Aics9e PPT 8 5

Chapter 8
Quadratic
Functions
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8-1

1
Chapter Sections
8.1 – Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing
the Square
8.2 – Solving Quadratic Equations by the
Quadratic Formulas
8.3 – Quadratic Equations: Applications and
Problem Solving
8.4 – Writing Equations in Quadratic Form
8.5 – Graphing Quadratic Functions
8.6 – Quadratic and Other Inequalities in One
Variable
2
§ 8.5
Graphing Quadratic
Functions

3
Quadratic Functions
Quadratic Function
A quadratic function is a function that can be written
in the form
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
For real numbers a, b, and c, with a ≠ 0.

4
Definitions
The graph of every quadratic function is a

parabola.
The vertex is the lowest point on a parabola

that opens upward, or the highest point on
a parabola that opens downward.
5
Definitions
Graphs of quadratic equations have symmetry
about a line through the vertex. This line is called
the axis of symmetry.
The sign of a, the numerical coefficient of the

squared term, determines whether the parabola
will open upward or downward.
6
Vertex of a Parabola
Vertex of a Parabola
The parabola represented by the function f(x) = ax2 +
bx + c will have vertex
 b 4 ac  b 2

  , 
 2a 4a 
Since we often find the y-coordinate of the vertex by
substituting the x-coordinate of the vertex into f(x), the
vertex may also be designated as
 b  b 
 , f   
 2a  2a  

7
Axis of Symmetry of a Parabola
Axis of Symmetry
For a quadratic function of the form f(x) = ax2 + bx + c,
the equation of the axis of symmetry of the parabola is
b
x
2a

8
x-Intercepts of a Parabola
x-Intercepts of a Parabola
To find the x-intercepts (if there are any) of a quadratic
function, solve the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 for x.
This equation may be solved by factoring, by using the

quadratic formula, or by completing the square.

9
Graph Quadratic Functions
Example Consider the quadratic function

y = x2 + 8x – 12.
a.Determine whether the parabola opens upward or

downward.
b.Find the y-intercept.
c.Find the vertex.
d.Find the equation of the axis of symmetry.
e.Find the x-intercepts, if any.
f.Draw the graph.
continued
10
a. Since a is -1, which is less than 0, the parabola

opens downward.
b. To find the y-intercept, set x = 0 and solve for y.
y  (0) 2  8(0)  12  12
The y-intercept is (0, 12)
continued
11
c. First, find the x-coordinate, then find the y-
coordinate of the vertex. From the function, a = -1,
b = 8, and c = -12.
b 8
x  4
2a 2(1)
Since the x-coordinate of the vertex is not a fraction,
we will substitute x = 4 into the original function to
determine the y-coordinate of the vertex.
y   x 2  8 x  12
y  (4) 2  8(4)  12
 16  32  12  4
The vertex is (4, 4). continued
12
d. Since the axis of symmetry is a vertical line

through the vertex, the equation is found using the
same formula used to find the x-coordinate of the
vertex (see part c). Thus, the equation of the axis of
symmetry is x = 4.
continued
13
e. To find the x-intercepts, set y = 0.

x 2  8 x  12  0
( x  6)( x  2)  0
x6  0 or x20
x6 x2
Thus, the x-intercepts are (2, 0) and (6, 0). These

values could also be found by the quadratic formula
(or by completing the square).
continued
14
f. Draw the graph.

15
Solve Maximum and Minimum Problems
A parabola that opens upward has a minimum value

at its vertex, and a parabola that opens downward has
a maximum value at its vertex.

16
Understand Translations of Parabolas
Start with the basic graph of f(x) = ax2 and translate, or shift, the
position of the graph to obtain the graph of the function you are
seeking. y
f  x   x2 4
g  x   2x 2
h x   1 x2
2
x
-4 4
Notice that the value of a in the graph f(x) = ax2 determines the
width of the parabola. As |a| gets larger, the parabola gets
narrower, and as |a| gets smaller, the parabola gets wider.
17
seeking. y
f  x   x2
g  x   ( x  2)2
h  x   ( x  2) 2
x
-4 4
If h is a positive real number, the graph of g(x) = a(x – h)2 will be
shifted h units to the right of the graph g(x) = ax2. If h is a negative
real number, the graph of g(x) = a(x – h)2 will be shifted |h| units to
the left.
18
seeking. y
g  x   x2  1
f  x   x2
x
- 4 h x   x2  1 4
In general, the graph of g(x) = ax2 + k is the graph of f(x) = ax2

shifted k units up if k is a positive real number and |k| units down if
k is a negative real number.
19
Parabola Shifts
For any function f(x) = ax2, the graph of g(x) = a(x-h)2 + k will
have the same shape as the graph of f(x). The graph of g(x)
will be the graph of f(x) shifted as follows:
• If h is a positive real number, the graph will be shifted h

units to the right.
• If h is a negative real number, the graph will be shifted |h|
units to the left.
• If k is a positive real number, the graph will be shifted k
units up.
• If k is a negative real number, the graph will be shifted |k|
units down.

20
Axis of Symmetry and Vertex of a Parabola

The graph of any function of the form
f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k
will be a parabola with axis of symmetry x = h and vertex at

(h, k).

21
Write Functions in the Form f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k
If we wish to graph parabolas using translations, we

need to change the form of a function from f(x) = ax2
+ bx + c to f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k. To do this we complete
the square as we discussed in Section 8.1.
Example Given f(x) = x2 – 6x + 10,

a)Write f(x) in the form of f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k.
b)Graph f(x).

22
a) We use the x2 and -6x terms to obtain a perfect

square trinomial.
f ( x)  ( x 2  6 x)  10
Now we take half the coefficient of the x-term and
square it. 2
1 
 2 ( 6 )   9
We then add this value, 9, within the parentheses.
f ( x)  ( x  6 x  9)  9  10
2
continued
23
By doing this we have created a perfect square

trinomial within the parentheses, plus a constant
outside the parentheses. We express the perfect
square trinomial as the square of a binomial.
f ( x)  ( x  3)  1 2
The function is now in the form we are seeking.
continued
24
b) Graph f(x).

25

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Chapter 8

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8-1

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8-3

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8-4

The graph of every quadratic function is a

The vertex is the lowest point on a parabola

The sign of a, the numerical coefficient of the

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8-7

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8-8

This equation may be solved by factoring, by using the

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8-9

Example Consider the quadratic function

a.Determine whether the parabola opens upward or

a. Since a is -1, which is less than 0, the parabola

b. To find the y-intercept, set x = 0 and solve for y.

y  (0) 2  8(0)  12  12

The y-intercept is (0, 12)

d. Since the axis of symmetry is a vertical line

e. To find the x-intercepts, set y = 0.

Thus, the x-intercepts are (2, 0) and (6, 0). These

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8-15

A parabola that opens upward has a minimum value

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8-16

In general, the graph of g(x) = ax2 + k is the graph of f(x) = ax2

• If h is a positive real number, the graph will be shifted h

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8-20

Axis of Symmetry and Vertex of a Parabola

f(x) = a(x – h)2 + k

will be a parabola with axis of symmetry x = h and vertex at

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8-21

If we wish to graph parabolas using translations, we

Example Given f(x) = x2 – 6x + 10,

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8-22

a) We use the x2 and -6x terms to obtain a perfect

We then add this value, 9, within the parentheses.

By doing this we have created a perfect square

The function is now in the form we are seeking.

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8-25

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