Readings in the Philippine history

Art Works
Illustrations, Drawings, and Photographs

- Play a large part in the study of history.

- Have stories to tell and enable us to distinguish details that give us insights into something
beyond the texts.
- Record old the past useful for historians.
- Reflects social conditions of historical realities and ever day life and indicate the situation of the
past societies.
Editorial Cartoons

- Sources of political expression or propaganda in the historical era in which they came out.

El Candidato Longino

- Satirical Cartoon from the July 27, 1901 issue of the long Lipang-Kalabaw (Lipag-kalabaw), a
weekly satirical magazine published in Manila.
- Shows Philippines Assembly candidate Dominador Gomez as the Roman Centurion Longinus
delivering the final spear blow to the crucified freedom fighters (Macario Sakay, Francisco
Carreon, Julian Montablan, and Lucio de Vega)
- All were sentenced to death by the American government.
- Gomez was instrumental in the surrender of Sakay and his men, but the latter were subsequently
arrested despite assurances of sage conduct by the govt.
- Gomez was later blamed for the death of Sakay and many believed that he betrayed the Fiipino
rebels to the Americans.
Popular manifestation in honor of the triumphant candidate of the Southern district of Manila,
Fernando Ma. Guerrero, 11th of August 1907

- Cartoon from the magazine Lipang Kalabaw

- Depicts festivity or parade of Filipinos celebrating the election of their popular candidate.
- Americans who witnessed the event were bothered by the massive show of support of Filipino
patriots and the singular display of the American flag amidst banners and Philippine flags.
- Philippine Commission passed on August 23, 1907, Act No. 1696, or the Flag Law, which
banned the public display of the Philippine Flag and other patriotic banners.
- When the Philippine Assembly opened at the Manila Grand Opera House in September, only the
American flag could be seen an ironic display for an otherwise Philippine legislative body.
BOXER CODEX

- Kasabay ng context of the tagalogs.

- Author itself siya ang nag drawing ng mga nakikita niya.

Letras Y Figuras

- Famous artworks during the Spanish Colonization period.

- Ang nag papagawa lang nito dati ay yung mga mayayaman.
- Pinaka kilalang painters ang mga nag dadrawing.
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- Ang nasa loob ng bawat letters ay yung mga ginagawa ng mga Filipinos back then.

Fernando Amorsolo

- Daily life mostly yung paintings niya.

Itak sa puso ni Mang Juan By: Antipas Delotavo

- Marcos’s era
- Social realist artwork

Spoliarium by Juan Luna

- Won a gold medal in Madrid.

Philippine Presidents
(Quezon to Marcos)
Commonwealth

Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)

- First Senate President elected as President of the Philippines.
- Firs President elected through a national election.
- First President under the Commonwealth.
- Created National Council of Education.
- Initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines during the Commonwealth.
- Approved Tagalog/Filipino as the national language of the Philippines.
- Appears on the twenty-peso bill.
- A province, a city, a bridge and a university in Manila are named after him.
- His body within the special monument on Quezon Memorial Circle.

“MY LOYALTY TO MY PARTY ENDS WHERE MY LOYALTY TO MY COUNTRY

BEGINS”

Japanese-sponsored Republic

Jose P. Laurel (1943-1945)

- Since the early 1960s. Laurel considered a legitimate president of the Philippines.
- Organized KALIBAPI (Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas, or Philippines),a
provisional government during Japanese occupation.
- Declared was between the Philippines and the U.S./United Kingdon in 1944.
- With his family, established the Lyceum of the Philippines.
 Readings in the Philippine history

Commonwealth

Sergio Osmenia (1944-1946)

- Became president at 65, making him the oldest person to hold office.
- First Visayan to become President.
- Joined with U.S. Gen Dougals McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 to begin restoration of
Philippine freedom after Japanese occupation.
- Philippine National Bank was rehabilitated, and country joined the International Monetary Fund
during his presidency.
- Bell Trade Act was approved by the U.S. Congress during his presidency.
- Appears on the 50-peso bill.

Third Republic

Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)

- Inaugurated as the first president of the new Republic after World War II.
- Reconstruction from war damage and life without foreign rule began during his presidency.
- Under his term, the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act laws were accepted
by Congress.
- Appears on the 100-peso bill.

Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953)

- Hukbalahap guerrilla movement active during his presidency.
- Created Social Security Commission.
- Created Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption.
- Quezon City became capital of the Philippines in 1948.

Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)

- Hukbalahap movement quelled during his presidency.
- Chairman of the Committee on Guerrilla Affairs.
- First president sworn into office wearing Barong Tagalog during Inauguration.
- Presidency referred to as the Philippines’ “Golden Years” for its lack of corruption.
- Philippines was ranked second in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries during his presidency.
- Established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among other
agrarian reforms.

Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)

 Readings in the Philippine history

- Known for “Filipino First Policy,” which favored Filipino business over foreign investors.
- Established the Austerity Program focusing on Filipino Trade and Commerce.
- Known as the “Prince of Visayan Poets” and the “Bard from Bohol”
- Cultural arts were revived during his term.
- Was the first president to have his remains buried at the Libingan ng mga Bayani.

Diostado Macapagal (1961-1965)

- Established the first Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland to be
distributed in inexpensive, small lots to the landless.
- Placed the Philippine peso on the currency exchange market.
- Declared June 12, 1898 to be Philippines’ Independence Day.
- Signed the Minimum Wage Law.
- Created the Philippine Veteran’s Bank.

Third-Fourth Republic

Ferdinan Marcos (1965-1986)

- First president to win a second term.
- Declared Martial Law on September 22, 1977.
- Increased the size of Philippine military and armed forces.
- By 1980 the Philippine GNP was four times greater than 1972.
- By 1986 the Philippines was one of the most indebted countries in Asia.
- Built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals, and other infrastructure than all former presidents
combined.
- The only president whose remains are interred inside a refrigerated crypt.

Speech of President Corazon Aquino Before the Joint Session of the United States
Congress
(September 18, 1986)
Historical Context
- August 21, 1983
- Gradual downfall of the dictatorial regime of President Marcos.
- Set in motion a series of events that stabilized the Marcos Administration.
- Marcos held a snap presidential election; rampant cheating and violence that resulted to numerous
casualties; Marcos was declared as winner.
- February 22, Marcos’ defense minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Armed Forces of the Philippines
Vice- Chief of Staff, Gen. Fidel Ramos announces their defection from the Marcos government.
- 4-day People Power revolution.
 Readings in the Philippine history

- Marcos eventually was flown to Hawaii where he lived in exile and Aquino was sworn into office
as the President of the Philippines.

Maria Corazon “Cory” C. Aquino

- Born on January 25, 1933 to a wealthy and politically prominent family in Tarlac.
- Graduated from Mount St. Vincent College in New York City in 1954.
- Married a popular young politician, Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr.
- Stood by her husband when he was arrested and imprisoned for 8 years (1972-1980).
- Accompanied Ninoy to the US where he lived in exile for 3 years.
- Thrust into limelight when Ninoy was assassinated upon his return in the Philippines in 1983.
- First Filipino woman president.
- A new constitution was written, and a Congress was soon elected on her administration.
- Administration failed to enforce social and economic reforms.
- Problems of peace and order especially with the communist insurgency continued.
- Succeeded by her former Armed Forces Chief of Staff and Defense Secretary Fidel Ramos in
1992.
- In January 1987, Aquino was named the TIME Magazine’s 1986 Person of the Year.
- Supported the impeachment of Pres. Estrada (2001).
- Listed in the TIME Magazine’s issue called “60 years of Asian Heroes” (2006).

Speech of her Excellency Corazon C. Aquino President of the Philippines Before

the Joint Session of the United State Congress
- Delivered at Washington, D. C. on September 18, 1986.
- Aquino went on a state visit to the US where she spoke before the US Congress to ask for
financial aid to the Philippines and conferred with then Pres. Ronald Reagan.
- Written by Cory’s executive Secretary Teodoro “Teddy Boy” Locsin, Jr. But was not unable to
finish it on time.
- Cory finished the draft herself.
- Ran for half an hour and was interrupted by several applause and ended with a standing ovation
by both the senators and congressmen.

Relevance
- Give credence to the People Power Revolution not only to the Americans but to the world- That
change was possible through peaceful means.
- 5 hours later after the speech, the house of representatives voted 203 to 197, in favor or US
20OM as emergency aid to the Philippines.
 Readings in the Philippine history

CONTEXT IN CAVITE MUTINY

“There is one past but many histories.”

Cavite mutiny (Military Uprising)

- a remarkable event during 19th century in the Philippines
- add bracing of military personnel of Fort San Filipe, the Spanish Arsenal in Cavite on January 20,
1872
- Starting of Filipino Nationalism. Turning point ng mga Pilipino na mag karoon ng same point
of view.
- GOMBURZA; pinatay ng Spanish Government.

Accounts on Cavite mutiny

- Spanish version
- Filipino version
- Official report of the governor general of the Philippines
- the court martial decision (Government Document)

Spanish version of the Cavite mutiny of 1872

- read them by Jose Montero Y Vidal in historia general de Filipinas.
- that's not speak as a historian; he speaks as a Spaniard bent on preventing the facts at his pressure;
he is mischievously partial” (T.H. Pardo de Tavera)
- Exaggerated the mutiny of a few disgruntled native soldiers and laborers into a revolt to
overthrow Spanish rule- a seditious movement - and involved the innocent Filipino patriotic
leaders.

Filipino version of the committee mutiny of 1872

- written by Doctor Trinidad H Pardo de Tavera. (not pure-blooded Filipino, siya ay isang
Spanish Blood & Trinidad was a good friend of Rizal).
- the incident was merely a mutiny by native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite Arsenal
against the harsh policy of despotic governor and captain general Rafael de Izquierdo.
- this Cavite incident was magnified by Spanish officials and Friars into a revolt for Philippine
independence.

Official report of the governor Izquierdo on the capital muting of

1872.
- Governor General Izquierdo reported to the Spanish minister of war dated Manila January 23,
1872
- Blaming the Cavite mutiny on the native clergy (Priest) some residents’ intellectuals (Lawyer
ka pero ikaw ay Indio) and even El Eco Filipino, a Madrid based reformist newspaper.
- He calls the military mutiny an “insurrection”, an “uprising”, and a “revolt.”
 Readings in the Philippine history

The board martial decision on gomburza

- the Spanish military court rendered its decision on fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora, add other
battery oats in complicated in the Cavite mutiny on February 15, 1872.
- Mariano Gomez (73)
- Jose Burgos (35)
- Jacinto Zamora (37)
- Ang GUMBURZA ang nag seset ng “Secularization” Ang pag bibigay ng Parokya sa mga
Filipinong Priest.

First Cry of the Revolution (1896)

- Philippine Revolution of 1896 began with “First Cry.” (Tahasang paglaban sa mga Spanish)

- Initial move of the Filipinos to begin the revolution for independence.

- Tearing up their cedulas and proclaiming the start of the fight for independence. (parang
kahalagahan ng passport sa panahon ngayon ang cedula na pinunit nila dati.)

- Hindi ini-invalidate ang ibang account, pero hindi natin sinasabi na mali ang sinasabi sa mismong
account nila.
- Hindi single day event, at ginawa rin ito sa iba’t-ibang lugar.

Dates
- In 1911, a monument to the Heroes of 1896 was erected in Balintawak where beginning in 1908,
was believed that the first cry occurred there on August 26.
- In 1963, the NHCP decided that the First Cry of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 happened on
august 23, 1896 at Pugad Lawin (now a part of Project 8, QC)

Accounts on the First Cry of the Revolution

- Dr. Pio Valenzuela’s account
- Santiago Alvarez’ account
- Guillermo Makasangkay’s account
- Gregoria de Jesus’ account
- Guardia civil’s report

Dr. Pio Valenzuela’s Account

- Official date and place of the first were largely based on his account.
- An official of Katipunan and a friend of Bonifacio who was present during the event.
- Account was published as “Memoirs of the K.K.K. and the Philippine Revolution.”

Santiago Alvarez’ Account

 Readings in the Philippine history

- In 1927, Sampaguita began publishing the Katipunan memoirs of General Santiago Alvarez, one
of the leaders of the Cavite revolution.
- Appeared in 36 parts.
- Told the story of Philippine Revolution starting in March 1896 until late 1897 interspersed with
personal accounts and stories of events during the revolution taken from Alvarez’ notes.
- Series was later published as a book the Katipunan and the Revolution.
- Found in Chapter 6 of the memoirs.
- Alvarez presents an account devoid of any democratic description as it is merely a narration of
the events that happened in Bahay Toro (now part of Project 8, QC) on August 24, 2896.

Guillermo Masangkay’s Account

- In 1932, a friend and fellow Katipuneros of Bonifaccio recounted his experiences as a member of
the revolutionary movement.
- in an interview with the Sunday Tribune magazine, he said that the First Cry happened in
Balintawak on August 26.
- In the first decade of American rule, it was used by the government and civic officials to fix the
date and place of the First Cry; erection of the monument to the heroes of 1896.
- An interview published in a newspaper Bagong Buhay on Aug. 26, 1957, he changed his
narrative stating that the revolution began on Aug 23.
- later changed again, when his granddaughter, anyone Soledad Buehler Borromeo, cited sources
including the Masangkay papers, that the original date was Aug 26.

Gregoria de Jesus’ Account

- One of the participants in the Philippine revolution of 1896.
- wife of 'supremo Andres Bonifacio; “Lakambini of the Katipunan”
- Custodian of the secret documents, seal, and some weapons of the Katipunan: constantly risked
her life in safeguarding them.

Guardia Civil’s Report

- Captain Olegario Diaz who investigated the discovery of katipunan also included in his official
report findings on the site and date of the first rally of the revolution.

The Tejeros Assembly

- First day of the Philippine revolution so the defeat of the katipunan in Manila, forcing beneficial
and his men to retreat to the mountains of Montablan.
- Meanwhile, in Cavite, Katipunan under Emilio Aguinaldo managed to subdue Spanish forces by
surprise and take control of the province.
- Magdiwang and Magdalo faction.
- Unable to resolve their differences Aguinaldo invited supremo Andres Bonifacio to cavite to
mediate.
- Two groups agreed to form a revolutionary government which would lead to revolution.
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- assembly was said to be held in the Friars State House in barrio Tejeros, a part of the town of San
Francisco de Malabon (now general trias); March 22, 1897.
President- Emilio Aguinaldo
Vice President- Mariano Trias
Captain General- Artemio Ricarte
Director of War- Emiliano Riego de Dios
Director of the Interior- Andres Bonifacio

Accounts on Tejeros Assembly

- Artemio Ricarte’s Account
- Andres Bonifacio’s Account
- Santiago Alvarez’ Account

Artemio Ricarte’s Account

- Vibora; one of the officials of Magdiwang
- During the assembly, served as the secretary of the convention when Bonifacio began presiding
over the session.
- Elected as Captain-General of the revolutionary government.
- Apuntes Historicos dela Insurection por los Asociado al Kamahalmahala’t Kataastaasang
Katipunan nang manga Anak ng Bayan contra el Gobyerno Espanol en las Islas Filipinas
(Ricarte’s Account of Philippine Revolution)
- Written during his imprisonment for subversion by the American authorities in 1904; translated
into English by a British journalist, William Brecknock Watson.

Andres Bonifacio’s account

- A letter he wrote to Emilio Jacinto in Montablan from Indang, Cavite on April 24, 1897, a month
after Tejeros elections.
- First published in Jose P. Santos, Si Andres Bonifacio at ang Himagsikan (1932).

Santiago Alvarez’ Account

- Found in Chapter 32 of Gen. Santiago Alvarez’ Memoirs
- Like Ricarte, Alvarez was a direct participant and witness to the events that occurred in the
elections.