GE09 - LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL
REVIEWER
JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO Y
ALONSO REALONDA
July 19 1861 - December 30 1896
Pepe nickname
CHAPTER 1: Introduction to the Course:
Republic Act No. 1425
 Rizal Law, officially known as
Republic Act No. 1425, which
mandates the teachings of the life and
works of our national hero, Jose Rizal,
in all educational institutions in the
Philippines.
 Enacted in 1956, the goal is to put the
ideas and principles that Rizal stood for
in the minds of Filipino students in
order to foster a sense of national
pride and patriotism.
 Deeply understanding Noli Me
Tangere, and El Filibusterismo, two
greatest literary works.
History of Rizal Law
 Senator Claro M. Recto, authored
Senate Bill No. 438 or “An act to make
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo
compulsory reading matter in all public
and private colleges and universities
and for other purposes”
 Jose P. Laurel, a former House
speaker who was at the time the
chairman of the Committee Education,
sponsored the bill on April 17, 1956
 3 senator supported the bill: Marinao
J. Cuenco, Francisco Rodrigo, and
Decoroso Rosales, identified as ardent
Catholics
 Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the
Philippines (CBCP), the Noli Me
Tangere constitute a violation of the
law of the Church, Canon Law 1399
 25 passages in the novel’s 333 pages
could be considered “patriotic” while
120 passages are anti-catholic
 Rizalian Anthology, a collection of all
of Rizal’s writings containing
nationalistic concepts that would be
supplied as reading materials for
students
 Article XIV (5) of the 1935
Constitution, mandates schools to
develop moral character, personal
discipline, civic conscience, and
vocational efficiency, and to teach the
duties of the citizenship
 2 great loves by Rodrigo: their country
and their faith
 Reached the House of
Representatives on April 19, 1956
when congressman Jocobo Z.
Gonzales introduced House Bill No.
5561, which was identical to Senate
Bill No. 438
 Debates started on May 9, 1956,
following the report of the Committee
on Education, dated May 2, 1956
 Representative Ramon Durano of
Cebu and Representative Emilio
Cortes of Pampanga even turned into
fistfight, while Mayor Arsenio Lacson
of Manila walked out of a mass when a
priest read a pastoral letter from the
archbishop denouncing the Rizal Bill
 Senator Laurel, requires college
students to study the unexpurgated
version of Noli Me Tangere and El Fili.
 Senator Lim, offered exemption for
students who had religious objection to
reading Rizal’s works
 Senator Primicias, allows students to
be exempted from reading the novels
but not from taking the Rizal course
SECTION 1: courses on the life, works and
writings of Rizal, shall be included in the
curricula of all schools, colleges, and
universities, public or private.
SECTION 2: obligatory for schools to keep
in their libraries an adequate number of
copies of the original and unexpurgated
editions of the two novels, as well as of
Rizal’s other works and biography
SECTION 3: the translation of the two
novels, as well as other writing of Rizal into
english, tagalog, and the principal Philippine
dialects
SECTION 4: prohibiting the discussion of
religious doctrines by public schools
teachers and other persons engaged in any
public school
SECTION 5: the sum of P300,000 is hereby
authorised to be appropriated out of any
fund not otherwise appropriated in the
National Treasury to carry out the purposes
of this Act
SECTION 6: this act should take effect upon
its approval
 was approved on the 3rd reading with
23 votes
 signed by President Ramon
Magsaysay and became Republic Act
No. 1425 on June 12, 1956
 Dec. 26, 1994, President Fidel V.
Ramos to fully implement republic act
no. 1425
 Implementation of Rizal course
 The Board of National Education is
charged with the duty of formulating
educational policies related to the law,
as well as its implementation
 Basic Education (Elementary and
High School)
 Noli Me Tangere, required reading for
students in Grade 9
 El Filibusterismo, required reading for
students in Grade 10
 Syllabus
 general education (GE) curriculum
 2018 college students were greeted
with a new course titled “The Life and
Works of Jose Rizal”
 divided into 4 main parts: biography of
rizal, Noli Me Tangere, El
Filibusterismo, and Rizal’s Essays
The Impact and Relevance of Rizal in the
Present Time
 Father of Philippines nationalism,
Rizal continues to embody and
symbolise the hopes and aspirations of
the nation
 self-reliant and self-respecting
government
 Noli Me Tangere, he said “The school
is the basis of society; the school is the
book which is written about the future
of the nation! Show us the school of the
people, and we shall tell you what the
people are”
 3 basic factors of production: land,
labour and capital
CHAPTER 2: Rizal in the Context of
Nineteenth-Century Philippines
 The rise of the principalia to the
beginning and abolition of the
encomienda system
 Political Condition
 King Charles planned more
expeditions to the East
 Ruy Lopez de Villalobos who
successfully arrived in the island,
conquering it and naming it in honour of
Philip II of Spain
 first steps in the Spanish process of
conquest were through the entrada or
raid
 Entradas were organised involving
civilians, military personnel, and
religious representatives. Aimed to
discover mineral wealth, expand
territorial claims, and spread
Catholicism
 Reducciones or the settling of
indigenous people together for
evangelization and assimilation
 The former datus or their descendants
were absorbed and given positions as
cabezas or barangay heads
 A member of the cabeza class in each
pueblo was designated as the
gobernadorcillo or pueblo head. Was
chosen by direct population choice, and
term was one year
 The cities were led by cabildos, the
settled provinces by alcaldes mayores,
and the frontier provinces by
corregidores.
 Central government occupied by the
Spaniards. Local government
occupied by Filipinos
 The dumping ground for the followers
and favourites of Spanish politicians
 1853 - 1898 there were 41 different
governors in the Philippines, serving an
average of 1year and 3 months
 administrative system was inefficient
and corrupt, tarnished with nepotism
and favouritism among many officials
 indios had no legal privileges
 Rizal’s mother was arrested on false
charges brought by her sister-in-law,
she languished in prison for two and
half years
 Spanish political history: the reign of
Queen Isabel II (1861-1868)
overthrown in a revolution in 1868,
known as “Glorious Revolution” ; the
period of Marshal Serrano as regent of
Spain (1868-1871); Antonio Canovas
del Castillo began to prepare the
Bourbon Restoration and the reign of
Alfonso XII, the son of Queen Isabel II
(1875-1885)
 Carlos Maria de la Torre as governor
and captain-general of the Philippines.
He brought liberalism and reforms to
the country
 Spanish cortes reinstate the monarchy
and elected Prince Amadeo of Savoy
as the next king of Spain, putting an
end to Spain’s liberal regime to which
the beloved governor-general belonged
 replaced by Governor-General Rafael
Izquierdo, his polar opposite who
imposed new harsher policies,
including the suppression of liberal
ideas
 Don Antonio Regidor, Don Joaquin
Pardo de Tavera, and the 3 Filipino
priests: Mariano Gomes, Jose
Burgos and Jacinto Zamora
(GOMBURZA), were eventually
garroted (on February 17 1872, in
Bagumbayan). Cavite Mutiny
 In Spain, pronunciamiento made by
General Arsenio Martinez Campos
marked the end of the First Spanish
Republic and the coronation of Alfonso
XII, as monarch
 The notable event of Alfonso XII’s reign
was the adoption of the Constitution
of 1876
 Constitute of 1869: freedom of
worship, freedom of expressions,
freedom of assembly and freedom of
domicile
 The Philippines was represented in the
Cortes from 1810-1813, 1820-1823,
1834-1837
 Ventura de los Reyes, a prosperous
merchant who also had the distinction
of being one of the signers of the
Constitute of 1812, and Vicente
Posadas, an ex-justice of the
Audiencia, were elected to the Cortes
 Economic Condition
 Galleon Trade, Manila became a
major port for trade between China and
Europe, transporting goods
 The invention of the steam engine and
the opening of Suez Canal in 1869 had
a profound impact on the Philippine
economy
 With steam-powered ships, the
transportation bet. Spanish and
Philippines became shorter and safer
 In 1863, the port of Manila was opened
to foreigners, both for trades and
residence.
 Sual in Pangasinan (1855), and Iloilo
in the Western Visayas
Other facilities and services in Manila
were established and improved:
Transportation system
 First light house called farola, built in
1834 at the mouth of the pasig river
 Second light house was erected in
1846 on corregidor
 3rd light house 1890 on cape santiago
in batangas province
 One railroad is the Manila-Dagupan
Railway, 120 miles long. Constructed
by a British Railway company under
the supervision off Horace L. Higgins
a british engineer)
 Rizal boarded the train at Tutuban
Station, Manila, on June 27, 1892
Banking System
 first banking system, Banco Espanol
Filipino
 original stakeholders were the Obras
Pias of various religious orders and the
merchants from Manila and Pampanga
 much older than the Bank of Tokyo
(1892), Japan’s oldest bank
 first Philippine government bank El
Banco Espanol Filipino de Isabel II
(lit. “The Spanish-Filipino Bank of
Isabel II)
 Jose Joaqun de Ynchausti of
Ynchausti y Cia was the founder and
principal stakeholder. A prominent
Philippine multinational corporation that
also established the Tanduay
Distillery and constructed the Puente
Colgante
 1898 Treaty of Paris, the bank
changed from a Spanish institution to a
Philippine one
 January 1 1912, changed its name to
the present Bank of the Philippine
Islands (BPI)
The Manila Observatory
 Fine observatory at Ateneo de Manila
in the Walled City.
 Founded by the Jesuit fathers in 1865
 Father Federico Faura served as the
first director. Accuracy of its typhoon
forecasting and the scientific recording
of earthquake
The Lottery
 Royal Decree of January 29 1850
 Operated by the government-run
Loteria Nacional (National Lottery),
the lottery draws were held monthly at
a lottery building in Intramuros
 Rizal won the second prize along with
two others while living in exile in
dapitan. Rizal’s share was P6,200
The Encomienda System
 A new system of agricultural production
and assess to land
 Spanish declared all public lands as
crown land and awarded large
portions of land to Spanish officials,
military and clergy
 Encomienda system was na old
practice in Spain wherein the king
would reward royalty or outstanding
service with a grant of land, including
the right to receive income from the
land and to govern the people living in
it
 received encomiendas were called
encomenderos
 1568 introduced in the Philippines.
1571 Cebu was divided into
encomiendas and distributed among
Spanish soldiers
 King Philip II instructed Legazpi to
assign encomiendas to those under his
command
 3 types of encomiendas:
 Royal encomiendas tracts of land
belonging to the king
 Ecclesiastical encomiendas lands
distributed to the different religious
orders
 Private encomiendas those who
granted to Spanish officers and men
who helped in the conquest and
colonisation of the country
 Real Audiencia the highest judicial
and administrative tribunal in the
Spanish colonial government
 The encomienda system was abolished
in the 18th century under Philip V, the
first Bourbon ruler of spain.
Replaced with cedula personal among
the indios for the payment of tribute
Agricultural Development
 The progress in agriculture improved
the economic standing of Rizal’s family.
His father was able to raise sugar, rice
and other agricultural products in
land that was leased from the
management of the Dominican friars
Social Condition
 19th century, the rise of the
principalia, an elite class of mostly
educated Filipinos who emerged as
influential local leaders
 education also improved largely due to
the efforts of various religious orders
such as the Augustinians,
Dominicans, and Jesuit
 the emergence of Chinese mestizos
and inquilinos
The Rise of the Principalia
 principalia or class of notables
 part of the inner circle of peninsulars
- Spaniards born in Spain
 grievance among the spaniards came
in 1869 under the administration of
Governador-General Carlos Maria de
la Torre, the most liberal-minded
spanish administrator
 middle class to seek reform during the
early nineteenth century
Education system
 primary education largely focused on
religion
 early secondary school focused on
training of spanish youth in virtues and
letters
 secondary school is only for elite class
and not for the masses
 most notable education reform was
during the Royal Decree of 1863
 the decree also provided for the
establishment of elementary schools:
one for boys and one for girls
 Manila Normal School for young men
 secondary instruction was provided by
the Colegio de San Juan de Letran
and Ateneo Municipal de Manila
 collegiate level the University of
Santo Tomas which was founded by
Fray Miguel de Benavides between
1603 and 1610 which was raised to the
status of a university by a Papal Bull
of November 20 1645 served as the
apex of the country’s educational
system
 first school for girls established in 1589,
the Colegio de Santa Potenciana
 1866 it merged with another school,
forming what is now the Santa Isabel
College
 pursue their education abroad: Jose
Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and
Marcelo del Pilar
The Influence of Religion
 Christianity was used by the
Spaniards to pacify the Filipinos
 resulted in a fusion of Christianity and
the folk region through a process
known as called syncretism
 Augustinians alone are credited for
having established 385 towns- among
them are Dumangas, Duenas, and Jaro
in Iloilo; Calumpit and Malolos in
Bulacan; Pasig in Rizal; and Lemery
and Taal in Batangas
 built around churches and convents
 missionaries were considered the most
powerful masters in Philippine society
The Influx of Chinese Presence
 Chinese were referred to as sangleys,
came from the Fujian (Fukien)
province of China, where Amoy was
the chief port and the word seng-lli
meant trader
 Spaniards attacked Manila in 1570,
there were 4 Chinese trading ships
docked along the Pasig River
 1575, 12-15 trading ships had been
docking in Manila
 pay eight pesos (later ten pesos and
two reals) for the residence permit,
compared to the one peso tribute by
each native family
 were also involved with land and
agriculture, and played a distinct role in
the trade between Manila and
Acapulco as merchants
The Rise of the Inquilino
 4 dominant religious orders:
Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits
and Dominicans
 Inquilino and kasama, became the
foundation for the divide between the
rich and poor classes in modern
Philippine society
 inquilinos were leaseholders of
agricultural land, kasamas were tenant
cultivators, and jornaleros were
dayworkers
 1810, the most extensive landholdings
were those of the Dominicans and
Augustinians
 inquilinos belonged to the provincial
upper class not only tied to the rural
principalia but also rich and influential
in the pueblos
 kasamas were called aparcedores in
spanish, meaning to sharecroppers
CHAPTER 3: Rizal’s Life: Family and
Childhood
Rizal’s birthplace
 Laguna, Rizal’s home province, was a
first-class alcaldia among the nine
provinces in Luzon under the
Provincial reform of 1844
 eight others: Albay, Batangas,
Bulacan, Cagayan, Ilocos Sur,
Manila, Pampanga and Pangasinan
 According to the German scholar
Fedor Jagor who visited the
Philippines, Laguna had 26 towns and
a population of 121,251
 Calamba in 19th century was a sleepy
agricultural town that lay in the
shadow of the fabled Mount Makiling
 Pagsanjan, considered the cabecera
or seat of government of Laguna
 the proprietary land belonging to the
Dominican Order
 5,000 population in Rizal’s time and
one of the great rice towns of the
country
 because of the backlash against the
Noli Me Tangere, the family was forced
to leave their house and transfer to
Binondo, Manila
 1946, under the Executive order 145,
through the community’s financial
support and overseen by architect
Juan Nakpil, the house was renovated
to resemble the original house and
passed on to Rizal’s descendants
 President Elpidio Quirino presided
over the inauguration of the rebuilt
house on June 19 1950
 Footprints of Time: From Laguna’s
Heart to Rizal’s Spirit
 The Los Banos holds historical
importance as the site where Rizal was
embroiled in the “Retraction
Controversy”
 Rizal’s Day December 30
Rizal’s Family Background
Ancestry
 Rizals had mestizo heritage
 Austin Craig, an American historian
and one of Rizal’s early biographers
 rizal’s great-great-grandfather,
Domingo Lam-co, a chinese
immigrant who settled in the Ph during
the latter part of the 17th century
 Lam-co was a native of Sionque, part
of the Chinchew district of the province
of Fujian, China
 Chinchew known for being hospitable
to foreigners and freedom-loving
 Lam-co settled in Binan, Laguna.
Baptised in the Parian Church of San
Gabriel in June 1679, Domingo
spanish word for Sunday
 two friends who were missionaries:
Friar Francisco Marquez, author of a
chinese grammar; and Friar Juan
Caballero, former missionary in china
 married Ines de la Rosa, the daughter
of his friends, Augustin Chinco and
Jacinta Rafael
 married in Parian Church, had one
son, Francisco, and a daughter named
Josefa who tragically died 5 days after
her birth
 changed the family’s surname to
“Mercado” to avoid the anti-chinese
prejudice of the spanish government
 Francisco Mercado, great-grandfather
of Rizal
 1783, was elected municipal mayor
 married a Filipina-Chinese mestiza,
Bernarda Monicha of San Pedro
Tunasan, Laguna, May 26 1776. Had
two sons: Juan and Clemente
 Juan married Cirila Alejandra, the
grandparents of Rizal
 Juan was capitan municipal or
gobernadorcillo and also an elector of
the country's representative to the
spanish cortes. Known as “Capitan
Juan”
 Juan was elected as a chief officer in
Binan in 1808, 1813, 1823
 had 12 children, one of their sons was
Francisco, rizal's father
 Francisco attended Binan Latin
School and later studied Latin and
philosophy in Colegio de San Jose,
Manila
 Patrona took care of him while being
occupied with selling dresses and
dress materials
 remained in calamba with his sister
Potenciana and became a tenant on
the Dominican estate
 as an inquilino (land lessor or tenant
farmer) responsible for paying 10% of
the net harvest to the Dominican friars
 the taxes used for the construction of
bridges and dikes, and the
maintenance of school
 after the death of Potenciana,
Francisco married Teodora Alonso wo
was 10 years younger than him
 Teodora descended from Estanislao
Manuel Urusa, a Chinese-Spanish-
Tagalog mestizo who was a part owner
of Hacienda San Francisco de
Malabon
 granddaughter Regina Ursua, was a
known belle from a Cavite parian who
married Manuel de Quintos, a layer
from Pangasinan
 Brigida would later marry Captain
Lorenzo Alberto Alfonso, a spanish
mestizo from Binan, Laguna
 taken the Spanish Surname Realonda
in 1849 when the governor-general
Narciso Claveria y Zaldua mandated
that all Filipinos be listed in the census
using Spanish surnames.
 clan of educated people: Captain
Ciprianno Alonso, engineer Lorenzo
Alberto, and Jose Florentino, Ph
delegate to the Cortes in Madrid
 another engineer was Jose Alberto,
who held the rank of Knight of the
grand order of Isabel and was also
Knight of the order of Carlos III
 the Alonso raised 5 children, one of
whom was Teodora
 Teodora was baptized in Santa Cruz
Church in Manila on November 18
1827. Has a Filipino sister who ran
Santa Rosa College.
The family in Calamba
 Francisco Mercado, rizal’s father, built
up a modest fortune in Calamba
 Teodora Alonso, rizal’s mother, ran a
thriving business selling ham, pickles,
candies, pork sausage, and rice, and
was formidable businesswoman
 one of the richest in Calamba
 Francisco known for his charities and
donations, Teodora was good in
handling money and business
 first in town to own a piano, a horse-
drawn carriage, a personal library
and a stone house “bahay na bato”
 has 11 children - 9 sisters and 2
brothers
 Saturnina, the eldest, married Manuel
Timoteo Hidalgo of Tanauan,
Batangas and gave birth of 5 children
 Paciano, the second-child, did not
complete his degree in the Colegio de
San Jose and became his father’s farm
assistant in running their Calamba
sugar plantation. Was not married but
he had a child with Severina Decena
 Narcisa, the third-child, married the
musician Antonio Lopez of Morong,
who was also an educator like herself
 Olympia, the fourth-child, married
Silveste Ubaldo, a telegraph operator
from Manila, they had 3 children
 Lucia, the fifth-child, became the wife
of Mariano Herbosa of Calamba.
When he died of cholera, he was
denied a church funeral because he
was Rizal’s brother-in-law
 Maria, the sixth-child, married Daniel
Faustino Cruz of Binan
 Rizal, the seventh-child
 Concepcion, the eight-child, died at
the age of 3
 Josefa and Trinidad, the ninth and
tenth children, remained unmarried.
Lived together in Manila until the death
of Josefa in 1945, at the age of 80.
Trinidad survived her by 6 years
 Soledad, the youngest, married
Pantaleon Quintero of calamba and
had 5 children
 the girls were addressed as Nora (a
courteous term for lady)
 Rizal looked up to his father as a role
model
Rizal’s Early Childhood
 born in Calamba, Laguna
 June 19 1861
 had rizal as their legal surname since
the Claveria Decree of 1849, they
used “Rizal Mercado” to avoid
confusion to their business
 Rizal comes from ricial, which means
green fields
 baptized by Fr. Rufino Collantes
 named after St. Joseph
 full name was Jose Protacio Rizal
Mercado y Alonso Realonda
 standing sponsor at the baptism was
Don Pedro Casanas
 yaya or nursemaid named Aquilina
Alquitran from Mauban, Quezon. Rizal
called her “Yna”
Retentive Memory and Zeal to Learn
 2 years old memorized most of the
alphabet
 spelling book called cartilla
 discover’s his sister’s caton, a basic
reader with pictures
 Chinese sweetmeat called lojua
 poignant poem written in Tagalog
entitled “Sa Aking Mga Kabata” (To
my fellow children), wrote at the age
of 8
Playtime and Love for Nature
 Clay and wax favorite materials for
crafting intricate models of birds and
butterflies
 384 specimens he collected for the
Dresden Museum in Europe
 pony named Alipato (or flying ember)
 dog named Berganza
 elder uncle, Manuel, developing his
physique, transforming him from a frail
and sickly boy
 youngest uncle, Jose, responsibility of
giving him regular lessons
 uncle Gregorio, taught him the value of
promptness in work and achieving
something requires diligent effort and
perseverance
 Fr. Leoncio Lopez, fostered his
independent thinking and sense of fair
judgment
 Paciano, influenced rizal with his
patriotic and nationalistic ideas
Imprisonment of His Mother
 11 years old his mother arrested
 arrested on the accusation that she
attempted to poison her brother’s
estranged wife
 Dona Teodora was forced to endure a
grueling 50kl walk from Calamba to
Santa Cruz, Laguna
 she was in poor health when arrived in
Santa Cruz
 carried out by alferez, the family’s had
considered personal friend
 in prison for almost 2 and a half years
 Governor-General Izquierdo granted
Teodora’s freedom
The Execution of Gomburza
 Fr. Jose Burgos, a highly educated
Filipino Catholic priest
 GOMBURZA accused of being
principal organizers of the Cavite
Mutiny, they were executed by the
garrote vil in Bagumbayan in
February 1872
CHAPTER 4: Rizal’s Education
Early schooling in Binan
 the first tutor did not last a year
 the next two tutors, Maestro Celestino
and Maestro Lucas Padua, found Joe
was too advanced for his age
 Leon Monroy, his father’s former
classmates, took over as the boy’s
instructor. Passed away after 5
months
 Jose was enrolled in a private school
under the supervision of Maestro
Justiniano Aquino Cruz, a
disciplinarian but a conscientious
teacher. A well-versed in Latin and
Spanish grammar. Physical
punishment played crucial role in
imparting his knowledge to his students
 In Binan, he lived in the home off an
aunt, Tomasa Mercado, a devout
Tagalog Bible reader
 look in orchard for a mabolo fruit to eat
 make his own version of champorado
(chocolate rice porridge), with mixed
sugar, milk and chocolate (crushed
tablea)
Rizal in Manila
Education at Ateneo
 3 secondary institutions in Manila: San
Jose Seminary, where Paciano had
studied; the Dominican College of
San Juan de Letran; and the Jesuit-
run Ateneo Municipal de Manila
 Paciano advised Jose to use “Rizal”
instead of Mercado. In Laguna, the
surname Mercado was identified as
potentially subversive
 Ateneo Municipal was partly indeed by
the Ayuntamineto, or city council of
Manila, and run by the Jesuits
 located in the fortified walls in
Intramuros
 On Anda Street that ran in front of
Ateneo was the Hotel de Paris.
Nearby was the Pasig River, which
flows into Manila Bay to the northwest
 populated commercial area of Binondo,
where Manila’s Chinatown was
situated
 the commercial and residential
parishes of Santa Cruz and Quiapo,
which were populated by Chinese
mestizo and Spanish mestizo families
 the coastal suburbs of Ermita and
Malate
 classes were divided into interns and
externs: The first comprised the
Roman Empire and the second,
Carthaginian Empire
 five dignitaries: Emperor, Tribune,
Decurion, Centurion, and Standard-
Bearer
 The first professor was Fr. Jose Bech,
His temperament was mercurial,
alternating bet. being harsh and rude or
childlike and amusing
 children of peninsular spaniards
 Francisco G. Oliva, possessed
intelligence but lacked studiousntess
 Joaquin Garrido, demonstrated talent
and diligence despite a poor memory
 Gonzalo Marzano, held the esteemed
position of Emperor
 Jose became the emperor of his group,
the Carthaginians
 2nd year devoted himself in reading
novels including, The count of monte
cristo,the novel must impressed the
imagination of the young Jose
 possessed a complete set of Italian
Cesare Cantu’s Universal History,
broaden his knowledge and
understanding of the world and learn
about different cultures
 3rd year, his mother was released after
the 2 and half years of imprisonment
 release upon the request of his sister
Soledad
 4th year, the notable poem includes El
embarque (The Embarkation), a
hymn to Ferdinand Magellan’s fleet
 El combate: Urbiztondo, error de
Jolo (The combat: Urbiztondo, The
Terror from Jol), a commemoration of
the campaign led by spanish
Governor-General Antonio
Urbiztondo in 1851 against the
Sultanate of Sulu
 Al Nino Jesus, dedicated to the Child
Jesus
 received guidance and direction
inpainting and drawing from his Ateneo
professor, Don Augustin Saez
 honed his sculpting skills under the
tutelage of Romualdo De Jesus
 2 notable sculptures: the figure of our
lady carved in batikuling and the
image of Sacred Heart
 student organisations showcased his
natural leadership abilities
 four exclusive societies: the Academy
of Spanish Literature (secretary), the
Academy of Natural Science, the
Marian Congregation Sodality of Our
Lady (secretary), and the Apostle of
Friendship
 Dr. Jose Rizal’s Academic
Performance at Ateneo (1872-1877)
- 1st year (1872-1873)
- 2nd year (1873-1874)
- 3rd year (1874-1875)
- 4th year (1875-1876)
- 5th year (1876-1877)
- Graduated at Ateneo in 1877, earning his
Bachiller en Artes (Bachelor of Arts).
- recognized as sobresaliente or
outstanding among his peers
 At the University of Santo Tomas
 completed his studies at Ateneo at the
age of 16
 mother: wanted him to be a priest,
paciano: become physician, Ateneo
Jesuit mentors: take up farming and
priesthood, Rizal: drawn to law
 UST was founded in 1611 by Miguel
de Benavides, a spanish clergyman
who was the 3rd archbishop of
Manila
 best universities of European learning
in the East run by Dominican Order
 1st year, shifted from philosophy and
letters to medicine
 only granted licence in 1881
 Spanish Jesuits treated the students
with care and respect regardless of
their racial status. Spanish Dominican,
favoured spanish mestizos and often
belittled or discriminated against the
native Filipino
 became the president of the Academia
Literaria, through which he developed
his talents in sculpture, playing the
piano, painting, singing and poetry
writing
 1879, Liceo Artistico de Manila
sponsored a poetry contest
 “A La Juventud Filipina”, won first
prize and received a silver pen
 was addressed to Filipino youth,
encouraging them to develop their
talents, to be forward-looking, and to
break the chain of bondage
 called youth a “bella esperanzade la
patria mia” (fair hope of my
homeland), patria often translated as
fatherland and homeland
 1880, the Jesuits invited Rizal to
participate in the preparations for the
annual feast of Virgen de la Purisima
 he wrote the script for Junto al Pasig,
a one-act zarzuela about the religious
beliefs of the native prior to the arrival
of the Spaniards
 contest sponsored by Liceo Artistico
Literario de Manila
 submitted a one-act play, El Consejo
de los Dioses (The Council of the
Gods), an allegory in honour of
Cervantes
 14 contestants and the board of
judges was composed of peninsular
Spaniards
 the poem won the first prize, which
was the gold ring
 discovered that a young “indio” had
surpassed a Spaniard, Reverend Fr.
Evaristo Arias
 1882, completed his medicine course
 Rizal’s Scholastic Records at the
University of Santo Tomas
- Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878)
- 1st year - medicine (1878-1879)
- 2nd year - medicine (1879-1880)
- 3d year - medicine (1880-1881)
- 4th year - medicine (1881-1882)
CHAPTER 5: Rizal’s Life Abroad
Introduction
 Fiance Leonor Rivera
 356 Mexican pesos which Paciano
gave him as allowance
Arrival at Barcelona
 arrived in Barcelona on June 15 1881
 Basilio Teodoro - managing editor of
the bilingual newspaper Diariong
Tagalog - to send over some articles
for publication
 the first piece he had written “El amor
patrio” (Love of country). Published
in Diariong Tagalog on August 20
1882
Education in Madrid
 enrolled in the Universidad Central de
Madrid on November 3 1882
 took courses for both medicine and
philosophy and letters
 influenced by his professor Miguel
Morayta, that he joined the
freemasons
 Freemasonry trace its origins with the
stonemasons as far as 13th century
and seeks to promote brotherhood,
enlightenment, and moral betterment
 adopted the Masonic name
Dimasalang when he joined the Gran
Oriente de Espana
 June 25 1884, Filipino community
gathered in Hotel Ingles to celebrate
the victory of two Filipino painters
whose murals had both won in the
Madrid Exposition: Juan Luna,
Spoliarium (gold medal), and Felix
Resurreccion Hidalgo, Las Vírgenes
Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho
(The Christian Virgins Exposed to the
Populace)(silver medal)
 published in a Spanish-owned
newspaper Los Dos Mundos
 monthly pension is 50 pesos for his
food, clothing, and rent expenses. Then
later go down to just 35 pesos
 poem titled “Me piden versos” (They
Ask Me for Verses), which was written
for his mother
Medical practice in Paris
 first visit to Paris, France was on June
17 1883 during a summer vacation
 he moved fully to Paris in 1885
 Trained under Dr. Louis de Wecker,
had a clinic that conducted oculoplastic
surgeries
 the de Wecker scissors, which are
used in eye surgeries
 November 1885 to February 1886, he
served as de Wecker’s assistant
 usually take in 50 to 100 patients.
There were even days they had to
perform 10 major surgeries
 visited his friend Juan Luna’s studio,
opened a year after Rizal’s arrival
 he had posed for reference in some of
Luna’s paintings, one of which was
Sikatuna in The Blood Compact with
scholar Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera,
posing with him as Legazpi
 began penning the Noli Me Tangere
and by the time he left he had already
completed a part of Noli
Further studies in Heidelberg
 arrived on February 3 1886
 Dr. Otto Becker, a professor at the
Heidelberg University - Germany’s
oldest university founded in 1386 - and
the director of the university’s eye clinic
 collected more than 1,800 pathologic
specimens to aid in his studies
 admiration to German women in a letter
addressed to his sister Trinidad
 poem “A Las flores de Heidelberg”
(To the flowers of Heidelberg), which
spoke for his longing for the Ph and his
family
Peaceful time in Wilhelmsfeld
 Protestant pastor Karl Ullmer offered
lodging in their house
 in the Ullmer household he completed
Noli
 stay lasted for only 3 months
 a statue of Rizal made by Filipino
sculptor Anastacio Caedo can be
found near the pastor’s house
Meeting bright minds in Leipzig
 becoming acquainted with Professor
Friedrich Ratzel, a renowned
geographer and ethnographer, and
Hans Meyer, a well-travelled
anthropologist
 Meyer visited the Ph and published a
book titled Eine Weltreise.
Plaudereien aus einer zweijährigen
Erdumsegelung (A voyage around
the world. Chats from two-year
circumnavigation of the earth) that
featured our indigenous people, Igorots
 Noli in Berlin
 6 months he had spent in Berlin
 -Maximo Viola, who explored the city
many times with Rizal
 rizal became the member of prestigious
Anthropological Society and
Geographical Society
 Viola funded Rizal in publishing the Noli.
March 21 1887, over 2,000 copies of
Noli Me Tangere were printed
Blumentritt in Leitmeritz
 Ferdinand Blumentritt worked on
ethnographic research concerning the
Ph
 May 13 1887, Rizal and Viola were met
by Blumentritt at the station and
escorted to Krebs Hotel
 Rizal drew a pencil sketch of
Blumentritt as a gift to his friend
 Rizal and Viola went on to visit various
European cities such as Vienna,
Munich, Rome and Marseilles
 From Esteemed Sirs to Best Friends:
Blumentritt and Rizal’s Friendship
 letter: Rizaal to Blumentritt, December
29 1896, in National Historical Institute
1992, 2:539
 Rizal’s decision to return to the
Philippines
 Noli was declared by thee clergy as
heretic and scandalous
 arrived in Manila on August 5 1887.
After a few days, he set toward his
hometown, Calamba
Homecoming in Calamba
 first operation was removing his
mother’s cataracts
 “Uliman” the Tagalog term for German
 had a gymnasium built in their
hometown for people to use. To be
physically active and introduce sports
 Governor-General Emilio Terrero
assigned a young lieutenant named
Jose Taviel de Andrade to Rizal as a
personal bodyguard
Noli Me Tangere condemned
 Father Rector Gregorio Echavarria of
the University of Santo Tomas, he
declared that the book was full of
“impiedades, herejias, escandalos y
frasesantipatrioticas” (impieties,
 heresies, scandals and anti-patriotic
phrases)
 the Censorship commission, a
committee made of religious individuals
and laymen, in their report, they
deemed it, an attack against religion
and Spain
 Friar Jose Rodriguez, made
pamphlets dissuading people from
reading the novel
 Rizal’s defenders: Marcelo del Pilar,
under the pseudonym Dolores
Manapat, wrote a Tagalog pamphlet
parodying the ones being distributed by
Fr. Rodriguez
 Father Vicente Garcia, a Filipino priest
and scholar, wrote a scratching
defense for Noli against Fr. Rodriguez’s
attacks in particular
Rizal leaves the Philippines
 Governor-General Terrero, advised
him to leave the Ph for his safety
 February 3 1888, having stayed only
for around 6 month, he once again left
the Ph
CHAPTER 6: Rizal’s second travel
abroad and the last homecoming
Escape to Hong Kong
 he stayed for a few weeks only in
interim
 Jose Maria Basa, a merchant from
Binondo who was eventually exiled to
HK due to his participation in the 1872
Cavite mutiny
The 1872 Cavite mutiny
 January 20 1872, around 200 Filipino
troops at Fort San Felipe (the spanish
arsenal in Cavite) staged a mutiny
 Governor-General Rafael de
Izquierdo subjected the soldiers and
laborers of the Engineering and Artillery
Corps of Cavite to pay personal taxes
and forced labor (polo y servicio)
 a mutiny led by a mestizo sergeant
named Fernando La Madrid
 Our Lady of Loreto, the patron of
Sampaloc
 Rizal dedicated the El Filibusterismo
(1891) to Gomburza
 Maximo Inocencio, Severino Lapidario,
Mariano Alvarez, Juan Castaneda, and
Julian Felipe, were implicated in the
Cavite mutiny and became part of the
1896 Ph Revolution
Cultural detour to Japan
 March 1888
 stay 6 weeks in Japan
Arrival in San Francisco
 San Francisco Bay Area on April 28
1888, their ship Belgic was
quarantined on the account of an
immigration law recently passed
 Rizal and his fellow passengers, stayed
in Angel Island
 Tetcho Suehiro, japanese writer, Rizal
became his interpreter and his guide in
the western culture
 stayed in America for less than a month
 Missouri River, about twice the Pasig
in its widest part
 Niagara Falls, not as pretty nor as
mysteriously beautiful as that in Los
Banos
Scholarly Undertakings in London
 arrived in Liverpool on May 25 1888
before proceeding to London
 lodged with the family of Charles
Beckett, who lived in a lower middle
class neighbourhood
 scholar Reinhold Rost, specializes in
Sanskrit text though he was also
knowledgeable in other east and
southeast Asia cultures
 frequent visitor of the British Museum
and registered himself as a reader and
studied diligently the museum’s
Filipiniana materials
 most notable was his works on
Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las
islas Filipinas, which was published
on 1609
 also read the works of Pigafetta and
Van Noort to help with his annotations
Visit to the Paris Exposition
 The Paris Exposition of 1889,
featured the newly completed Eiffel
Tower, a 300-meter high structure
 Galerie des Machines (Palace of
Machines), a glass and metal hall
designed by architect Ferdinand
Dutert. The largest vaulted building
 Village Negre (Negro Village), had
around 400 indigenous people from
various French colonies
Back in London
 Continue working to his sucesos
annotation
 Ilocano writer Isabelo delos Reyes
lent his criticisms against it while Juan
Luna said that Rizal’s annotations may
have been “exaggerated by his
excessive patriotism”
 Antonio Luna, offering him an
editorship to a new publication
 this publication named La Solidaridad
and its editorship given to Graciano
Lopez-Jaena then later on to Marcelo
del Pilar
 pseudonyms Dimas-Alang and
Laong-Laan
Writing for La Solidaridad and El
Filibusterismo
Some of the articles written for the Soli:
“La verdad para todos” (The truth for all)
“Verdades nuevas” (New truths) - a reply to
the spanish journalist Vicente Belloc y
Sanchez
“Sobre la nueva ortografía de la lengua
tagala” (The new orthography of the
Tagalog Language) - for reference he used
Trinidad Pardo de Tavera’s El sanscrito
en la lengua tagala (Sanskrit in the
Tagalog Language)
“Sobre la indolencia de los Filipinos” (On the
Indolence of the Filipinos) - indolence is a
chronic malady, not a hereditary one
- would finally publish his annotated
sucesos, which carried a prologue written
by Blumentritt
 move to Brussels, capital of Belgium,
in January 1890
 more fond on the novel El
Filibusterismo
 moved to Ghent, where the cost of
living as well as printing was cheaper
 received some money from Basa as
well as pawned several belongings to
meet the quotation for printing
 Valentin Ventura, a reformist who was
in Paris at that time, had gotten wind of
Rizal’s plight and sent him the funding
needed to continue his book’s printing
 gifted Ventura the original manuscript
as well as as signed printed copy
Reunion in Hong Kong
 after printing the El fili, he moved back
to Hong Kong in November 1891
 received a letter from his brother-in-law
Manuel Hidalgo informing him of the
deportation of their entire family due to
an agrarian dispute in Calamba
Borneo Project
 began when he meet William Pryer,
was the manager of the British North
Borneo Company and was able to
procure a lease of an entire island in
North Borneo
 Dubbed Nueva Calamba (New
Calamba), the planned settlement was
a 5,000-acre land located in Bengkoka
River in Maradu Bay
 Spanish Governor-General Eulogio
Despujol will not allow the Calamba
tenants to leave the Ph, fearing that
Rizal will use Nueva Calamba as a
stronghold to launch a revolution
against Spain
 two letters: the first letter was
addressed to people close to him, while
the second was a letter addressed to
Filipinos in general.
 recorded in the Epistolario Rizalino
 He and his sister Lucia left HK on
June 21 1892
Back to the Philippines
 a case was already filed against him
the “anti-religious and anti-patriotic
agitation”
 not arrested right away and was able to
visits to the Malacanang to talk with
Despujol
 July 6 1892, less than 2 week after he
arrived in Manila, he was arrested
during one of his interview with
Despujol
 The governor-general showed leaflets
that contain attacks against friars
supposedly owned by Rizal. He was
escorted to Fort Santiago to be placed
under arrest
The Short-Lived La Liga Filipina
 was able to establish a society called
La Liga Filipina, meaning that they are
bogged down by day to day toils even
bother fighting for reforms
 Liga was founded in the house of
Doroteo Ongjunco, a freemason,
located in Tondo
 30 people rizal laid down the society’s
goals: to work toward the unity of the
Ph; to advocate for reforms; to provide
support in education, agriculture, and
commerce; to fight against violence
and unjust persecution; and to provide
help and protection for all its members
 officers included Ambrosio Salvador
(president, as Rizal remained simply as
founder), Bonifacio Arevalo
 (secretary), and Deodato Arellano
(fiscal officer)
 Member of the Liga also included
Andres Bonifacio and Apolinario
Mabini
 each member had to pay a fee of 10-
centavos monthly, pooled and used to
help members with financial needs
 The liga’s lifespan was short-lived, as
rizal would be arrested within the same
month he founded the society