Differentiation

INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS
for Business, Economics,

and the Life and Social Sciences
Arab World Edition
Ernest Haeussler, Richard Paul, Richard Wood, Saadia Khouyibaba
Chapter 8
Differentiation
© Pearson Education Limited 2012

Chapter 8: Differentiation
Chapter Objectives
 To compute derivatives by using the limit definition.
 To develop basic differentiation rules.
 To interpret the derivative as an instantaneous rate of change.
 To apply the product and quotient rules.
 To apply the chain rule.
Chapter Outline
8.1 The Derivative
8.2 Rules for Differentiation
8.3 The Derivative as a Rate of Change
8.4 The Product Rule and the Quotient Rule
8.5 The Chain Rule

8.1 The Derivative
A tangent line, or tangent, to a circle (or a curve) is

often defined as a line that meets the circle (or the
curve) at exactly one point (Figure 8.1).

8.1 The Derivative

• To obtain a suitable definition of a tangent line, we use the
concept of limit (chapter 7) and the notion of a secant line .
PQ is a secant line (Figure 8.3)

8.1 The Derivative

The common limiting position of the secant lines is defined to
be the tangent line to the curve at P.

8.1 The Derivative

• A curve does not necessarily have a tangent line at each of its
points.
• For example, the curve y = |x| does
not have a tangent at (0,0).
As can be seen in Figure 8.5
• Line through (0,0) and a nearby

point to its right on the curve must
always be the line y = x.
• Thus the limiting position of such secant lines is also the line y =
x.

8.1 The Derivative
However, a secant line through (0,0) and a nearby point to its left
on the curve must always be the line y = −x.
Hence, the limiting position of such secant lines is also the line
y = −x.
Since there is no common limiting position, there is no tangent
line at (0,0).

8.1 The Derivative

Definition: The slope of a curve at a point P is the slope, if it
exists, of the tangent line at P.
• The slope of the tangent line in (Figure 8.7) at (a, f(a)) is
(1) f z   f a  f a  h   f a 
m  lim tan  lim
z a z a h0 h
Note that f(a+h) –f(a) represents

and h represents

8.1 The Derivative
Example 1 – Finding the Slope of a Tangent Line

Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve y = f(x) = x2
at the point (1, 1).
f 1  h   f 1 1  h 2  12
Solution: Slope = lim  lim 2
h0 h h0 h
Generalization
We can generalize Equation (1) so that it applies to any
point on a curve.
The derivative of a function f is the function denoted f′ and
defined by
f z   f  x  f x  h   f x  (2)
f x   lim  lim
zx zx h0 h
181 The Derivative
Example 2 – Using the Definition to Find the Derivative
• If , find
Solution: Applying the definition of the derivative gives
f x  h   f x   x  h  x 2
2
f ' x   lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
x 2  2 xh  h 2  x 2 2 xh  h 2
 lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h
h( 2 x  h)
 lim  lim( 2 x  h)  2 x
h 0 h h 0
• Note that defines a function of x, which we can interpret as

giving the slope of the tangent line to the graph of at (x,f(x))

8.1 The Derivative
Example 3 – Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line

If f(x) = 2x2 + 2x + 3, find an equation of the tangent line to
the graph of f at (1, 7).
Solution:
f x   lim
f x  h   f x 
 lim
 
2x  h 2  2x  h   3  2 x 2  2 x  3
 4x  2
h0 h h  0 h
Slope → f 1  41  2  6
Equation → y  7  6x  1 or y  6 x  1

8.1 The Derivative

8.1 The Derivative
Example 5 – A Function with a Vertical Tangent Line

d
Find  x
dx
Solution:
Multiply numerator and denominator by )

8.1 The Derivative
Example 6 – Find the Derivative of p with respect to q

If find
Solution:

8.1 The Derivative
Keep in mind that the derivative of at x is nothing more

than a limit, namely
equivalently


• Rules for Differentiation:
BASIC RULE 0 Derivative of a Constant:
d
c   0
dx
BASIC RULE 1 Derivative of xn:
d n
x   nx n1
dx
COMBINING RULE 2 Constant Factor Rule:
d
cf x   cf x 
dx3 Sum or Difference Rule
COMBINING RULE
d
 f x   g x   f x   g x 
dx
Example 9 – Derivatives of Constant Functions

d
a. 3  0
dx
b. If gx   5 then g x   0 .
c. If st   1 ,938 ,623 807.4

then ds
dt 0

Example 10 – Derivatives of Powers of x
a.
b.
Thus, the derivative of x with respect to x is 1.
c.

Example 11 – Rewriting Functions in the Form xn
Differentiate the following functions:

Solution:
a. y  x
dy 1 1 / 2 1 1
 x 
dx 2 2 x
b. hx   1
x x
d 3 / 2 3 3 / 2 1 3 5 / 2
hx   x   x  x
dx 2 2

Example 12 – Differentiating a Constant Times a Function

Example 13 – Differentiating Sums and Differences of Functions

a. F x   3x 5  x
Solution:
d d 1/2 1 1 / 2 1
F x   3x  x   35x  x   15x 
5 4 4
dx dx 2 2 x
z4 5
b. f z    1 / 3
4 z
Solution:
d  z4  d  5  1 3 1 5
f z       1 / 3   4 z   5  z  4 / 3   z 3  z  4 / 3
dz  4  dz  z  4  3  3

Example 13 – Differentiating Sums and Differences of Functions
c. y  6 x 3  2 x 2  7 x  8
Solution:
dy d d d d
 6 ( x 3 )  2 ( x 2 )  7 ( x )  ( 8 )  18 x 2  4 x  7
dx dx dx dx dx

Example 15 – Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line

3x 2  2
Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve y
x
at the point (1,1).
Solution: The slope equation is
3x 2 2
y   3 x  2 x 1
x x
dy
 3  2 x 2
dx
dy
When x = 1,  3  212  5
dx x 1
The equation is:

• Average velocity is given by

s f t  t   f t 
v ave  
t t
• Velocity at time t is given by
f t  t   f t 
v  lim
t  0 t

Example 16 – Finding Average Velocity and Velocity
Example 16 – Finding Average Velocity and Velocity

Suppose the position function of an object moving along a
number line is given by s = f(t) = 3t2 + 5, where t is in seconds
and s is in meters.
a. Find the average velocity over the interval [10, 10.1].
Solution:
When t = 10, the velocity is
s f t  t   f t  f 10  0.1  f 10 f 10.1  f 10
v ave    
t t 0.1 0.1
311.03  305
  60.3 m/s
0.1

Example 16 – Finding Average Velocity and Velocity (cont’d)
b. Find the velocity when t = 10.
Solution:
The velocity at time t is given by
ds
v   6t
dt
When t = 10, the velocity is
ds
 610  60m/s
dt t 10

average rate of change of y

y f x  x   f x  
  with respect to x over the
x x interval from x to x  x

• If y = f(x), dy  lim y  instantaneous rate of change of


dx x  0 x y with respect to x
For convenience we usually refer to the instantaneous rate of

change simply as the rate of change


Example – Rate of Change
Solution
Note that 2010=1; 2011=2; 2012=3


Example – Rate of Change
Solution
Note that 1980=1; 1990=2; 2000=3; 2010=4; 2020=5; 2030=6
a. P


Example 20 – Rate of Change of Population
The population of Iraq, I(t), and the population of Yemen,

Y(t), can be modeled respectively by the functions
I(t) = 0.0036t2 + 0.66t + 22.66
Y(t) = –0.012t2 + 0.77t + 17.28
where populations are in millions and t is in years, with t = 0

corresponding to the year 2000.
In which year will the populations of the two countries be

changing at the same rate?
Example 20 – Rate of Change of Population
Solution:
dI dY
 0.0072t  0.66 and  0.024t  0.77
dt dt
The populations are changing at the same rate, when dI  dY

dt dt
0.0072t + 0.66 = –0.024t + 0.77

t = 3.58
The populations of Iraq and Yemen changed at the same rate

by the middle of 2003.

Example 21 – Electricity production in the U.A.E.
Electricity production from natural gas sources (in billions

of kilowatt-hours [kWh]) in the United Arab Emirates can
be approximated by
E(t) = 0.072t3 – 0.219t2 + 3.156t + 38.88
where t = 0 corresponds to the year 2000.
Find E(12) and E′(12), and interpret your answer.

Example 21 – Electricity production in the U.A.E.
Solution: When t = 12,

E 12  0.07212  0.21912  3.15612  38.88
3 2
E 12  162.632
dE dE
and  0.216t  0.438t  3.156 
2
 29.004
dt dt t 12
In 2012, electricity production in the U.A.E. from natural gas
sources is approximately 162.632 billion kWh and increases
at a rate of 29.004 billion kWh per year.
Applications of Rate of Change to Economics

• Total-cost function is c = f(q)
• Marginal cost is dc
dq
• Total-revenue function is r = f(q)
• Marginal revenue is dr
dq
Relative and Percentage Rates of Change
• The relative rate of change of f(x) is f x 
f x 
• The percentage rate of change of f(x) is f x 
100% 
f x 

• Example 18 Finding a Rate of Change
• A small Lebanese company finds that the cost in $ of
manufacturing x handbags is given by
a) Find the average rate of change in cost as the production

increases from 1 to 6 handbags.
Solution
b) Take x=1 and then we have
Thus, on average, the cost increases at

the rate of $13 per handbag as
production increases from 1 to 6

• Example 18 Finding a Rate of Change
b) Find the rate of change in cost (also called the marginal cost)
and evaluate it at x=8.
Solution
c) The rate of change is
When x=8, .
This means that as the production level increases from 8 by a

small amount, the cost increases approximately 4 times as much

Example 22 – Extra Cost

Example 22 – Extra Cost
C’(x)=0.6x+4
C’(40)=0.6(40)+4=28
Which is very close to the answer obtained in part a)

Example 23 – Marginal Cost

If a manufacturer’s average-cost equation is
2 5000
c  0.0001q  0.02q  5 
q
Find the marginal-cost function. What is the marginal cost

when 50 units are produced?
Interpret your result.

Example 23 – Marginal Cost

Solution: The cost is
 2 5000 
c  qc  q 0.0001q  0.02q  5  
 q 
 0.0001q 3  0.02q 2  5q  5000
dc
 0.0003q 2  0.04q  5
dq
Marginal cost when q = 50,

dc
 0.0003502  0.0450  5  3.75
dq q  50
Example 25 – Demand Function and Marginal Revenue

Al Mawarid Co. manufactures glasses.
Its marketing department finds that the demand function is
pq   120  2 q
where q is the number of glasses that consumers want to

buy at price p.
Find the marginal revenue at q = 900, 1600, and 2500.

Interpret your answers.
Example 25 – Demand Function and Marginal revenue
Solution: revenue = (price)(quantity)

r q   120  2 q q  120q  2q q  120q  2q
3
2
The marginal revenue is r q   120  3 q
r′(900) = 30. This means that at a production level of 900 glasses,

the revenue is increasing at a rate of $30 per glass.
r′(1600) = 0. This means that at a production level of 1600

glasses, the revenue is neither increasing nor decreasing.
r′(2500) = -30. So, at a production level of 2500 glasses the

revenue is decreasing at a rate of $30 per glass.
Example 26 – Relative and Percentage Rates of Change

Determine the relative and percentage rates of change of
y  f x   3x 2  5x  25 when x = 5.
Solution:
f x   6 x  5
f 5  65  5  25
f 5 25
Relative Rate of Change :   0.333
f 5 75
f 5 25
% Rate of change   100%   100%  0.333  100%  33.3%
f 5 75


• RULE 3: The Product Rule
d
 f x gx   f x gx   f x g x 
dx
Example 28 – Applying the Product Rule

If F(x) = (x2 + 3x)(4x + 5), find F′(x)
Solution:
d 2 d
 
F x        2

x  3x  4 x  5  x  3x  4 x  5
 
 dx   dx 
 2 x  34 x  5  x 2  3x 4   12x 2  34 x  15

Example 30 – Differentiating a Product of Three Factors

If y = (x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4), find y′.
Solution:
d d
y    x  2x  3x  4   x  2x  3 x  4 
  
 dx   dx 
 3x 2  18 x  26

𝑦 − 𝑦 0 =𝑚( 𝑥 − 𝑥 0 )
𝑦 − 36=176( 𝑥 − 1)
40

• RULE 4: The Quotient Rule

d  f x   gx  f x   f x g x 
 
dx  gx   gx 2
Example 32 – Applying the Quotient Rule
4x2  3
If F x   , find F x 
2x  1
Solution:
d d
2 x  1 4 x  3 4 x  3 2 x  1
2 2
F x   dx dx
2 x  12
2 x  18 x   4 x 2  32 22 x  12 x  3
 
2 x  1 2
2 x  12
Example 34 – Differentiating Quotients without Using the Quotient Rule

2x 3
a. f x  
5
2 2 6x 2
Solution: f x   3x  
5 5
4 4
b. f x   3  x 3 
7x 7
Solution: f x   4  3x  4    124

7 7x
5x 2  3x 1
c. f x    5x  3
4x 4
1 5

Solution: f x  5    
4 4
• Consumption Function
dC
Marginal propensity to consume 
dI
Marginal propensity to save  1  Marginal propensity to consume
Example 36 – Finding Marginal Propensities to Consume and to Save

If the consumption function is given by C 
5 2 I3  3  
I  10
determine the marginal propensity to consume and the
marginal propensity to save when I = 100.
Solution: dC

  d
dI

I  10 2 I 3 / 2  3 2 I 3  3
d

dI
 
I  10  
   
I  103I 1/ 2  2 I 3  3 1 
 5 5
dI 

I  10
2
 

I  10
2 

 
dC 1297 
 5   0.536
dI I 100  12100 
8.5 The Chain Rule

dy dy du
• RULE 5: The Chain Rule:  
dx du dx
d n n 1 du
• The Power Rule: u   nu
dx dx
Example 37 – Using the Chain Rule
dy
a. If y = 2u – 3u – 2 and u = x + 4, find dx
2 2
Solution: dy dy du d d 2
   2u  3u  2  x  4 
2

dx du dx du dx
 4u  32 x 
 4x 2  4   32 x   4 x 2  132 x   8 x 3  26 x

dy
dx
8.5 The Chain Rule
Example 37 – Using the Chain Rule
b. If y  w and w = 7 – t3, find dy

dt
Solution: dy  d w 1 / 2  d 7  t 3 
dt dw dt
3t 2 3t 2
 
2 w 2 7 t3
Example 40 – Using the Power Rule
dy
If y  4 x  3x  2 , find when x  2
3 2 2
dx
Solution:
2
dy 2 2 1 d
 4 x  3x  23 4 x 2  3x  2
dx 3 dx
2 2 1
28 x  3
 4 x  3x  2 3 8 x  3  3 2
3 3 4 x  3x  2
dy 13

dx x  2 3
8.5 The Chain Rule
Example 41 – Using the Power Rule

1 dy
If y  2 , find
x 2 dx
Solution: dy
  1 x 2  2  
11 d

x2  2  
2x

dx dx x2  2
2
 
Example 43 – Differentiating a Product of Powers
If y  x 2
 4 5
3 x  5 4
, find y′.
Solution: y   x 2  4 5 d 3x  54  3x  54 d x 2  4 5
dx dx
 
 12x  4  3x  5  10 x 3x  5 x  4 
2 5 3 4 2 4
 2x 2  4  3x  53 21x 2  25x  24 

4


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INTRODUCTORY MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS

for Business, Economics,

© Pearson Education Limited 2012

© Pearson Education Limited 2012

8.1 The Derivative

A tangent line, or tangent, to a circle (or a curve) is

© Pearson Education Limited 2012

8.1 The Derivative

© Pearson Education Limited 2012

8.1 The Derivative

© Pearson Education Limited 2012

8.1 The Derivative

• Line through (0,0) and a nearby

© Pearson Education Limited 2012

8.1 The Derivative

© Pearson Education Limited 2012

8.1 The Derivative

Note that f(a+h) –f(a) represents

© Pearson Education Limited 2012

Example 1 – Finding the Slope of a Tangent Line

Solution: Applying the definition of the derivative gives

• Note that defines a function of x, which we can interpret as

© Pearson Education Limited 2012

Example 3 – Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line

Slope → f 1  41  2  6

© Pearson Education Limited 2012

8.1 The Derivative

© Pearson Education Limited 2012

Example 5 – A Function with a Vertical Tangent Line

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Example 6 – Find the Derivative of p with respect to q

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Keep in mind that the derivative of at x is nothing more

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8.2 Rules for Differentiation

Example 9 – Derivatives of Constant Functions

b. If gx   5 then g x   0 .

c. If st   1 ,938 ,623 807.4

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Example 10 – Derivatives of Powers of x

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Example 11 – Rewriting Functions in the Form xn

Differentiate the following functions:

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Example 12 – Differentiating a Constant Times a Function

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Example 13 – Differentiating Sums and Differences of Functions

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Example 15 – Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line

The equation is:

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8.3 The Derivative as a Rate of Change

• Average velocity is given by

• Velocity at time t is given by

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Example 16 – Finding Average Velocity and Velocity

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b. Find the velocity when t = 10.

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8.3 The Derivative as a Rate of Change

average rate of change of y

• If y = f(x), dy  lim y  instantaneous rate of change of