupied the Philippines, there had been series of
attempts to oust Spanish colonial power in the Philippines.

Difference between Revolt and Revolution.

Revolt is an attempt to end the authority of a person or body by rebelling or take violent action
against an established government or ruler.

Revolution means take violent action against an established government or ruler; rebel.

An act of revolt gives way to revolution! They are usually aggressive in nature.

5 examples of Philippine Revolt and their reasons.

1. Malong Revolt (1660–1661)

Andres Malong was the maestro de campo of Binalatongan, now San Carlos City, Pangasinan
in the 1660s. He assisted many Spaniards in governing different towns in Pangasinan, and as
such, had learned and was trained to use force and cruelty. He hoped of being the King of the
province, however, set this plan aside when a war, led by Francisco Maniago, broke out in
Pampanga. Malong started his campaign in a small barangay called Malunguey, but failed.
Having the same condition as in Pampanga, he led the people in Pangasinan to take up arms
against the Spaniards. It spread like wild fire in Pangasinan. Because of his success, he
proclaimed himself King of Pangasinan.

2. Agrarian Revolt of 1745

The Agrarian Revolt was a revolt undertaken between the years 1745 and 1746 in much of the
present-day CALABARZON (specifically in Batangas, Laguna and Cavite) and in Bulacan, with
its first sparks in the towns of Lian and Nasugbu in Batangas. Indigenous landowners rose in
arms over the land grabbing of Spanish friars or Catholic religious orders, with native
landowners demanding that Spanish priests return their lands on the basis of ancestral domain.

The refusal of the Spanish priests resulted in much rioting, resulting in massive looting of
convents and arson of churches and ranches. The case was eventually investigated by Spanish
officials and was even heard in the court of Ferdinand VI in which he ordered the priests to
return the lands they seized. The priests were successfully able to appeal the return of lands
back to the natives, which resulted in no land being returned to native landowners.

3. Dagohoy Rebellion (1744–1825)

In 1744 in what is now the province of Bohol, what is known today as the Dagohoy Revolt was
undertaken by Francisco Dagohoy and his followers. This revolt is unique since it is the only
revolt completely related to matters of religious customs, although unlike the Tamblot Uprising
before it, which was not a complete religious rebellion. After a duel in which Dagohoy's brother
died, the local parish priest refused to give his brother a proper Catholic burial, since dueling is
a mortal sin. The refusal of the priest eventually led to the longest revolt ever held in Philippine
history: 85 years. It also led to the establishment of a free Boholano government. Twenty
governors-general, from Juan Arrechederra to Mariano Ricafort Palacin y Abarca, failed to stop
the revolt. Ricafort himself sent a force of 2,200 foot soldiers to Bohol, which was defeated by
Dagohoy's followers. Another attack, also sent by Ricafort in 1828 and 1829, failed as well.
Dagohoy died two years before the revolt ended, though, which led to the end of the revolt in
1829. Some 19,000 survivors were granted pardon and were eventually allowed to live in new
Boholano villages: namely, the present-day towns of Balilihan, Batuan, Bilar (Vilar), Catigbian
and Sevilla (Cabulao).

4. Basi Revolt (1807)

The Basi Revolt, also known as the Ambaristo Revolt, was a revolt undertaken from September
16 to 28, 1807. It was led by Pedro Mateo and Salarogo Ambaristo (though some sources refer
to a single person named Pedro Ambaristo), with its events occurring in the present-day town of
Piddig in Ilocos Norte. This revolt is unique as it revolves around the Ilocanos' love for basi, or
sugarcane wine. In 1786, the Spanish colonial government expropriated the manufacture and
sale of basi, effectively banning private manufacture of the wine, which was done before
expropriation. Ilocanos were forced to buy from government stores. However, wine-loving
Ilocanos in Piddig rose in revolt on September 16, 1807, with the revolt spreading to nearby
towns and with fighting lasting for weeks. Spanish-led troops eventually quelled the revolt on
September 28, 1807, albeit with much force and loss of life on the losing side. A series of 14
paintings on the Basi Revolt by Esteban Pichay Villanueva currently hangs at the Ilocos Sur
National Museum in Vigan City. The event is immortalized and commemorated in the Basi
Revolt Monument located along the highway of Piddig.
5. Novales Revolt (1823)

Andrés Novales later grew discontented with the way Spanish authorities treated the Criollo
people. His discontent climaxed when peninsulares were shipped to the Philippines to replace
Criollo officers. He found sympathy of many Criollos, including Luis Rodriguez Varela, the
Conde Indio. As punishment to the rising sense of discontentment, many military officers and
public officials were exiled. One of them was Novales, who was exiled to Mindanao to fight the
Moro. However, Novales was not stopped to secretly return to Manila. On the night of June 1,
1823, Novales along with a certain sub-lieutenant Ruiz and other subordinates in the King's
Regiment, went out to start a revolt. Along with 800 Indigenous natives in which his sergeants
recruited, they seized the royal palace (palacio del gobernador), the Manila Cathedral, the city's
cabildo (city hall) and other important government buildings in Intramuros. Failing to find
governor general Juan Antonio Martínez, they killed the lieutenant governor and former
governor general, Mariano Fernandez de Folgueras. Folgueras was the one that suggested
Spain to replace Creole officers with peninsulars. The soldiers shouted, "Long live the Emperor
Novales!" (Viva el Emperador Novales).

Reasons of Philippine Revolution

1. The abuses of Spanish officials and priests.

2. Persecution of Filipino leaders who defended the rights of their fellow countrymen.

3. Filipinos 'desire to regain their independence.

4. Discovery of the Katipunan and Bonifacio’s call for revolution.

Achievements of Philippine Revolution

1. Signing of Pact of Biak-na-Bato (1897).

2. Resumption of hostilities during Spanish–American War (1898).

3. Expulsion of the Spanish colonial government.

4. Establishment of the First Philippine Republic.

5. Outbreak of the Philippine–American War (1899).

Key Persons during the Philippine Revolution

1. Jose Rizal

2. Andres Bonifacio

3. Emilio Aguinaldo

II

In the attempt to oust colonial power, several groups were made and organized to carry out a
specific goal which aimed of liberating the Philippines from the Spain. One of the biggest, if not
the biggest, and successful, if not the most successful organization that was founded on the
night on July 7, 1892 at Azcarraga st. (Claro M. Recto St.) is the KKK.

(KKK) Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan; Founders of

the secret organization

Andres Bonifacio was the Supreme of the Katipunan (association), or as it was also
known: Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most
Venerated Association of the Sons and Daughters of the Land). The organization drew
inspiration from Dr. Jose Rizal, whose literary works, particularly Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, exposed the cruelties of the Spanish colonisers. Before Katipunan was
established, both Bonifacio and Rizal were part of ‘La Liga Filipina’ – a progressive organization
initiated by Rizal that sought peaceful reforms.
 The KKK had begun their work in preparing for the revolution over the course of many
years. They had been working to stockpile weapons and build membership to their organization.
These activities did not go unnoticed by the Spanish authorities, as they had begun to alert their
superiors to possible anti-Spanish movements amongst the Filipinos.

Shortly after the Spanish became aware of the movement they received information on
the location of the organizations’ operations. Spanish officers arrived at the site of the Katipunan
newspaper printing operations and made several arrests; this became the trigger for the
Katipunan to stage their revolution.

This led to a series of battles across manila and into its neighboring provinces. As a
consequence, many rebels were killed or arrested and ultimately the Katipunan were subject to
defeat. But this was only the beginning of the demise of Spanish dominance in The Philippines.
In the end, the movement worked to weaken the Spanish colonial power due to their frequent
clashes. The Spanish were also weakened after needing to focus resources on fighting another
war across the globe. After much resistance, the rebels were able to gather control over most of
the countries territory.

In the end, the rebels were able to declare independence on June 12, 1898, in Cavite. After 333
years of colonial rule, The Philippines was finally able to declare independence from the
Spanish.

New system(similar to MASONRY) was used to speed up the process of enlisting members
All members agreed to pay a membership & monthly dues.

Aims and objectives of the Katipunan

Andres Bonifacio laid down three primary objectives of the Katipunan: civic, political, and moral.

1. Civic – was based on the principle of self-help and the defense of the weak and the poor.

2. Political – was the separation of the Philippines from Spain to secure the independence of the
colony.

3. Moral – focused on the teaching of good manners, hygiene, and good moral character.

Organizational Structure of the Katipunan

Three governing bodies

Kataastaasang Sanggunian or Supreme Council (highest governing body) - equivalent of the
Central Government

Sangguniang Bayan or Provincial Council - equivalent of the Provincial Government

Sangguniang Balangay or Popular Council - equivalent to the Municipal Government

The Katipunan Government

Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman) - passed judgment on members who violated the
rules of the Society

Katipunan Assembly - composed of the members of the Supreme Council and the presidents of
the Provincial and Popular Councils

Secret Chamber - composed of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, and Pio Valenzuela
sentenced members who exposed the secrets of the Katipunan

Katipunera’s duty

Bonifacio wanted to involve the women in the katipunan without putting it in danger of
discovery. So he suggested that women be taken in as members of katpunan.

1. They help the male members in their work of propagating the idea and ideal of the society.

2. To make the police authorities believe that no Katipunan meeting was being held in the
house.

III

After the Philippine Revolution of 1896, the Philippines were ceded by the Spanish to the
Americans by the virtue of the treaty of Paris. Although some would contest on its validity, it has
been the basis on the American to acquire the Philippines to Spain which led to their entry in the
archipelago. Although some consider them as one of the antagonists in the achieving
Independence in the country, many have considered them allies because of their contribution in
the Philippines.
Taft Commission

On 16 March 1900 President William McKinley appointed the Second Philippine Commission
(the Taft Commission) headed by William Howard Taft. Between September 1900 and August
1902, it issued 499 laws, a judicial system was established (including a Supreme Court), a legal
code was written, and a civil service was organized.

The Taft Commission, appointed in 1900, viewed economic development, along with education
and the establishment of representative institutions, as one of the three pillars of the United
States program of tutelage. Its members had ambitious plans to build railroads and highways,
improve harbor facilities, open greater markets for Philippine goods through the lowering or
elimination of tariffs, and stimulate foreign investment in mining, forestry, and cash-crop
cultivation. In 1901 some 93 percent of the islands' total land area was public land, and it was
hoped that a portion of this area could be sold to American investors.

The Taft Commission argued that tariff relief was essential if the islands were to be developed.
In August 1909, Congress passed the Payne Aldrich Tariff Act, which provided for free entry to
the United States of all Philippine products except rice, sugar, and tobacco. Rice imports were
subjected to regular tariffs, and quotas were established for sugar and tobacco. In 1913 the
Underwood Tariff Act removed all restrictions. The principal result of these acts was to make the
islands increasingly dependent on American markets; between 1914 and 1920, the portion of
Philippine exports going to the United States rose from 50 to 70 percent. By 1939 it had reached
85 percent, and 65 percent of imports came from the United States.

The Philippine assembly and its Political structure during American period.

Electoral representation in the Philippines by Filipinos began when the American insular
government allowed partial self-governance by establishing the Philippine Assembly. The
assembly, as the lower house, shared legislative power with the Philippine Commission, which
remained under American control, as membership in the Philippine Commission was still
restricted to appointed American officials. In 1907, still under American rule, the Philippines held
its first national elections for the newly created representative body, which had an inaugural
membership of 81 Filipinos representing their respective districts. In the succeeding years, the
number of districts were increased to 85 in 1910, and 91 in 1912. From 1907 to 1946, the
Philippine Legislature sent a representative to sit in the U.S. House of Representatives, as
Resident Commissioner. Under Spain, the Philippines had also been given limited
representation in the Spanish Cortés, and like the resident commissioners, they had the right to
speak, but not to vote. On May 15, 1909, Manuel L. Quezon, as assemblyman, was elected
Resident Commissioner of the Philippines.[2] While in Washington, D.C., Quezon learned of the
political landscape of the United States, mainly, the rise of the Democrats (a political party
supportive of Philippine independence). He began befriending some key democrats and drafted
a bill, called the Jones Bill, setting on paper the promise of eventual Philippine independence.
However, Quezon observed that the U.S. Senate had powers to block legislation, when it simply
refused to include the proposed Jones Bill No. 1, on its agenda, until the bill was buried way into
recess.[3] Hence, this convinced Quezon early on of the dynamism of a bicameral legislature.
He continued to be instrumental in drafting Jones Bill No. 2, which was approved by both
chambers of the U.S. Congress. On August 29, 1916, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signed
the bill into law, with the provision of replacing the Philippine Commission with the Philippine
Senate, and the Philippine Assembly with the Philippine House of Representatives.

Societal changes, economic policies and development brought by the Americans to the
Philippines
In forty years of American occupation in our country, many Filipinos learned the American
culture and brought their lifestyle. The following are some of the examples.

▪ Filipinos learned the value of cleanliness, proper hygiene and healthy practices. Hospitals,
clinic and health centers were established including public hospitals for lepers.

▪ The American introduced the different kinds of terrestrial vehicles, aircraft and marine in the
country. Their attention also focus in the configuration of bridges, roads, port and breakwater.

▪ American built roads, streets, and bridges. The new infrastructure helped make the movement
of products and service more efficient

▪ Change in lifestyle of the Filipinos during the American period have helped developing our
countries.

▪ Our country became more developed during American era compared to Spanish era.

▪ The town was made prosperous city. It became the main center of government, trade and
education.
▪ Some of the city established by the American is the Bagio, Bacolod, Davao and Zamboanga.

▪ The Americans organized the community in the country by dividing partitions or collective
community inclusion. There are areas intended to be the center of development.

▪ The Americans implemented the policy on separation of the church and state.

▪ They also introduced Protestantism religion more or less that 300,000 Filipinos became
Protestant.

Negative effects of American occupation in the Philippines

Colonial Mentality

• Stateside – American goods

• American mode of living Spaniard used violence, on the other hand, Americans used
kindness

• Partial loss of Filipino Heritage

• Close family ties

• Love of their own language and culture

• Traditional communal unity – let-well-enough- alone

Materialism

• Movies have been the purveyor of American materialism

• Success was being measured in terms of material possessions

• The people as a rule have lost their sense of values

• American films made a bad influence towards Filipinos

• Poets and thinkers were ridiculed as Filisofos and Patay-gutom.