TOPIC 6: THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

What is Philippine Revolution?

 The Philippine Revolution was a major rebellion by Filipinos against the Spanish colonial regime.
 It was the fight between the people and insurgents of the Philippines and the Spanish colonial authorities of the
Spanish East Indies.
 It is also known as Tagalog War and "Himagsikang Pilipino"

The Philippine Revolution (Himagsikan)

 The Philippine Revolution was a collection of ideas and presentations for the international community that
created the aspirations of nationalists. The rise of Filipino nationalism was slow but unavoidable. Abuse by the
Spanish government, military affairs, and clergy spread during the third century of colonial rule, and the
exposure of these abuses by "Ilustrados" in the late 19 th century paved the way for unified Filipinos.

Background of Philippine Revolution

The Gomburza case was executed on February 17, 1872 in Bagumbayan, Philippines, by the Spanish colonial
authorities for suppressing the Cavite rebellion. The martyrdom of the three priests seems to have helped to inspire an
organization of propaganda movements to seek reform and inform Spain of the abuse of the colonial government. The
illustrator led the Filipino motivation for reform.

The revolution against Spain was sparked in 1896 after Spanish authorities discovered the “Katipunan,” a Filipino
revolutionary society plotting against their colonisers. It ended in 1902, where Spain lost and ceded sovereignty of the
Philippines to the United States.

One of the members of the Propaganda Movement was José Rizal. When he returned from the Americas, Rizal
formed La Liga Filipina, a political organization seeking reforms to the colonial administration, but when the Spaniards
discovered his arrival to the Philippines, they arrested him and exiled him to the town of Dapitan in Zamboanga
province.

After Rizal went into exile, revolutionaries led by Andres Bonifacio, formed the Katipunan, which is short for the
Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or the (Highest and Most Venerated Association of
the Sons and Daughters of the Land)

KKK is a nationalist secret organization which attempted to overthrow the Spanish colonial administration
through armed revolution. It is also a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish colonialism Filipinos in
Manila in 1892; its primary goal was to gain independence from Spain through a revolution.

Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katpinun ang mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK)

 Is a Philippine revolutionary society founded by anti-Spanish colonialism Filipinos in Manila in 1892; its primary
goal was to gain independence from Spain through a revolution

Significance of the KKK

 THE REVOLUTION AGAINST THE SPANIARDS STARTED IN 1896 WHEN SPANISH AUTHORITIES DISCOVERED THE
"KATIPUNAN," A FILIPINO REVOLUTIONARY GROUP PLANNING TO FIGHT AGAINST THEIR COLONISERS. THE WAR
ENDED IN 1902. WHERE SPAIN WAS DEFEATED AND GAVE UP ITS POWER OVER THE PHILIPPINES TO THE UNITED
STATES
 THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION WAS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE OUR COUNTRY'S HISTORY,
AWAKENING IN EACH FILIPINO A PROUD SENSE OF NATIONALISM FOR GENERATIONS TO COME. IN A DARK
PERIOD OF HARDSHIPS AND WAR, FILIPINOS OF DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS BECAME UNITED WITH A COMMON
GOAL: TO FIGHT AND RESIST COLONIALISM.
Causes Of Revolution

 the abuses of Spanish officials and priests

 Persecution of Filipino leaders who defended the rights of their fellow countrymen
 Filipinos desire to regain their independence
 Discovery of the Katipunan and Bonifacio's call for revolution.

The Revolution 1896

 THE PHILIPPINE Revolution began in 1896 and really ended only in 1902.
 At first, it was a war of independence against the Spain.
 Later, it turned into a war of independence against the United State. The first part of revolution was a success.
 Many of our best heroes were killed during the revolution.
 After the discovery of the Katipunan, Bonifacio gathered his men in the hills of balintawak. Balintawak was the
place north of Manila which was then a secret meeting place of the katipuneros.
 On August 26,1896, the fiery Bonifacio stopped all the talking. There is no other way, he told them, "enough is
enough!" He angrily tore his residence certificate(Cedula).
 It was the symbol of Spanish oppression of Filipinos. Also their tore cedulas the called for a revolution. The
katipuneros led by Bonifacio started the Revolution.

Beginning of the Revolution

The beginning of the revolution is attributed to a secret organization, called the Katipunan. Andres Bonifacio was the
head of the Katipunan, him and his followers were influenced by the literary works of Dr. Jose Rizal that exposed the
cruelties of Spanish colonizers.

The organization was able to attract people from the lower as well as middle classes to revolt against Spain. The
organization continued to carry out its activities in a secret manner, but the Spanish authorities were able to find them
in August 1896. This is what started the revolution.

The Cry of Pugad Lawin was the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against the Spanish Empire. At the close of
August 1896, members of the Katipunan secret society led by Andrés Bonifacio rose up in revolt somewhere in an area
referred to as Caloocan, wider than the jurisdiction of present-day Caloocan which may have overlapped into present-
day Quezon City. Originally the term cry referred to the first clash between the Katipuneros and the Civil Guards

August 30, 1986, the first battle of the revolution took place at the town of San Juan del Monte at dawn of Sunday.
Bonifacio and some 1000 katipuneros attacked the Spanish arsenal at San Juan. It was bloody and awful battle. The
Filipinos were armed only with bolos,a few handmade guns (paltics) old rifles,bamboo spears, and amulets (anting
anting).

The superior weapons' of the Spanish. Armed forces won the day. The Filipinos lost and retreated. They left 153
dead comrades behind.

The revolution quickly spread like wild fire in Southern Luzon, The Spanish Governor General Ramon Blanco,
declared a state of war in eight provinces: Manila,Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna,Cavite, and Batangas
on August 30,1896. The Spanish officials terrorized the Filipinos and executed many of their famous leaders.

On September 4, four members of the Katipunan were executed at bagumbayan.

On September 12, thirteen were put to death at Plaza de Armas (Los Trece Martires)

Many Filipino patriots were arrested and put in prison at Fort Santiago. About 1,000 Filipinos were exiled to
Guam, Africa and other Spanish prisons abroad. The martyrdom of their leaders made the Filipinos more angry at the
Spanish
Problems During the revolution

 One of the major problems of the revolution was that the members of the Katipunan also fought among
themselves. The organization got divided into two councils; Magdiwang and Magdalo and this gave rise to
leadership disputes. To settle the leadership disputes, the Tejeros Convention was established. In the makeshift
election, Bonifacio lost to Aguinaldo.
 In Naic, Cavite, Bonifacio established a rival government and planned a coup d'état against Aguinaldo’s
government. He was arrested and later executed. Aguinaldo proposed an end to revolution by surrendering the
weapons to revolutionaries, an exile for leaders, and payment to the revolutionaries. While the movement came
to an end, the Philippines was still not independent.

Declaration Of Independence

The year 1898 marked the second phase of the Philippine Revolution. The Americans declared war against Spain
after a U.S. Navy warship exploded and sunk in Havana harbor. U.S. Navy was able to defeat Spain in Manila and the
United States gained control of the capital of the Philippines. Aguinaldo became friendly with the Americans and on June
12, 1898, the Philippines was declared independent

Emilio Aguinaldo was a Filipino revolutionary, statesman, and military leader who is officially recognized as the
first and the youngest president of the Philippines (1899–1901) and the first president of a constitutional republic in
Asia.

Treaty of Paris

On December 10, 1898, the Spanish and American peace commissioners signed the Treaty of Paris. By this
treaty, Spain turned over the Philippines to the United States for the sum of $20,000,000 as payments for the
improvements made by Spain in the Philippines. U.S. agreed to permit Spaniards to ship commodities to the Philippines
for a period of ten years on the same terms as those of the United States.

Heroes Who Took Part During the Revolution

José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda, His writings to an extent played a big part in the Philippine
Revolution. Historians cannot deny that Rizal played a main part in the country’s struggle for reforms and independence.
His writings had woken up the Filipino people and pushed them to take action against the Spanish. Especially ‘Noli me
Tangere’ and ‘El Filibusterismo’. He is considered as the national hero (pambansang bayani) of the Philippines.

Rizal was allowed to leave Dapitan and go to Cuba as a volunteer doctor in the Spain army. He was arrested and
taken back to Manila.He was put in prison at fort Santiago and tried by the military court. He was found guilty of being a
traitor to Spain and sentenced to death. At dawn of December 30,1896, at 7:30am Rizal was shot by a firing squad at the
Luneta.

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro, Leader of the Philippine Revolution and the president of the Tagalog Republic, a
short-lived government in the Philippines. Through his work, Bonifacio helped the Philippines break free from Spanish
colonial rule.His story is still remembered in the Philippines today.

MEMBERS OF KATIPUNAN

Emilio Aguinaldo, Macario Sacay, Teresa Magbanu, Miguel Malvas, Faustino Aguilar, Marcella Agoncillo, Pio Valenzuela,
Manuel Tinio, Espiridiona Bonifacio and many more.
 TOPIC 7 : One past many histories: Controversies and Conflicting Views in
Philippine History
01: First mass:

On March 31, 1521, an Easter Sunday, Magellan ordered a mass to be celebrated which was officiated by Father
Pedro Valderrama, the Andalusian chaplain of the fleet, the only priest then. Conducted near the shores of the island,
the Holy First Mass marked the birth of Roman Catholicism in the Philippines.

Early accounts—mainly by friars relying on available writings and on tradition—reported the First Mass as being
held in Butuan, Agusan del Norte, specifically on an island called Masao. Historical thinking began to shift in the early
1900s with the availability of more primary sources, notably accounts of Antonio Pigafetta, Francisco Albo, Gines de
Mafra, and other expedition members, as well as records of interviews of Magellan expedition survivors. Pigafetta
organized and expanded his notes into a more detailed manuscript written possibly and was published in a French
translation that was later published in Italian translation.

The official declaration is that Mazaua is the island across from the southern tip of Leyte named Limasawa. This
is hotly disputed by those who insist that Mazaua is in Butuan and is the true site of the First Mass. They question the
reasoning and accuracy of the studies leading to the decision favoring Limasawa. To end the conflict for the issue about
the first mass, the National Historical Commission of the Philippines panel adapted the recommendation and
unanimously agreed that the evidence and arguments presented by the pro-Butuan advocates are not sufficient and
convincing enough to warrant the repeal or reversal of the ruling on the case by the National Historical Institute.

02: Cavite Mutiny

The 12th of June of every year since 1898 is a very important event for all the Filipinos. In this particular day, the
entire Filipino nation as well as Filipino communities all over the world gathers to celebrate the Philippines’
Independence Day. 1898 came to be a very significant year for all of us— it is as equally important as 1896—the year
when the Philippine Revolution broke out owing to the Filipinos’ desire to be free from the abuses of the Spanish
colonial regime. But we should be reminded that another year is as historic as the two—1872.

What is Mutiny?

 an open rebellion against the proper authorities, especially by soldiers or sailors against their officers.
 Comes from an old verb “Mutine” which means “Revolt”

The 1872 Cavite Mutiny

One hundred and forty years ago, on January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino military personnel of Fort San Felipe
Arsenal in Cavite, Philippines, staged a mutiny which in a way led to the Philippine Revolution in 1896. Around 200
soldiers rose up in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government
soldiers executed many of the participants.

Two major events happened in 1872, first was the 1872 Cavite Mutiny and the other was the martyrdom of the

three martyr priests in the persons of Fathers Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora (GOMBURZA). However,
not all of us knew that there were different accounts in reference to the said event. All Filipinos must know the different
sides of the story—since this event led to another tragic yet meaningful part of our history—the execution of
GOMBURZA which in effect a major factor in the awakening of nationalism among the Filipinos.
The Filipino Version of the Incident

Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and researcher, wrote the Filipino version of the
bloody incident in Cavite. In his point of view, the incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and
laborers of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges.Indirectly, Tavera
blamed Gov. Izquierdo’s cold-blooded policies such as the abolition of privileges of the workers and native army
members of the arsenal and the prohibition of the founding of school of arts and trades for the Filipinos

On 20 January 1872, about 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborers of the arsenal, and residents of Cavite
headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in arms and assassinated the commanding officer and Spanish officers in sight. The
insurgents were expecting support from the bulk of the army unfortunately, that didn’t happen. The news about the
mutiny reached authorities in Manila and Gen. Izquierdo immediately ordered the reinforcement of Spanish troops in
Cavite. After two days, the mutiny was officially declared subdued.

This turnout of events was believed by Tavera, prompted the friars to do something drastic in their dire desire to
maintain power in the Philippines.

The friars, fearing that their influence in the Philippines would be a thing of the past, took advantage of the
incident and presented it to the Spanish Government as a vast conspiracy organized throughout the archipelago with
the object of destroying Spanish sovereignty.

Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced to life imprisonment while members of
the native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were tried and executed by garrote. This episode leads to the awakening of
nationalism and eventually to the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution of 1896.

1872 Cavite Mutiny: Spanish Perspective

Jose Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish historian documented the event and highlighted it as an attempt of the
Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. Meanwhile, Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s official report
magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the native clergy, which was then active in the call for secularization.
The two accounts complimented and corroborated with one other, only that the general’s report was more
spiteful.Initially, both Montero and Izquierdo scored out that the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite
arsenal such as non-payment of tributes and exemption from force labor were the main reasons of the “revolution”

According to the accounts of the two, on 20 January 1872, the district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the
Virgin of Loreto, unfortunately participants to the feast celebrated the occasion with the usual fireworks displays.
Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook the fireworks as the sign for the attack, and just like what was agreed upon, the 200-
men contingent headed by Sergeant Lamadrid launched an attack targeting Spanish officers at sight and seized the
arsenal.

When the news reached the iron-fisted Gov. Izquierdo, he readily ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish
forces in Cavite to quell the revolt. The “revolution” was easily crushed when the expected reinforcement from Manila
did not come ashore. Major instigators including Sergeant Lamadrid were killed in the skirmish, while the GOMBURZA
were tried by a court-martial and were sentenced to die by strangulation. Patriots like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio
Ma. Regidor, Jose and Pio Basa and other abogadillos were suspended by the Audencia (High Court) from the practice of
law, arrested and were sentenced with life imprisonment at the Marianas Island

On 17 February 1872 in an attempt of the Spanish government to instill fear among the Filipinos so that they
may never commit such daring act again, the GOMBURZA were executed. This event was tragic but served as one of the
moving forces that shaped Filipino nationalism.

This scene was purportedly witnessed by young Jose Rizal.

 2 Versions Of Cavite Mutiny

FILIPINO VERSION

 it’s a simple mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite Arsenal who turned out to be
dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges

SPANISH VERSION

 an attempt f he Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines.

03: Retraction of Rizal

Retraction of Rizal

Jose Rizal, who was assassinated by the Spanish colonialists 120 years ago, December 30, 1896, became a hero
for his writings to destroy the idea of colonialism and free our minds to form the nation – the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, which question the beliefs that blind us, especially following the wishes of the friars as messengers of
God. But, hours before he was shot, Rizal signed a document stating that he was a Catholic and that he was retracting all
his writings against the church. The document became known as, “The Retraction.”

What is a Retraction?

 A public statement made about an earlier statement that withdraws, cancels, refutes, or reverses the original
statement or ceases and desists from publishing the original statement.

On May 13, 1935, Father Manuel A. Gracia found a document of the retraction of Dr. Jose Rizal at the Catholic
Hierarchy’s Archive in Manila.Rizal accepted a document prepared by father Pio Pi, the superior of the Jesuit Society in
the Philippines

What was stated in the retraction of Rizal?“I declare myself a Catholic and in this Religion in which I was born and
educated I wish to live and die.“I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications and conduct has
been contrary to my character as son of the Catholic Church. I believe and I confess whatever she teaches and I submit
to whatever she demands. I abominate Masonry, as the enemy which is of the Church, and as a Society prohibited by
the Church. The Diocesan Prelate may, as the Superior Ecclesiastical Authority, make public this spontaneous
manifestation of mine in order to repair the scandal which my acts may have caused and so that God and people may
pardon me.”

Manila 29 of December of 1896, Jose Rizal

There are four iterations of the texts of this retraction:

1. The first was published in La Voz Española and Diario de Manila on the day of the execution, December 30,
1896.
2. The second text appeared in Barcelona, Spain, on the magazine La Juventud, a few months after the
execution, February 14, 1897, from an anonymous writer who was later on revealed to be Fr. Vicente
Balaguer. However, the “original” text was only found in the archdiocesan archives on May 18 1935, after
almost four decades of disappearance.
3. The Balaguer Testimony
 Doubts on the retraction document abound, especially because only one eyewitness
account of the writing of the document exist – that of the Jesuit friar Fr. Vicent Balaguer.
 According to his testimony, Rizal woke up several times, confessed four times, attended
a mass, received communion and prayed the rosary, all of which seem out of character.
But since it is only the testimony of allegedly a “primary” account that Rizal ever wrote a
retraction document, it has been used to argue the authenticity of the document.
4. The Testimony of Cuerpo de Vigilancia
 Another eyewitness account surface in 2016, through the research of Professor Rene R.
Escalante. In his research, documents of the Cuerpo de Vigilancia, included a report on
the last hours of Rizal, written by Federico Moreno. The report details the statement of
the Cuerpo de Vigilancia to Moreno.

Rizal’s Retraction

 Retraction was a condition for administering the sacraments to Rizal

 Lengthy discussion held on matters of the Catholic belief and “correcting” Rizal’s false understanding of the faith
 Rizal wrote his retraction himself but using the prescribed format of Fr. Pio Pi
 The document was signed along with witnessed by 11:30 p.m. of December 29, 1896.

Arguments against Rizal’s Retraction

 Rizal’s body after the execution was not handled in a Catholic manner
 The original letter was not shown to the public
 The family was not made known about the retraction, either by Rizal or by the Friars
 Errors in Balaguer’s account, specifically the failure to mention about Rizal’s last poem

To this day, the retraction issue is still raging like a wild fire in the forest of the night. Others would like to believe
that the purported retraction of Rizal was invented by the friars to deflect the heroism of Rizal which was centered on
the friar abuses. The retraction of Rizal remains to this day, a controversy; many scholars, however, agree that the
document does not tarnish the heroism of Rizal. His relevance remained solidified to Filipinos and pushed them to
continue the revolution, which eventually resulted in independence in 1898.

04: Cry of Balintawak

The “Cry of Balintawak” was an event that officially marked the start of the Philippine Revolution against Spain.
The revolt later grew in strength and spread to 8 provinces including Manila, Bulacan, Cavite, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna,
Batangas, and Nueva Ecija — which were eventually represented by the eight rays of the sun in the present Filipino flag.

What is Cry?

The term “Cry” is translated from the Spanish el grito de rebellion or el grito for short which means “Cry for Rebellion.”

“The First Cry”

The ‘first cry’ is generally signified as the ‘first call for rebellion’. It is marked as the beginning of Philippine
revolution or seeking of independence for the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule with the use of violence and arms.

How did it started?

With the initiative of Andres Bonifacio and his colleagues, they founded a Philippine revolutionary organization,
commonly known as Katipunan or KKK, with its primary goal to gain independence from Spain through a revolution. The
Katipunan was a secret organization until it was discovered in 1896 which led to start the Philippine revolution, which is
now called as the ‘first cry’.
What are the significant events in the Cry of Balintawak?

> Tearing up of community tax certificates(cedulas personales) symbolizes the termination of Katipunero’s loyalty to
Spanish Regime.

> “Patriotic shouts such as ‘Viva la Independencia Filipina’ ”

> The shouts for ‘Viva la independencia Filipina’ or ‘ ‘Long Live Philippine Independence!’ was to express the goal of their
secret society.

When did it happen?

The Cry of Balintawak happened on August 26, 1896, as proved by the testimonies of people who had witnesses
the event, which means that their versions are accurately detailed and show credibility. The members of the secret
society of the Katipunan planned to move against the Spaniards, marking the beginning of the Philippine Revolution.

Several events have actually transpired, and led to a turning point on the 26th of August, when the tearing of
cedulas also known as tax certificates, was done in defiance of the maltreatment inflicted by the Spaniards on the
Filipino people. The main purpose was to escape the tyranny at the hands of the Spaniards. This was Andres Bonifacio’s
goal. To lead the Katipuneros into a battle for the nation’s independence, and to avenge the death of Jose Rizal.

05: Controversies in the Battle of Mactan

It is such a big controversy whether the Battle of Mactan happened in Mactan (Lapu-Lapu City) or Mactang
(Poro, Camotes) it is a question that hounds historians, residents and scholars.

Lapu-Lapu City was locally known as "Opon", locals would say that it is Lapu-Lapu's nickname, Lapu-Lapu (1521)
was a ruler of Mactan in Visayas. Modern Filipino society regards him as the first Filipino hero because he was the first
native to resist Spanish colonization. He is best known for the Battle of Mactan that happened at dawn on April 27, 1521,
where he and his soldiers defeated Ferdinand Magellan. The battle ended up in the killing of Magellan.

Lapu-Lapu's monument was built in Mactan shrine in Punta Engaño, Lapu-Lapu City to commemorate his legacy.
There was never a description of what Lapu-Lapu really looks like but he is often described as that man in themonument
with a kampilan and a shield and whether he had tattoos or not is still a debate among historians. Just a few meters
away from Lapu-Lapu's Monument stood a monument for the Portuguese Navigator Ferdinand Magellan who
commanded the Spanish fleet sent out to navigate on 1519, the monument is known as the Magellan's Marker, a classic
obelisk on a multi-level base and is said to have been built in 1866 during the administration of the Augustinian priest
Simon Aguirre, who was cura of Opon (now Lapu-Lapu) in 1857-1871.

A panoramic painting that depicts the Battle of Mactan was placed in an open fronted shelter just a few meters
from the Magellan's Marker. As written in the installed historical marker by the National Historical Commision Of The
Philippines In Central Visayas:LapulapuHere on 27 April 1521, Lapulapu and his men repulsed the Spanish invaders,
killing their leader Ferdinand Magellan thus Lapu Lapu became the first Filipino to have repelled European aggression.

Ferdinand Magellan's Death

Ferdinand Magellan died on April 27, 1521 wounded in an encounter with the soldiers of Lapu Lapu, Chief of
Mactan Islands. One of Magellan's ships, The Victoria, under the command of Juan Sebastian Elcano, sailed from Cebu
on May 1, 1521 and anchored at San Lucar de Barrameda on September 6, 1522 thus completing the first
circumnavigation of the earth.
06: The Balangiga Bells/ Balangiga Massacre

The Balangiga Massacre of September 28, 1901, is considered one of the bloodiest events during the Philippine-
American war.

Why it started

In the beginning, residents of Balangiga town and Company C, the 9th US infantry regiment, had a good
relationship. According to historians, relations went downhill after two American soldiers allegedly tried to molest a
Filipino woman tending a store. When locals came to the woman's defense, the soldiers wanted revenge. Since then,
people in Balingaga were subjected to forced labor and detention with only a little food and water.Balangiga police chief
Valeriano Abanador, along with guerilla officers Captain Eugenio Daza and Sergeant Pedro Duran Sr, plotted the uprising
against the Americans.

How it happened

The plan was executed on September 28, 1901, during the supposed funeral procession for children killed by
cholera. Abanador initiated the first strike by shooting an American sentry after chatting with him.The church of
Balangiga rang its bells, signaling the start of the attack. The men dressed as women pulled out their weapons – mainly
machetes – and attacked the US troops. Locals also headed to the barracks to attack unsuspecting American soldiers.

At least 48 out of the 78 American soldiers were killed during the surprise attack.The following day, American
forces decided to retaliate. General Jacob H. Smith vowed that he would turn the town into a "howling wilderness,""I
want no prisoners. I wish you to kill and burn. The more you kill and burn the better it will please me. I want all persons
killed who are capable of bearing arms in actual hostilities against the United States," Smith said.

Smith's remark became even more infamous when he instructed his men to "kill everyone over 10." Soldiers also
burned and looted the villages in Balangiga.There is no exact estimate on the number of Filipinos killed, despite what
some resources have previously said that about 2,500 were killed during the duration of the massacre.Recent study by
the Balangiga Research group found that most soldiers "counter-manded" the kill-and-burn order, which meant that
some soldiers refused to claim innocent lives and resorted only to destruction of homes and livelihood.

The Americans brought home the church bells of Balangiga as "trophies of war." Two are under the custody of
US troops in the "Trophy Park" of the Francis E. Warren Air Force Base in Wyoming, while the other is with the US
military unit in South Korea.

On August 11, 2018, the US embassy in Manila announced that the US defense department had notified the US
Congress of its intention to return the bells to the Philippines.The bells arrived in the Philippines at Villamor Air Base on
December 11, 2018; and were returned to the Balangiga Church on December 15, 2018.The Balangiga Bells symbolize
the country's aspiration and struggle for freedom and national independence.
 TOPIC 8 : The Birth of The Nation
Declaration of Philippine Independence

On June 12 1898, in the presence of a huge crowd between four and five in the afternoon, Filipino rebels led by
General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the independence of the Philippines at Cavite el Viejo (Kawit) after 300 years of
Spanish rule. The event saw the unfurling of the Philippine National Flag, and the national anthem, Marcha Filipina
Magdalo (known as Lupang Hinirang) was played in public.

Marcela Mariño Agoncillo, assisted by her daughter Lorenza Agoncillo and Mrs. Delfina Hermosa de Natividad
(niece of Dr. Jose Rizal) had sewn the Philippine flag in Hongkong.

"Lupang Hinirang" (Chosen Land), originally titled in Spanish as "Marcha Nacional Filipina"(Philippine National
March), was the Philippine national anthem. Its music was composed in 1898 by Julián Felipe, and the lyrics were
adopted from the Spanish poem "Filipinas", written by José Palma in 1899

Symbolism/Meanings in the Philippine Flag

White triangle signifies the distinctive emblem of the famous Society of the “Katipunan” which by means of its
blood compact inspired the masses to rise in revolution. It also represents fraternity, liberty, and equality

The three stars, signifies the three principal Islands of this Archipelago-Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay where this
revolutionary movement started;

The sun represents the gigantic steps made by the sonsof the country along the path of Progress andCivilization.
It also symbolizes freedom, unity,democracy, and sovereignty.

The eight rays, signifies the eight provinces- Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan, Laguna,
and Batangas—which declared themselves in a state of war as soon as the first revolt was initiated;

The colors of Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the flag of the United States of North America, as
manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its disinterested protection which it lent us and
continues lending us.

The blue color stands for peace, justice, sacrifice, and truth.

The red color symbolizes bravery, courage, and patriotism.

The Act of the Declaration of Independence was the first formal statement by a nation’s people asserting their
right to choose their own government. The declaration, however, was not recognized by the United States or Spain. It
was prepared and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista. The proclamation of Philippine independence was, however,
promulgated on August 1 when many towns has already been organized under the riles laid down by the Dictatorial
Government.

End of July 1898 -12,00American Troops under the overall command of Major General Wesley Meritt.

August 1, 1898 -First convention of Municipal Presidents held in Bacoor, Cavite, Capital of the Revolutionary
Government
Incredulous Battle of Manila (1898)

a land engagement which took place in Manila on August 13, 1898. It is sometimes referred to as the "Mock
Battle of Manila“ because the local commanders of the Spanish and American forces, who were legally at war, secretly
and jointly planned the battle to transfer control of the city center from the Spanish to the Americans while keeping the
Philippine Revolutionary Army out of the city center. The battle left American forces in control of Intramuros, the center
of Manila, surrounded by Philippine revolutionary forces, creating the conditions for the Battle of Manila of 1899 and
the start of the Philippine–American War.

Treaty of Paris

On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris was signed by Spain and the United States and officially ended the
brief Spanish-American War. Sovereignty over the Philippines was transferred from Spain to the United States. The
Philippines were bought for $20 million, Puerto Rico and Guam were ceded to America, and the Cuba became a U.S.
protectorate.

Philippine insurgents who fought against Spanish rule during the war immediately turned their weapons against
the new colonizer, and a significantly greater number of American troops died suppressing the Philippines than in
defeating Spain.

Battle of Manila (1899)

The first and largest battle of the Philippine–American War, was fought on February 1899, between 19,000
American soldiers and 15,000 Filipino fighters. Initially, the Filipino troops were able to make some advance against the
American forces and took control of a few American positions, forcing back the American troops. Before soon, the
American forces launched a full assault and were able to rout the Filipino troops. This battle was a complete victory for
the American forces.

The commander on the Filipino side was General Antonio Luna.

One of the main commanders on the American side was General Elwell Stephen Otis.

First Philippine Republic

popularly known as the Malolos Republic was an unrecognized independent sovereign state in the Philippines. It
was formally established with Emilio Aguinaldo as president by proclamation of the Malolos Constitution on January 21,
1899 in Malolos, Bulacan, succeeding the previous Revolutionary Government of the Philippines.

On January 23, 1899, Malolos Republic was inaugurated amidst colorful ceremonies at the Barasoain Church.
This was also the first republic in Asia. In this inaugural address, President Aguinaldo expressed his congratulations to
the members of the Malolos Congress for drafting the Malolos Constitution, to the armed forces for winning the
country's freedom by force of arms, and to the Filipino people for their cooperation and sacrifices in the struggle for
independence.

Malolos Congress (Revolutionary Congress )

formally known as the National Assembly, was the legislative body of the Revolutionary Government of the
Philippines. Back then, Aguinaldo issued a decree on July 18, 1898 asking for the election of delegates to the
revolutionary congress, another decree was promulgated five days later, which declared that Aguinaldo would appoint
representatives of congress because holding elections is not practical at that time. He appointed 50 delegates in all (but
this number fluctuated from time to time). In accordance with these two decrees, Aguinaldo assembled the
Revolutionary Congress at the Barasoain Church in Malolos, Bulacan on September 15, 1898.

Important achievements of the Malolos Congress:

1. In September 29, 1898, ratified the declaration of Philippine independence held at Kawit, Cavite on June 12,
1898.
2. Passage of a law that allowed the Philippines to borrow 20 million peso from banks for government expenses
3. Establishment of the Universidad Literatura de Filipinas and other schools.
4. Drafting of the Philippine Constitution
5. Declaring war against the United States on June 12, 1899

Malolos Constitution

known as Political Constitution of 1899. It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as an
alternative to a pair of proposals to the Malolos Congress by Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno. The constitution was
inspired by the constitutions of Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil, Belgium and France. After some minor revisions
(mainly due to the objections of Apolinario Mabini), the final draft of the constitution was presented to Aguinaldo. After
a lengthy debate in the latter part of 1898, it was promulgated on 21 January 1899 and was the constitution of the First
Philippine Republic.

 It established a democratic, republication government with three branches - the Executive, Legislative and the
Judicial branches. It called for the separation of church and state.
 The Discussion of the draft lasted.Article 5, Title III of the draft was the most debatable which refers to
the religion and separation of Church and state.
 Tomas Del Rosario in favor of the Separation of the Church and State while Felipe Calderon on the
contrary position wanted to make Catholicism the state religion.
 TOPIC 9: THE AMERICAN RULE
American Colonial Policy

American colonial policy in the Philippines was unique because of the following reasons:

1. The Americans said they would go as soon as as the Filipino could stand on their own as fee nation. From the
beginning, American officials did not want to hold on to the Philippines as a colony forever
2. The Americans were kinder and more generous than other colonial powers 0f the same era ( Germany,
Netherlands, France or Britain). The Americans shared power with the Filipinos in government.
3. The Filipinos adopted American ways very well. No other former colony like its other country as much as the
Filipinos liked the United States.

Military Government

 The form of an administration by which an occupying power exercises government authority over occupied
territory
 A military government was established under General Wesley Meritt as First Military Governor on August 14,
1898 whose powers flow from the President as the Commander-in Chief of the US Armed Forces during the
period of active warfare.

The following are the military Governors of the Philippines:

 Gen. Merrit
 Gen. Otis
 Gen. McArthur

Civil Government

 It was inaugurated at Manila on July 4, 1901

 Exercised jurisdiction over the pacified areas while the military rule continued to unpacifiedregions until 1902
 The Commission became the legislative body

Philippine Commission

Schurman Commission: Dr. Jacob Schurman

> Establishment of Schools
> Establishement of Civil Authority having a bicameral legislature
> Implementation of needed reforms, and the recognition of rights and liberties of people

Taft Commission : William Howard Taft

 Established a judicial system, including a Supreme court, drew up legal code to replace antiquated Spanish
ordinances and organized a civil service.
 The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents and councilors to serve on municipal boards.

The Spooner Amendment: Senator- John Spooner

 A bill giving unprecedented power to the excutive branch in the development of colonial policy in the Philippines.
 Congressional Amendment to the Army Appropriation Act of 1901 that called for the end of the U.S. military
government in the Philippines.
 Senator John C. Spooner sponsored the amendment for the establishments of a civil government in the Philippines
 On March 3, 1901 the U.S Congress passed the spoonerAmedment to the Army Appropriation Act, providing
legislative authority for the President to proceed with the establishment of a civil government in the Philippines.
The Philippine Organic Act

 Established the insular Government of the Philippine Islands ( 1902-1935)

 Provided for the establishment of bicameral legislature composed of a lower house, the Philippine Assembly, and
an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission
 Provided for extending the United States Bill of rights to Filipinos and sending two Filipino resident
commissioners to Washington to attend sessions of the United Sates Congress. The Philippine Assembly elections
of 1

Taft Administration

 Taft dealt with the remaining revolutionaries and the economic problems on his administrations like joblessness,
epidemics, drought, etc.
 He want to the US to work for the passing of the Philippine Bill 1902 and the “ purchased of the friar lands”
 He captured the confidence and administration of the Filipinos especially due to his policy, “ the Philippines for
the Filipinos”.
 He left back to US to become the Secretary of War under President Roosevelt.

The Philippine Bill of 1902

> Was the basic law for the Philippine government

> The first Congressional law of the US to the Philippines also known as the Cooper Act.

It was passed on July 1, 1902 with the following provisions:

 Extinctions of the bill of Rights to the Filipinos except trial by jury.

 The conservation of neutral resources of the Philippines for the Filipinos
 Establishment of elective Philippine Assembly.
 Retention of the Philippine Commission as a upper house and Philippine Assembly as lower house.
 Appointment of two resident Filipino Commissioners to Washington.

Anti-Nationalist Laws

 Sedition of law- imposed death penalty or long prison term to those who advocated separation from the US even
through peaceful means.
 Brigandage Act- punished with death or prison term of not less than 20 years for members of an Armed band.
 Reconcentration Act- this gave the governor general the power to authorize any provincial governor to
reconcentrate in the towns all residents outlying barrios if outlaws operated in these areas.
 Flag Law- prohibited the display of Philippine flags and other symbols used to resistance against the US

What is the impact of American rule on the Filipinos on their economy, politics, society and culture?

United States improved the economy and system of government, where the Filipinos had greater political
participation and more economics gains. The American rule caused great marks of “ colonial mentality” and the
materialistic and individualistic ways among many Filipinos.

Education and the School system

 America’s greatest achievements in the Philippine was the introduction of the public school system.
 Overall, the public school system increased the number of Filipinos who knew how to read and write.
 The oldest university founded under the Americans was Siliman University in Dumaguete City, followed
by Central Philippine University in Iloilo City. The University of the Philippine was founded in 1908 in
Manila. Education under the Americans advanced rapidly and was not equaled by any other colonizing
power.
Improvement in Trade and Industry

 In 1909, Philippine exports amounted to 60.9 million pesos. In 1910-1914,it rose to 94.7 million pesos.
In 1914-1918, the amount of exports further increased to 177.3 million pesos, In 1925-1930, the exports
amounted to 297.9 million pesos. Except during World War 1, from 1914-1918, Philippine foreign trade
enjoyed a favorable balance of trade.
 In industry, the Philippine also prospered under the Americans.
 Coconut oil mills, cigar and cigarette factories, rope factories, fishing and fish canning, alcohol small
distilleries, and sugar centrals were established throughout the Philippines.
 More laborers were employed and Filipino capital
 In 1929, gold mining produced almost seven million pesos worth of gold.
 In 1935, the year of the Commonwealth, it produced almost thirty-two million pesos worth of gold.

Public Health and Welfare

 In 1901, the Americans created the board of Public Health, which later on became a bureau.
 It’s duties were to construct the people in hygiene and sanitation and to combat the people’s ignorance
and superstitions which were the greatest enemies of medicine and public health
 The Americans taught the Filipinos nutrition. Balanced diet consisting of large amounts of all known
vitamins and minerals was introduced.

Transportation and Communication

 The railway line was likewise extended. In 1903, there were less than 200 kilometers of railway In.
1935, it rose to more than 1,0000 kilometers. The Manila-Dagupan Railwa, founded during the Spanish
period, was acquired by the government and became the Manila Railroad Company.
 The line was extended to the provinces of Northern and Southern Luzon, the thereby bringing them
closer than before.

Democracy and Civil Liberties

 The Americans regime recognized the equality of men before the law and right of every man to all the
freedoms- freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom to complain, and
freedom to change’s one domicle ( a place permanent residence)

Political Parties

 The parties then had a political platform which Filipinos learned from the Americans
 In times, the good as well as the bad characteristics of the political party system in United States were
adopted by the Filipinos.
 The results of this system of political parties was the increase in the knowledge of government
machinery and government affairs by the wealthy and educated Filipinos
 This kind of politics, ironically was deepened during the time of Governor-General Harrison, when more
Filipinos came to control the lawmaking body and government bureaucracy

Language and Literature

 Mckinley ordered that the English language be made as the medium of instruction in all public schools.
 Some Filipinos began to write in English.
 By 1935, many Filipinos writers in English distinguished themselves in poetry, short stories, and essay.
A few wrote dramas and novel. Some of the poems and short stories of Filipino writers in English were
published in US

Negative Results of American Rule

 The Philippines became dependent exclusively on the United States to continue prosper economically.
 There was no real industrialization in the hands of Filipino capital.
 Our own delicacies and heroes are no longer appreciated. Filipino people focus about American
Culture.
 Materialistic view of life has weakened the Filipino’s communal spirit towards an individualistic and
consumerist way of life.
 TOPIC 10: THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
Japan had already been at war in Manchuria (1931) and China (1937) long before the Second World War started in
Europe when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939.

By 1941, Japanese military expansion in the Asia-Pacific region had made confrontation and war with the United States
increasingly certain.

In preparation for war, on July 26, 1941, General Douglas MacArthur brought the 12,000 strong Philippine Scouts under
his command with the 16,000 American soldiers stationed in the Philippines.

The Japanese occupation was the period in the history of the Philippines between 1942 and 1945, when the Empire of
Japan occupied the previously American-controlled Philippines during World War II

December 8, 1941

The invasion of Japanese in the Philippines started, ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Japanese troops
attacked the islands in many places and launched a pincer drive on Manila. Aerial bombardment was followed by
landings of ground troops in Luzon. The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of
General Douglas MacArthur.

December 12, 1941

Lacking air cover, the American Asiatic Fleet in the Philippines withdrew to Java.

December 22, 1941

Japanese troops landed at the Lingayen Gulf and continued on to Manila

December 25, 1941

General Douglas MacArthur declared Manila an open city on the advice of commonwealth President Manuel L.
Quezon to avoid its destruction.

January 2, 1942

The Japanese occupied Manila.

 Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces withdrew to Bataan Peninsula and to the island of
Corregidor.
 President Quezon and Vice-President Osmena left Corregidor by submarine to form a government in exile in the
United States.

March 11, 1942

General MacArthur escaped Corregidor on the night and bound for Australia; 4,000 km away through Japanese
controlled waters

April 9, 1942

The besieged U.S.-Filipino army on Bataan finally fell down.

 The surrender at Bataan was the largest surrender (76,000) in American and Filipino military history, and was
the largest United States surrender since the American Revolution.
 The Japanese led their captives on a cruel and criminal "Death March" on which 7,000-10,000 died or were
murdered
May 6, 1942

The 13,000 survivors on Corregidor surrendered.

Occupation in the Philippines

October 1943 The Japanese military authorities immediately organized a new government structure in the Philippines

JAPANESE RULES FOR FILIPINOS (1941-1945)

1. Salute to the Japanese soldiers when you meet them.
2. The Japanese flag should be displayed at every house's door.
3. Everybody must put the sun-rise armband on the left arm.
4. Everybody should have the certificate of residence.
5. Wherever you see Japanese soldiers you must welcome them and not escape from them. The escaper will be
considered as the enemy.
6. Unless you do not tell false prices you will be paid reasonable
7. You are absolutely prohibited to walk until the sun-set until the sun-rise without carrying lamps. The walker
who has not lights will be shot by the Japanese patrolling soldier without any warns.
8. Don't be fooled and bewildered by false propaganda by Communists, bandits and Chinese.
9. The incendiarism accidental fire and robbery will be punished.
10. The holding of arms is allowed by the army. But the armsholder must report to the mayor it and get
permission from.
11. The jobless people can find one's jobs in Japanese army and will be.
12. Be obedient to the orders of governor and mayor who are authorized
THE JAPANESE INFLUENCE
During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II, the Japanese influenced the government
in the Philippines by enforcing a strict curfew, adding Japanese currency, instituting a military government and reducing
neighborhood government systems by half. The occupation also cost the lives of over a million people in the Philippines

Although the Japanese had promised independence after their occupation, they initially organized a Council of
State through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an independent
republic.

LIVES OF THE FILIPINOS DURING THE OCCUPATION

During the occupation of the Japanese in the Philippines, they ran the Philippines with an iron hand. They
instilled fear declared martial law. They imposed curfews, they ordered that anyone who opposes them or even those
who are just accused of going against the Japanese were punished and killed.

Singing of the national anthem and raising of the national flag was prohibited. Use of radios and transmitters was also
prohibited. Political parties, elections, and public assemblies were put to a halt.

School, printing presses, telegraph, and radio stations were closed down. Everything was controlled by the Japanese.

 The people suffered greatly from Japanese brutality, and the puppet government added little support.
 An estimated 200,000 Asian women were also drafted into sexual servitude by the Japanese Imperial Army in
World War II.
  Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by increasingly effective underground and guerrilla activity
that ultimately reached large-scale proportions. Postwar investigations showed that about 260,000 people were
in guerrilla organizations and that members of the anti-Japanese underground were even more numerous.
 The effectiveness of these guerillas were such that by the end of the war, Japan controlled only twelve of the
forty-eight provinces in the Philippines

THE HUKS
In the midst of fear and chaos, some farmers of Pampanga banded together and created local brigades for their
protection. Luis Taruc, Juan Feleo, Castro Alejandrino, and other leaders of organized farmers held a meeting in February
1942 in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija. In that meeting, they agreed to fight the Japanese as a unified guerrilla army.

Another meeting was held the following month, where in representatives from Tarlac, Pampanga and Nueva
Ecija threshed out various details regarding their organization, which they agreed to call "Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa mga
Hapon" or HUKBALAHAP. The members were simply known as Huks!

- LUIS TARUC

a communist party member since 1939, is the leader of HUKBALAHAP.

THE PHILIPPINE EXECUTIVE COMMISSION

In Accordance the instructions of President Manual Quezon to Jorge Vargas, The Filipino officials in Manila

Were told to enter into agreements and compromises with the Japanese to mitigate the sufferings of the people under
the iron-clad rule of the Japanese. On January 23,1942 the Philippine Executive Commission was established, with
Vargas as chairman. The following was appointed as department heads; Benigno Aquino Sr., interior; Antonio de las
Alas. Finance; Jose P. Laurel, justice; Claro M. Recto, education, health, and public welfare; and Quintin Paredes, public
works and communication; Jose Yulo was named Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.

THE PHILIPPINE EXECUTIVE COMMISSION

The following month, an election was held for members of The Preparatory Commission for Philippine
Independence (PCPI). The purpose of PCPI is to draw up a constitution for a free Philippines. Jose Laurel became its
head. Against the will of the PCPI delegates the new Constitution was finalized on July 10, 1943. Two months later it was
ratified by the KALIBAPI, which was the only political party allowed to exist at that time. KALIBAPI is the acronym for
"Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas".

The new constitution, which noticeably lacked a bill of rights contained 12 articles lifted from the 1935
constitution that fitted the wishes of the Japanese. It was meant to be in effect only temporarily, while the Philippines
still in chaos. After the war, a new constitution would again be drafted for the new Philippine Republic.

THE 2ND REPUBLIC

On September, 20 1943, the KALIBAPI- under the leadership of its director general, Benigno Aquino Sr. held a
party convention to elect 54 members of the National Assembly. The Assembly was actually made up of 108 members;
but half of this number was composed of incumbent governors and city mayors. Jose P. Laurel was elected as president
of the second republic (the first republic was Aguinldo's Malolos Republic) and both Benigno Aquino Sr. & Ramon
Avancena as a vice-presidents.
KALIBAPI
 For the Japanese , KALIBAPI served as a labour recruitment service in its initial stages before taking on an
expanded role in mid 1943. It was left to KALIBAPI to write the new constitution and establish the new National
Assembly, resulting in Aquino's appointment as Speaker (as his replacement as Director-General by Camilo
Osías).

OCTOBER 14, 1943

The new republic was inaugurated on the front steps of the legislative building in Manila.

The Philippine flag was hoisted as the national anthem was played.

The Japanese then started using propaganda to gain the trust and confidence of Filipinos who refused to cooperate with
them. They hung giant posters and distribute their materials that contains such slogans as "the Philippines belong to the
Filipinos.

They also used newspapers, movies, and others to publicize the same idea. Promoting Japanese propaganda was one of
the main objectives of the KALIBAPI, but still Japanese failed to gain the trust of the Filipinos

THE JAPANESE PROPAGANDA

 Japanese propaganda during World War II was designed to assist the ruling government of Japan during that
time. Many of its elements were continuous with pre-war elements of statism in Shōwa Japan, including the
principles of kokutai, hakkō ichiu, and bushido.
 New forms of propaganda were developed to persuade occupied countries of the benefits of the Greater Asia
Co-Prosperity Sphere, to undermine American troops' morale, to counteract claims of Japanese atrocities, and
to present the war to the Japanese people as victorious. It started with the Second Sino-Japanese War, which
merged into World War II. It used a large variety of media to send its messages.

From Australia, Allied forces slowly advanced toward the Philippines, bombing several Japanese strongholds until they
regained control of areas previously occupied by the enemy. The bombings began on September 21 1944, and barely a
month later, on October 20, 1944, the Americans landed triumphantly in Leyte.

ONCE A SHORE, GENERAL DOUGLAS MACARTHUR SAID; "I HAVE RETURNED. "

Sergio Osmeña was Part of MacArthur’s group. He had taken over Manuel L. Quezon as president after the latter
past way at Saranac Lake, New York on August 1944. From October 23 to October 26, 1944 the Americans engaged
Japanese forces in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. Consider as the biggest naval battle in World History, this historic encounter
almost destroyed the entire Japanese fleet and rendered in incapable of further attack. The US victory in the battle of
Leyte Gulf is said to have signaled the beginning of Philippine liberation from the Japanese.

By mid-December, the American soldiers had reached Mindoro. The Japanese, meanwhile, secured other area
where their thought other American units would land. Nevertheless, US liberation forces successfully docked at Lingayen
Gulf on January 9, 1945. The news alarmed the Japanese. Lt. Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, supreme commander of the
Japanese troops in Manila, mobilize his kamikazes (Japanese suicide pilots); but they failed to stop Americans. Japanese
also deployed MAKAPILI units to defend Manila but neither succeeds.
THE MAKAPILI
Headed by the triumvirate of former Revolutionary General Artemio Ricarte, Pio Duran, and former Sakdalista
Movement founder Benigno Ramos.

 The MAKAPILI came into existence after the Japanese started to conscript Filipinos to augment their military
forces.
 Whenever a village or a town was suspected of guerrilla activity, the Japanese would round up the residents and
then let the MAKAPILI members—who covered their faces with bamboo baskets except for their eyes—point
out the suspected guerrillas or their sympathizers. In this way, many Filipinos, including the innocent ones, were
dragged off by the Japanese to be tortured and executed.

THE EXECUTION OF JOSE ABAD SANTOS

 He was killed by the Japanese because he stood his ground for his country. He had full authority over what's left
of the Philippines and on his capture, it was like catching the president himself.
 Abad Santos choose honor and death over a life of shame. He even saw dying for the country as an opportunity.
Such was his patriotism, such was his heroism during those times of war. Just like our national hero, Jose Rizal,
he was calm upon receiving the news until the end

“Do not cry, Pepito. Show these people that you are brave. It is a rare opportunity for me to die for our country. Not
everybody is given that chance. ” - Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos to his son, Pepito.

December 8, 1944
President Laurel and his cabinet moved to Baguio upon orders of Yamashita, who is also known as the tiger of
Malaya. The Japanese forces retreated to Yamashita line a jungle battlefront stretching along the Sierra Madre
Mountains from Antipolo, Rizal to Appari Cagayan.

The Japanese in Manila would not give up easily. In fact, it took 3 weeks of intense fighting before they finally
surrendered on February 23

JULY 5, 1945
MacArthur announced “All the Philippines are now liberated.” The great U.S. victory effectively destroyed the
Japanese navy and opened the way for the recovery of the Philippine islands.

The Japanese had suffered over 425,000 dead in the Philippines. The Philippines suffered great loss of life and
monstrous physical destruction by the time the war was over. An estimated 1 million Filipinos had been killed, and
Manila was extensively damaged

August 6 ,1945
The US troops bombarded Hiroshima using an plutonium atomic bomb

August 9, 1945
Second bombing of US destructed the whole city of Nagasaki having casualties of 80,000 people approximately

September 2, 1945
Japan formally accepted defeat upon signing treaty on board USS Missouri at Tokyo Bay.
 TOPIC 11: THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
The term Philippine Republic" or "Republic of the Philippines" refers to a succession of republics during and after the
Philippine Revolution in the Philippines.

 The current government of the Philippines recognizes five "Philippine republics" in the history of the Philippines:
 First Philippine Republic (January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901) Called itself the "Philippine Republic". Also called
the Malolos Republic by historians.
 Second Philippine Republic (October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945)
 Third Philippine Republic (July 4, 1946 – September 21, 1972)
 Fourth Philippine Republic (June 30, 1981 – February 25, 1986)
 Fifth Philippine Republic (February 2, 1987 – present)

THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC : January 23, 1899 – March 23, 1901
The First Philippine Republic was established on 1896 revolution which was spearheaded by Katipunan or KKK (K
ataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan). The organization developed over the years and this
was later known as Republika ng Katagalugan which is a revolutionary government built to gain Independence away
from Spain.

The KKK or Katipunan gained factions as it is now composed of Magdiwang and Magdalo, two separate groups
which have different aims in governance. Andres Bonifacio served as the forefather of Magdiwang while Emilio
Aguinaldo for Magdalo. In 1897, the Tejeros Convention took place in Cavite to call both parties to unify them. Aguinaldo
eventually won through the convention

The Revolutionary government, led by Aguinaldo, continued the revolution against the Spaniards. At this point,
the Spaniards were of the impression that the revolution was in decline and concentrated their efforts on pursuing
Aguinaldo and his companions. By the latter part of 1897, Aguinaldo was forced by advancing Spanish forces to retreat
to the mountains of Biak-na-Bato

On November 1, 1897, Aguinaldo, along with several revolutionaries, convened a citizen’s assembly in order to
draft a provisional constitution for the Philippines, which has come to be known as the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato. The
government established was to be headed by a Supreme Council composed of a President, Vice President, and four
Secretaries empowered to govern

 Philippine Republic was a short lived republic that was established following the Philippine Independence in
1898.
 After many years of fighting for the freedom, the Filipino revolution was successful and was victorious in
liberating their people from 300 years of Spanish rule.
 They had then declared independence on June 12, 1898 and by August the Filipinos had effectively controlled
most of their country.

General Emilio Aguinaldo ruled as the country’s first president and ruled by decree, basically a dictatorship in May
24, 1898 until a democratic constitution was put in place. “Great is the day, glorious this date, and forever memorable
this moment in which our beloved people are raised to the joy of independence.”

Between June and September in the year 1898, elections were held in the seeds of the revolutionary congress- the
country’s first legislature.
January 23,1899

the first Philippine Republic was inaugurated at Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan. It was a solemn and happy time.

Felipe Agoncillo

the first Filipino diplomat sent to Paris and Washington to work for recognition of Philippine Independence.

El Heraldo de la Revolution

the official newspaper of the government.

La Independencia

an independent newspaper ran by General Antonio Luna and other Filipinos

MALOLOS CONGRESS AND CONSTITUTION

85 Filipinos

met in a revolutionary congress at Barasoain Church, Malolos, Bulacan starting September 15, 1898. They were
the most intelligent men in the country.

Dr. Pedro A. Paterno

the president of the Malolos Congress.

Malolos Congress

approved the independence of the Philippines. It also started the making of a new constitution for the
Philippines.

Malolos Constitution

the basic law of the government

 Malolos constitution had established a democratic republic, placing the sovereignty back to the Filipino people.
It guaranteed the civil liberties of the people. It guaranteed the separation of church and state and the
protection of what we would now call civil and human rights against the abuses of those in power.
 The first republic was inaugurated with much celebration and fanfare. After all, it is considered to be the first
constitutional republic in Asia.
 However, in December 10, 1898. Spain formally sold the Philippines to the United States, following the Spanish-
American War. The Americans who were once the allies of the Filipino people in their fight for their
independence, was their shadows of threatening to take their freedom.

PHILIPPINE-AMERICAN WAR
February of 1899

the Philippine-American War would erupt between the first Philippine Republic against the United States.
February 4, 1899

an American sharpshooter, Private Robert W. Grayson of First Nebraska Volunteers, shot and killed a Filipino
soldier crossing the San Juan Bridge.

February 5, 1899
 the American navy bombarded the Filipino positions in Manila.

February 6, 1899

the American Senate passed the Treaty of Paris, making the Philippines a colony of the United States. It was
approved by only one vote majority.

March 31, 1899

the Americans captured Malolos, which was then the Capital of the First Philippine Republic

Filipinos fought a war of independence again. This time, against the Americans, their former allies. It was the
second fight for independence by the Filipinos.

The first Philippine republic ended when Aguinaldo was captured at the end of 1901. In 1902, the United States
would officially declare an end to the Philippine-American War or known as the “Filipino Insurrection”

Filipinos fought a war of independence again. This time, against the Americans, their former allies. It was the
second fight for independence by the Filipinos. • The first Philippine republic ended when Aguinaldo was captured at the
end of 1901. In 1902, the United States would officially declare an end to the Philippine-American War or known as the
“Filipino Insurrection”

Second Republic of the Philippines

The Second Philippine Republic was established during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. At the outset
of the occupation, the Japanese government established a military administration over the Philippines, as well as the
Philippine Executive Commission, composed of several pre-war Filipino political leaders.

The KALIBAPI ( Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas) was also organized, designed to be the sole and
exclusive political organization in the Philippines.

On June 16, 1943, Premier Hideki Tojo promised independence to the Philippines. The K ALIBAPI would then
form the Preparatory Committee on Philippine Independence (PCPI), which was tasked with drafting a new Constitution.

The KALIBAPI then proceeded to elect part of the new National Assembly, which also included appointed
members in turn, the National

 On October 14, 1943, in ceremonies in front of the Legislative Building in Manila, the new Republic was
inaugurated.
 Jose P. Laurel, the Chairman of the Preparatory Committee, assumed office as President.
 On September 21, 1944, President Laurel proclaimed martial law in the Philippines (it came into effect on
September 22).
 On September 23, 1944, Laurel proclaimed that the Philippines was “in a state of war” with the Allied Powers
but this was never ratified by the National Assembly

In large part, Japanese disapointment with Laurel led to the Republic under Laurel being superseded by the
Makapili, organized in December, 1944 to more militantly oppose the returning American forces and Filipino guerrillas.

The Japanese brought the Laurel government to Baguio in December, 1944, and a small remnant of that government
was taken to Tokyo in March, 1945. Laurel formally dissolved the Second Republic on August 17, 1945, two days after
Japan surrendered to the Allies.
 When the Commonwealth government was restored on Philippine soil on October 23, 1944, Field Marshal Douglas
MacArthur as military commander had issued a proclamation nullifying all acts of the Philippine Executive Commission
and the Second Republic

The Supreme Court categorized the Philippine Executive Commission and the Second Republic as a de facto (actual,
whether by right or not) government, in contrast to the de jure (meaning rightful, or legitimate) status of the
Commonwealth government. While this means no laws or regulations from the Second Republic are legally recognized,
President Laurel has been included in the roster of Philippine presidents since the 1960s.

Many officials who served in the Philippine Executive Commission, the Second Republic and its various agencies
were charged with treason but received an amnesty from President Manuel Roxas on January 28, 1948.

Third Republic of the Philippines

The Third Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated on July 4, 1946. It marked the culmination of the peaceful
campaign for Philippine Independence—the two landmarks of which were the enactment of the Jones Law in 1916 (in
which the U.S. Congress pledged independence for the Philippines once Filipinos have proven their capability for self-
government) and the Philippine Independence Act of 1934 (popularly known as Tydings-McDuffie) which put in place a
ten-year transition period during which the Philippines had Commonwealth status.

The Roxas Administration: (May 28, 1946 – April 15, 1948)

Manuel A. Roxas- Last President of the Commonwealth Term: May 28, 1946- July 4, 1946

First President of the Third Republic of the Philippines Term: July 4, 1946- April 15, 1948

In an effort to solve the massive socio-economic problems of the period, President Roxas reorganized the
government, and proposed a wide-sweeping legislative program. Among the undertakings of the Third Republic's initial
year were: The establishment of the Rehabilitation Finance Corporation (which would be reorganized in 1958 as the
Development Bank of the Philippines), the creation of the Department of Foreign Affair and the organization of the
foreign service through Executive Order No. 18; the GI Bill of Rights for Filipino veterans, and the revision of taxation
laws to increase government revenues.

President Roxas moved to strengthen sovereignty by proposing a Central Bank for the Philippines to administer
the Philippine banking system which was established by Republic Act No. 265.

The Roxas administration also pioneered the foreign policy of the Republic. Vice President Elpidio Q uirino was
appointed Secretary of Foreign Affairs. General Carlos P. Romulo, as permanent representative of the Philippines to the
United Nations, helped shape the country's international identity in the newly established stage for international
diplomacy and relations. During the Roxas administration, the Philippines established diplomatic ties with foreign
countries and gained membership to international entities, such as the United Nations General Assembly, the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the
International Labor Organization (ILO), etc.

The Quirino Administration (April 17, 1948 – December 30, 1953)

Elpidio Q uirino . Second President, Third Republic of the Philippines.

President Q uirino established the Action Committee on Social Amelioration through Administrative Order No.
68, in order to efficiently promote the welfare of citizens in the rural districts. He established the Social Security Study
Commission by virtue of Executive Order No. 150, to investigate socio-economic problems of the working class and
formulate legislation developing social welfare

The Labor Management Advisory Board, established by Executive Order No. 158, formulated labor policies and
conducted studies on the ways and means of preventing, minimizing, and reconciling labor disputes. The Agricultural
Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration, established by Republic Act. No. 821, assisted farmers in securing
credit as well as developing cooperative associations to efficiently market their agricultural commodities.

The Magsaysay Administration: (December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957)

Ramon Magsaysay . Third President of the Third Republic of the Philippines.

Best known for successfully defeating the communist led Hukbalahap (Huk) Movement. Idol of the masses,
champion of democracy, and freedom fighter

Among the accomplishments of the Magsaysay administration were the Social Security Law of 1954 or Republic
Act No. 1161. In an effort to solve the problems of communism and insurgency, President Magsaysay sought to protect
the farmers, through the creation of laws such as: the Agricultural Tenancy Act of the Philippines or Republic Act No.
1199; the Land Reform Act of 1955 through Republic Act No. 1400, the formation of the Court of Agrarian Relations
through Republic Act No. 1267; and the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) through
Republic Act No. 1160. The administration achieved victory over insurgents with the surrender of Huk leader Luis Taruc
in 1954

The Garcia Administration: (March 18, 1957 – December 30, 1961)

Carlos P. Garcia. Fourth President of the Third Republic of the Philippines. Famous for his austerity program and
policy. He maintained the strong tradition ties with the United States and sought closer relation with non-communist
Asian countries.

The Garcia administration promoted the "Filipino First" policy, whose focal point was to regain economic
independence; a national effort by Filipinos to "obtain major and dominant participation in their economy." The
administration campaigned for the citizens' support in patronizing Filipino products and services, and implemented
import and currency controls favorable for Filipino industries. In connection with the government's goal of self-
sufficiency was the "Austerity Program," which President Garcia described in his first State of the Nation Address as
"more work, more thrift, more productive investment, and more efficiency" that aimed to mobilize national savings.

The Anti Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, through Republic Act No. 301, aimed to prevent corruption, and
promote honesty and public trust. Another achievement of the Garcia administration was the Bohlen-Serrano
Agreement of 1959, which shortened the term of lease of the US military bases in the country from the previous 99 to
25 years

The Macapagal Administration: (December 30, 1961- December 30, 1965)

Diosdado Macapagal. Fifth President of the Third Republic of the Philippines. Poet, politician, lawyer, diplomat,
statesman, economist and intellectual. Born to poverty but rose due to diligence and brilliance. Best known as the
"Champion of the Common Man" and "The poor boy from Lubao

Among the laws passed during the Macapagal administration were: Republic Act No. 3844 or the Agricultural
Land Reform Code (an act that established the Land Bank of the Philippines), Republic Act No. 3466, which established
the Emergency Employment Administration, Republic Act No. 3518, which established the Philippine Veterans Bank;
Republic Act No. 3470, which established the National Cottage Industries Development Authority (NACIDA) to organize,
revive, and promote the establishment of local cottage industries, and Republic Act No. 4156, which established the
Philippine National Railways (PNR) to operate the national railroad and tramways. The administration lifted foreign
exchange controls as part of the decontrol program in an attempt to promote national economic stability and growth.

On May 12, 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal issued Presidential Proclamation No. 28, which declared June
12 a special public holiday throughout the Philippines, "... in commemoration of our people's declaration of their
inherent and inalienable right to freedom and independence." On August 4, 1964, Republic Act No. 4166 renamed July 4
holiday as "Philippine Republic Day", proclaimed June 12 as "Philippine Independence Day", and enjoined all citizens of
the Philippines to observe the latter with befitting rites.

Fourth Philippine Republic

FERDINAND MARCOS: (1965-1986 )

He was a lawyer and Senate President for 21 years. He ruled under martial law. He was ousted out of position as
President during the People Power Revolution I.

Marcos officially lifted martial law on January 17, 1981. However, he retained much of the government's power
for arrest and detention Corruption and nepotism as well as civil unrest contributed to a serious decline in economic
growth and development under Marcos, whose own health faced obstacles due to lupus.

The political opposition decided to boycotted the 1981 presidential elections, which pitted Marcos against
retired general Alejo Santos, in protest over his control over the results. Marcos won by a margin of over 16 million
votes, which constitutionally allowed him to have another six-year term. Finance Minister Cesar Virata was eventually
appointed to succeed Marcos as Prime Minister.

In 1983, opposition leader Benigno Aquino, Jr. was assassinated at the Manila International Airport upon his
return to the Philippines after a long period of exile.

This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a succession of events, including pressure from
the United States, that culminated in a snap presidential election in February 1986. The opposition united under
Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino. The official election canvasser, the Commission on Elections (Comelec), declared
Marcos the winner of the election. However, there was a large discrepancy between the Comelec results and that of
Namfrel, an accredited poll watcher. The allegedly fraudulent result was rejected by Corazon Aquino and her supporters.
International observers, including a U.S. delegation, denounced the official results. General Fidel Ramos and Defense
Minister Juan Ponce Enrile withdrew their support for Marcos. A peaceful civilian-military uprising, now popularly called
the People Power Revolution, forced Marcos into exile and installed Corazon Aquino as president on February 25, 1986.

 First President to win a second term

 Declared Martial Law on September 22, 1972
 Increased the size of Philippine Military and armed forces
 By 1980 the Philippine GNP was four times greater than 1972
 1986 the Philippines was one of the most indebted
 The only President whose remans are interred inside a refrigerated crypt
 The remains were buried in the Libingan ng mga Bayani (2017)
Fifth Philippine Republic (1986–Present Time)
The world’s eye was on the Philippines after it successfully toppled down

almost a decade of dictatorship rule through a peaceful demonstration tagged as the EDSA People’s Power Revolution

CORAZON AQUINO (1986-1992)

The first woman president of the Philippines and the Asian Country. She was a prominent figure in the People
Power Revolution that brought down Ferdinand Marcos dictatorship. Her husband, Benigno Aquino Jr. was a senator
during the Marcos regime and its strongest critic. He was assassinated while Marcos was still in power

 1st woman President of the Philippines and in Asia

 Restored democracy
 Abolished the 1973 Marcos Constitution and ushered in the new Constitution of the Philippines
 Reorganized the structure of the executive branch of the government 1191 Local Government Code • Signed the
Family Code of 1987, a major civil law reform
 Named “Woman of the Year” in 1986 Time Magazine
 On the new 500-peso bill together with her husband Benigno Aquino
 Received honors and awards including: 100 Women who shaped World History
 20 most influential Asians of the 20th Century
 65 Great Asian Heroes
 J William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding

FIDEL V. RAMOS (1992-1998)

Chief of staff of the Armed forces of the Philippines before he became president. He is also a civil engineer. He is
the first, and so far the only, nonCatholic President of the Philippines. As President, he restored economic growth and
stability in the country, even during the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997.

 Oversaw Philippine Economic Growth Presided over celebrations of Philippine Centennial in 1998
 Received British K nighthood form the United K ingdom by queen Elizabeth II (K night grand Cross of the Order of
St. Michael and St. George)
 Hosted the fourth Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Leader’s Summit in the Philippines in 1996
 Philippine Stock Exchange became an international favorite during his
 Death Penalty while he was in office
 Signed peace agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front

JOSEPH ESTRADA (1998-2001)

Known as Erap, Joseph Estrada was the first President who had been a famous film actor. During his years in
office economic growth was slow and he faced impeachment proceedings. He was ousted from the presidency in 2001
(EDSA II). He was later convicted of stealing from the government but was pardoned(PGMA).

 Moro Islamic Liberation Front headquarters and camps were captured

 Joined other leaders and politicians to try to amend the 1987 Constitution
 Cited as one of the Three Outstanding Senators in 1989
 Among the “Magnificent 12” who voted to terminate the agreement that allows for U.S. control of the Clark
Airbase and Subic Naval Base
GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO (2001-2010)
14th President and during her term the Oakwood Mutiny occurred

 First and only female vice-president of the Philippines so far

 First President to take oath outside Luzon
 Former Economics Professor at the Ateneo de Manila University where former President Aquino III was one of
her students
 Oversaw higher economic growth than the past three Presidents before her
 Peso became the best-performing

BENIGNO SIMEON AQUINO III (2010-2016)

He Joined the House of Representative and the Senate before his presidency. He is the first President who is a
bachelor.

 Initiated K -12 education in the Philippines

 2013, The Philippines wins its first investment-grade credit rating from Fitch ratings
 Changed the Philippines reputation as “the sick man of Asia” to “brightest spot in Asia”
 Oversaw higher economic growth than his predecessors
 Signed a landmark law mandating the state provide free contraceptive to poor couples and teach sex education
in schools
 Filed a suit a UN-linked international arbitration tribunal in the Hague to invalidate China’s claim of Philippine
claimed territories in the West Philippine Sea

RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE ( 2016-2022)

The presidency of Rodrigo Duterte began at noon on (2016-PRESENT) June 30, 2016, following his inauguration
as the 16th president of the Philippines, succeeding Benigno Aquino III. His term is expected to end exactly six years
later.

Duterte is the first president from Mindanao and the oldest person to be elected president of the Philippines. He
is also the first Philippine president to have worked in the three branches of the government. He was the mayor of
Davao City at the time of his 2016 presidential election victory, garnering over 16 million votes or about 39% of total
votes, beating his closest rival by over 6.6 million votes. Duterte's approval rating has been relatively high throughout his
presidency despite criticism and international opposition to his anti-narcotics drive.

Duterte started a nationwide campaign to rid the country of crime, corruption, and illegal drugs. The war on
drugs saw about 6,600 persons linked to the illegal drug trade killed as of July 2019.

He prioritized infrastructure spending, initiating the massive Build! Build! Build! Infrastructure Plan. He enacted
the Universal Access to Q uality Tertiary Education Act which paved the way for free college education in all state
universities and colleges nationwide, and the Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law (TRAIN Law), which lowered
personal income tax and increased consumption tax on non-essential goods. He signed into law the Bangsamoro Organic
Law (BOL) which established the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region.

Duterte has pursued an "independent foreign policy", pursuing improved relations with Russia and China, and
lessening the country's dependence on its traditional ally — the United States. He has adopted a more friendly stance
towards China compared to his predecessor and has set aside the previous government policy of using the Philippines v.
China ruling to assert the Philippines' claims over the South China Sea and its islands.
 Duterte resumed peace talks with the Communist Party of the Philippines in 2016, but cancelled all negotiations
in February 2017 following attacks and kidnapping of soldiers by NPA members, officially declaring the CPP-NPA as a
terrorist group. Following the Maute Group-led occupation of Marawi, Duterte has declared martial law throughout
Mindanao which was later extended for two years until 2019 in a bid to ensure order in the island. The Battle of Marawi
lasted for five months from May 23 to October 17, 2017, the day after the deaths of militant leaders Omar Maute and
Isnilon Hapilon, with Duterte declaring Marawi as "liberated from terrorist influence".

This Republic was a testament of the aspirations and the capabilities of the Filipino people for Democracy, Liberty and
Justice. A beautiful reminder that our people are capable of our own greatness than being uncivilized with the foreign
power of other country. The republic of the Philippines was a beacon of hope for many colonized and occupied people in
Asia and purposefully served this as one of their inspirations to fight for their freedom- and establish their own modern
democratic societies