LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL (Reviewer for Prelim Exam)
“Rizal Law” (Republic Act No. 1425)
- “an act to include to curricula of all public and private schools, colleges,
and universities courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal,
particularly Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, authorizing the
printing and distribution thereof, and for other purposes.”
Rizal Bill (1956)
- June 12, 1956 (date published).
- Proposed by Claro M. Recto and Jose P. Laurel
- Mandating schools to offer a course on Rizal’s life, works and writings.
- Met intense opposition from the Catholic church.
- Catholic schools threatened because of communist and anti-Catholic
Recto and Laurel.
- Archbishop of Manila, Rufino Santos, requested Recto to only require
the “expurgated” version of Rizal’s two novels.
- Recto refused and insisted the use of “unexpurgated” version of
Rizal’s novels.
- This is a fight for Rizal’s legacy (Ocampo, 2012).
- The priest who opposed the passage of the bill threatened the persons
behind the bill and might to be considered as “heretic” (enemy of the
church).
- Mentioning that the schools handled by the Catholic church might be
closed if the bill will be converted into law. Even so, Recto and Laurel
countered the statement by saying that if that were to happen, schools
would be “nationalized” and the government would convert these
schools into Government-ruled institutions.
- Fidel Ramos directed CHEd and DECS to fully implemet the law
through CMO No. 247 in 1994.
- CMO No. 3 was issued to enforce strictly the law in 1995.
Senators who opposed the bill:
- Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo
- Mariano Cuenco and Decoroso Rosales.
Groups who opposed the bill:
- Catholic Action of the Philippines, Congregation of the Mission, Knights
of Columbus, and Catholic Teacher’s Guild.
Important points of R.A. 1425
 There is a need for a re-dedication to the ideals of freedom and
nationalism.
 Honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal.
 The life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source
of patriotism.
 All schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal
discipline, civic conscience and to teach the duties of citizenship.
Sections from R.A. 1425
SECTION 1 : Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal,
particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be
included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or
private.
SECTION 2 : It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and
universities to keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies of the
original and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El
Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal's other works and biography.
SECTION 3 : The Board of National Education shall cause the translation
of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of
Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine dialects.
SECTION 4 : Nothing in this Act shall be constructed as amendment
or repealing section nine hundred twenty-seven of the Adm. Code.
SECTION 5 : The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby
authorized to be appropriated out of any fund not otherwise
appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of
this Act.
Significance of Republic Act No. 1425
• It provides insights on how to deal with current problems;
• It helps to understand better ourselves as Filipinos;
• It teaches nationalism;
• It provides various essential life lessons; and
• It serves as a worthwhile inspiration to every Filipino.
Padre Florante (El Filibusterismo, 1891)
- “Our misfortunes are our own fault, let us blame nobody else for them.
Why give them independence? What is the use of independence if the
slaves of today, will become the tyrants of tomorrow?”
Who made Jose Rizal our foremost National Hero, and Why?
- today generally considered the greatest Filipino hero has never been
explicitly proclaimed as the (or even a) national hero by the Philippine
government. Rizal and Bonifacio are commemorated in public
nationwide (national) holidays and thus are implied to be national
heroes.
1890s
• December 30, 1896 - was executed for treason by the spanish colonial
government.
• December 20, 1898 - Emilio Aguinaldo decreed Dec. 30 of every year a
day of national mourning in honor of Rizal.
1900s
• Rizal was selected over revolutionaries.
• Andres Bonifacio was viewed too radical.
• Aplinario Mabini was considered unregenerate.
• June 1901, Act No. 137 of the Taft Commission re-organized the
district of Morong into the Province of Rizal.
1960s
• Historian Teodoro Agoncillo wrote in his History of the Filipino people
that the Philippine national hero unlike those of other was not “the leader
of its libertation forces.”
1970s
• Historian Renato Constantino wrote in his 1970 essay veneration
without understanding that Rizal was unworthy of his high statussince he
has a “United states-sponsored hero.”
1990s
• Historian Ambet Ocampo stated that Rizal was a “concious hero.”
• President Fidel V. Ramos formed the National Heroes Committee on
March 28, 1993 under Executive Order No. 75 title “creating the
National Heroes Committee under the pffice of the President.”
Rizal's Leadership:
1. Honorary President of La Solaridad (1899)
2. Organized and Chief of Indios Bravos (1899)
3. Responsible of the Spanish-Filipino Association (1891)
4. Founder of La Liga Filipina (1892)
19th CENTURY
• CANOVITE SYSTEM/ROTATIVISM
- The liberals and conservatives in Spain took turns in administering the
affairs of the country.
- Rotation of liberalism and conservatism.
• ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
- Landlord system given a large part of land given by the Spaniards.
• BANDALA SYSTEM
- Implemented by Spanish authorities that required native Filipino
farmers to sell their goods to the government at minumum price.
• LAISSEZ - FAIRE POLICY • Spanish Crown (The Monarchy of Spain) through Ministry of Colonies
- is an economic theory that suggest that the government should not
intervine in the market.
• POLO Y SERVICIO/S King of Spain
- Forced labor for 40 days to men ranging 16-60 years old. COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
• EXECUTIVE BRANCH
• TRIBUTO/TRIBUTES Governador Heneral (Gobernador y Capitan General)
- Taxes/Buwis - Salary: 40,000 pesos
- Head of the Spanish colonial government
• INDULHENSIYA - Appointed by the Spanish monarch
- The higher the offering will surely go to heaven. - Represented the crown in all governmental matters
- Vice Royal Patron over religious affairs.
• MERCANTILISM - He could nominate priests for ecclesiastical administration of the
- Economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the parishes.
accumulation of the profitable balances. - Commander-in-chief of the colonial army.
- Supervised all government offices and collection of taxes.
• SEPOY REBELLION - Governor-general as the Chief Executive of the colonial government.
- Was a violent and bloody uprising against British rule in India. - Had the power to appoint and dismiss public officials, except those
- War between Britain and India. personally chosen by the King.
- Has legislative powers, he can legislate laws for the colony.
• OPIUM WAR - Royal Audencia: Ex-officio president (Supreme Court)
- War between China and Britain. - Actos Acordados : laws enacted by the governor-general
- They fight because of drugs. - Qualifications: Must be a peninsulares or a Spaniard born in Spain.

• SPHERE OF INFLUENCE • PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT

- Claiming territories of china by other countries.
• Administrative Organization
• Social Structure
• Educational System
ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION
• Spain established a centralized colonial government that was composed
of a NATIONAL GOVERNMENT and the LOCAL GOVERNMENT that
administered provinces, towns, cities and municipalities.
Alcaldias (Provinces)
- Head: Alcalde Mayor/ Provincial Governor
- Salary: 300 pesos-2000 pesos before 1847
1500 pesos-1600 pesos after 1847
- Exercises executive and judicial functions.
- Most corrupt unit in local government due to indulto de commercio.
- Manages the day-to-day operations of the provincial government.
- Implements laws and supervised the collection of taxes.
- Qualification: Must be an Insulares or Spaniard born in the Philippines.
 - Qualifications: Literate in Spanish. Has good moral character.
Cabezas who served for 25 years were exempted from forced labor.

Pueblos (Towns) • MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT

- Head: Gobernadorcillo/Town Mayor Corregimiento Head: Corregidor
- Salary: 24 pesos (exempted from taxation - Governed the provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control.
- At first, he was elected by all married males. In the 19th century, he City Government
was voted by 13 electors.
- Prepares the tribute list (padron), recruitment and distribution of Ayuntamiento/ City
men for draft labor, communal public work and military conscription - Head: Cabildo City Council
(quinto), postal clerk and judge in minor civil suits. - City mayor/ Alcalde en ordinario
- Intervenes in all administrative cases pertaining to his town: lands, - Councilors/Regidores
justice, finance and the municipal police. - Chief constables/ Aguacil mayor
- Qualifications: Any native/Chinese mestizo - Secretary/ Escribano
At least 25 years old
Literate in oral or written Spanish • JUDICIAL BRANCH
A Cabeza de Barangay of 4 years - Royal Audencia
- Residencia
• The officials of the pueblo were taken from the Principalía, the noble - Lower Courts
class of pre-colonial origin. - Governer-General
• Their names are survived by prominent families in contemporary
Philippine society such as Duremdes, Lindo, Tupas, Gatmaitan, UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE
Liwanag, Pangilinan, Panganiban, Balderas, and Agbayani, Apalisok, • SPANISH FRIAR
Aguinaldo to name a few. - supervising representatives of the spanish government for all local
affairs.
Emilio Aguinaldo
- a Chinese Mestizo and who was the Gobernadorcillo of Cavite El • FRAILOCRACIA
Viejo (now Kawit). - fear of the civil authorities to affairs.

Barrios (Barangays) • GUARDIA CIVIL

- Head: Cabeza de Barangay Barrio Administrator
- Maintain peace and order
- Collect taxes and tributes in the barangay
- Responsible for peace and order and recruited men for communal
public works.
- organized in 1867, a corps of native police under the leadership of
spanish officers for thr purpose of dealing with outlaws and regenades.
• FILIBUSTEROS
- enemies of the government.
 • MESTIZO DE SPAÑOL - person of mixed spanish and austronesian
• EREHES ancestry.
- enemies of the catholic church.
• MESTIZO DE SANGLEY - person of mixed chinese and austronesian
• RESIDENCIA ancestry.
- investigates the performance of a Governer-General who was not
about to be replaced. The incoming Governor-General was usually a • SANGLEY - full-blooded chinese
member submits a report of finding to the king.
• INDIO - full-blooded austronesian
• VISITA
- the council of indies in spain sent a government official called • NEGRITO - full-blooded aeta, batak, or mamanwa.
Visitador General to obeserve condition in the colony.
SPANISH ERA
• ROYAL AUDENCIA EDUCATION SYSTEM/CURRICULUM
- highest court in the land (supreme court). - Religion-oriented education
- Spanish missionaries as tutors
SOCIAL STRUCTURE - Teach catechism to the natives
• Philippine society was feudalistic as a consequence of the encomienda - Spanish language-compulsory
system imposed by the colonizers. - Inadequate education (suppressed/limited/controlled)
• They collected all forms of taxes and tributes from the Filipinos and even - Education is a privilege not a right
required the natives to render polo y servicio or forced labor to the
government and the Catholic church. EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF 1863
• 3R’s - Reading, Writing, Religion
• LIMPIEZA DE SANGRE - purity of blood-spanish doctrine. • Reading Materials - Cartilla, Caton, and Catecismo
• 3 Grade levels - Estrada, Acenso, Termino
• PRINCIPALIA - elite or rich people.
SCHOOLS BUILT
• PENINSULARES - full-blood spaniards born in Spain. • Augustinians - built the first school in Philippines situated in Cebu in
1565.
• INSULARES - full-blood spaniards born in Philippines. • The schools for boys and girls were separated.
• The first established schools were for the boys.
•TORNATRAS - person of mixed spanish, chinese and austronesian • College was equivalent to a university during the Spanish regime.
descent. • The student graduated with the degree in Bachelor of Arts (Bachiller
en Artes).
1. COLEGIO DE SAN IGNACIO Jose - derived from St. Joseph
- the first school for boys which was established by the Jesuits in Manila Rizal - means “field of green wheat”
in 1589. Protacio - Patron saint for June 19 who was martyred in Milan.
• JUNE 19, 1861 - birthdate of Rizal
• JUNE 22, 1861 - Rizal was baptized by Father Rufino Collantes in
Calamba.
2. COLEGIO DE SAN ILDELFONSO • He died at the age of 35 years old in December 30, 1896.
- the Cebu City colegio was established by Fr. Antonio Sedeno, Fr. • He had 2 pets : Alipato (a fine Batangas pony)
Pedro Chirino, and Antonio Pereira of the society of jesus in 1595. Berganza (dog)
- several claims that it is now the University of San Carlos.
RIZAL’S FEATURES/PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES
3. COLEGIO DE STA. POTENCIANA (1589) • Height- 5’3
- first college for girls in Manila • Medium dark skin complexion
- destroyed in the 1645 earthquake • full lips
- school rebuilt but damaged during the British Invasion of 1762. • prominent cheekbones
- schools abolished in 1866
RIZAL’S FAMILY INCLUDING HIM LIVES IN CALAMBA,
4. COLEGIO DE NUESTRA SEÑORA DEL SANTISMO ROSARIO LAGUNA
(April 28, 1611) • Laguna is a first-alcaldia in Luzon, had 26 towns and population of
- is a private, roman catholic, teaching and research university founded 121, 251.
by Miguel de Benavides. • Calamba was a pueblo of Pagsanjan and the seat of the government.
• The area is part of the “rice basket.”

5. COLEGIO DE SAN JUAN DE LETRAN (1620)

- oldest college in the Philippines and the oldest secondary institution in JOSE RIZAL’S FAMILY:
Asia.
• FRANCISCO RIZAL MERCADO y ALEJANDRO
6. ESCUELA PIA DE MANILA (1859) - father of Rizal
- oldest jesuit educational institution and third oldest university in the - serve as an inquilino - tenant farmer
Philippines. - “a model father”

• TEODORA ALONZO y DE QUINTOS

THE MAKING OF A LEADER - mother of Rizal
- “loving and prudent mother”
• JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONZO REALONDA
• JOSEPHINE BRACKEN 9. JOSEFA
- wife of Rizal
- they had a son named Francisco 10. TRINIDAD - sprinters of the family

11. SOLEDAD - wife of Pantaleon Quintero of Calamba

• LEONOR RIVERA
- greatest love of Rizal • FAMILY BACKGROUND - elite/rich people

• JUAN MERCADO y BERNACHA • MERCADO’S HOUSE (STONE HOUSE)

- married to CIRILA ALEJANDRA (Rizal’s Grandmother) - 2 story : upper story is made of hardwood; narra and molave
- Rizal’s Paternal Grandfather (father’s side) - roof: red tiles
- landowner in Binan, Laguna - made of limestone
- became capitan municipal for 3 times - reconstructed by Juan Nakpil w/c presided over inauguration of the
rebuilt house on June 19, 1950 by President Quirino.
• VALENTINA ALQUITRAN (Yna)
- ayah or nursemaid of Rizal

SIBLINGS: (11) • RIZAL’S FIRST TASTE OF INJUSTICE:

1. SATURNINA - married to Manuel Hidalgo of Tanauan Batangas.
1. GOMBURZA’S DEATH ON FEBRUARY 17, 1872
2. PACIANO - Mariano Gomes, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamore
- pagkagarrote ng 3 paring martyr sa Bagumbayan.
3. NARCISA - married Antonio Lopez of Morong
2. Imprisonment of his mother for 2 ½ years because of wrong accusation.
4. OLYMPIA - married Silvestre Ubalao, a telegraph operator from
Manila.

5. LUCIA - wife of Mariano Herbosa of Calamba (died of cholera) GOODLUCKKK, CHEEEL!!! : )

6, MARIA - married Daniel Faustino Cruz of Binan

7. JOSE

8. CONCEPCION - died at the age of 3 (Rizal’s first sorrow)